In this survey, some methods of extraction of thorium such as selective extraction of thoriumusing phosphorodiamidate, selective cloud point extraction of thorium, extraction of thorium fromsulfuric acid baking and leaching of monazite, extraction of thorium from chloride solution using Schiffbase were discussed. The decomposition of monazite was manifested by sulfuric acid baking andleaching at an elated temperature. The recovery of thorium (Th) from various sources of rare earth andsome selective extraction of thorium by using phosphorodiamidate as an extractant was also reported.Using a special synthesized surface-active ionic liquid extractant (SAIL), the cloud point extraction ofthorium was analyzed. A synthesized Schiff base was applied for the extraction of thorium in thestrategic solvent extraction method. Thorium, using α-amino phosphate extractant from bastnaesite,recovery by using Cyanex 572 and N1923, recovery of Th from industrial residues and recovery of Thfrom radioactive waste by using IREPO and monazite leached solution were discussed. In this study, therecovery of thorium from the industrial residue as well as from radioactive residue was also discussed.
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Cefotaxime sodium is applied in various concentrations in 0.55 yds sulfuric acid for the mildsteel and analyzed through weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy studies from 298 to 338 K. It gives better inhibition activity at lower temperature. Activationparameters, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the reaction have been calculated. It was foundthat the inhibition process follows physical adsorption and the adsorption process follows Langmuir’sadsorption isotherm. The inhibition behavior is supplemented by the surface study through atomic forcemicroscopy and found that the inhibited surface has less roughness than the uninhibited surface.
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The structural Fe(III) in montmorillonite (MMT) clay has been reduced using catechol and itsderivatives. It was found that the reduction process is pH-dependent and also depends on the ringsubstituents. If the catecholic ring has electron-donating substituents, reduction happens at high pH; ifthe catecholic ring has electron-withdrawing substituents, no reduction occurs. The process involveselectron transfer from the hydroxy groups on the compounds to the active site at the iron atoms withinthe MMT lattice. This site acts as an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). Heat treatment of the reducedsample at 100-300 oC showed an enhancement of the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio, which is attributed to an increasein the proportion of radicalic formation induced by dehydration. The MMT sample was added to thesolutions of the catecholic compound and the slurries were stirred for 24 hours in order to reachequilibrium, then filtered, washed, and air-dried. The reactions were monitored using Mössbauerspectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, electron spin resonance, infrared,and total surface area determination.
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Increasing concentration of pollutants has significantly affected the quality of water,especially for organic dyes-contained water/wastewater. This is probably reduced effectively throughadsorbing the pollutants onto potential materials-based adsorbents. Chitosan/graphene oxide(CTS/GO) hybrid networks utilizing as adsorbents are attracting considerable interest owing to theavailable functional groups, which can remove plenty of the organic dyes from water/wastewater. Inthis review, the progress and expansions of CTS/GO hybrid networks-based adsorbents aresummarized and discussed in detail. Following the general introduction and properties of eachmaterial system (i.e., CTS, GO and CTS/GO hybrid networks), the CTS/GO hybrid networks-basedemerging adsorbents with coupling numerous other support materials (i.e., reduced GO, magneticiron oxide, polymeric materials, metal-organic frameworks, etc.) are compared and discussed inshort, at same time that some common organic dyes used in adsorption studies are also introduced.Besides, adsorption technique and mechanisms (i.e., adsorption kinetics and isotherms) focus on theCTS/GO hybrid networks' role are discussed as well. Although there are still some challenges fromthe reviewed researches, the CTS/GO hybrid networks-based emerging materials can be consideredpromising and potential adsorbents. Moreover, this review can provide a clear overview of CTS/GOhybrid networks-based adsorbents in organic dye removal applications to readers.
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While studying several pyridazine compounds, the author discovered imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine(IMP), which is a very versatile compound class. It has been an inhibitor for many enzymes and also it isused as a brominating reagent in organic syntheses. Owing to its high biological activity, researchers havealways considered including this molecule in their final structures. This humble attempt just aims tointroduce this very powerful molecule to the readers, primarily of chemical origin, and should not beconsidered as a full treatise of, especially, the medicinal chemistry of the molecule. This work discusses theinhibitory effects, organic chemistry, applications in material chemistry, and theoretical studies of IMP andrelated molecules. The readers are hereby encouraged to work with medicinal chemists with the newlyprepared molecules including this and similar molecules, in the struggle with many diseases like cancer,Alzheimer’s, and others.
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Semiconductor metal oxide materials have gained huge attention in gas sensors owing to theirhigh sensitivity to many target gases. Herein, ZnO/CuO core-shell and ZnO/CuO hybrid, which weresynthesized by different sol-gel methods and formed in two different crystal structures, were used as anadditive material to enhance the response range of 8-hydroxypyrene-1, 3, 6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) for thesensing of gaseous carbon dioxide. Metal oxide materials were characterized by using XPS, XRD, FTIR,SEM, UV–Vis, and PL spectroscopy. The HPTS dye along with the ZnO/CuO hybrid material displayed ahigher CO2 gas sensitivity as 94% ratio (I0/I100=16.90) and Stern-Volmer constant (KSV) value andextended linear response range compared to the HPTS-based sensing thin films along with ZnO/CuO coreshell material and additive-free form. ZnO/CuO core-shell and hybrid structures were used for enhancingof carbon dioxide sensitivity of the HPTS dye.
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The gelatin/chitosan (GEL/CTS, GC) membranes have been fabricated well by a simple in-situmethod. The as-prepared GC membranes were characterized by morphological surface (scanning electronmicroscopy, SEM), chemical (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR), crystallinity (X-raydiffraction, XRD), thermal (thermal gravimetric analysis, TGA), mechanical (tensile test), hydrophilic(water contact angle), and swelling properties to elucidate the changes in their chemical structures andmorphologies. The morphological structure of the GC membranes was found to be very smooth, non-roughand homogeneous. The FT-IR and XRD studies manifest that the GC membranes have good interaction andcompatibility between GEL and CTS in the hydrogel mixture. The prepared GC membranes also obtainbetter thermal, mechanical and swelling properties comparing to the raw CTS molecule. These resultssuggest that the nontoxic GC membrane can become a preferred hydrogel membrane in the field of wounddressing or tissue-engineering applications.
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This work includes the preparation of ionic liquid 1,4-dimethylpiperidinium iodide [MMPip]I andits salts with ferric chloride as Lewis acid in different molar proportions [MMPip]I/nFeCl 3 (n=1,2,3). Theprepared compounds were diagnosed by spectroscopic and physical methods such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR,elemental analysis (CHN) and other techniques. The thermal stability of these compounds was studied touse in the extractive desulfurization process (EDS). The efficiency of these compounds in removing sulfurcompounds from the petroleum model was examined using dibenzothiophene (DBT) with a concentrationof 1000 ppm dissolved in the solvent of normal hexane. The results showed that the compounds used hadan acceptable efficiency of up to 30% despite using medium amounts of the extracted agent relative to theoil model; these compounds have a promising future in extractive sulfur removal processes.
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Cancer, which is often described as an uncontrollable rapid proliferation of cells, is currently theleading cause of death in the world together with cardiac disease. Therefore, the main purpose of thecurrent research work was to study the anticancer effects of a first-time-synthesized phthalocyanine (Pc)as photosensitizer in PDT against cancer and evaluate its effects on human cells in vitro. Quantum yields ofsinglet oxygen photogeneration were in air using the relative method with standard-ZnPc as reference andDPBF as chemical quencher for singlet oxygen. The concentration of DPBF was prepared almost 3 x 10-5molar to avoid chain reactions induced by DPBF in the presence of singlet oxygen. Solutions of Pc assensitizer (absorbance = 2.0 at the irradiation wavelength) containing DPBF were prepared in the dark andirradiated in the Q band region using the setup described. DPBF degradation at 417 nm was monitoredwith UV-Vis spectrophotometry. For in vitro studies, nine different MFPc-1 concentrations (0.2 µM- 0.4 µM0.8 µM- 1.6 µM- 3.2 µM- 6.4 µM- 12.8 µM- 25.6 µM- 51.2 µM) applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breastcancer cell lines for 24 hours and MTT assay was carried out. After determination of optimumconcentration, mitotic index, and apoptotic index values of cell lines were determined with administrationof these concentrations. Singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ), which is a measure of the efficiency, of MFPc1 was found 0.50, although MFPc-1 is being metal-free phthalocyanine. For in vitro studies after theapplication of different concentrations to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 for 24 hours, the optimum concentrationwas determined as 12 µM for both cell lines by the MTT assay. After application of the determined optimumconcentration for 24, 48 and 72 hours, there was a significant decrease in the mitotic index values andsignificant increase in the apoptotic index values of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines.
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The potential of cotton seeds to serve as animal feed in reducing feed-food competition betweenhumans and animals was examined in this research. Proximate analysis, mineral characterization, andfatty acid composition of the seed were determined using standard analytical techniques. The proteincontent of cotton seeds found to be 24.81 ± 0.42% was observed to be above the protein requirement of18% by rabbits and chicken and 12% for goats and sheep. The combination source of carbohydrates,protein, and fat in which cotton seed is endowed offers an adequate nutritional diet for animals.Carbohydrate and crude fat accounted for 19.30 ± 0.1% and 24.81 ± 0.42%, respectively, making cottonseed a valuable source of lipids, protein, and carbohydrate, all major nutrients needed to maintain animals'proper maintenance. The most abundant mineral was potassium (K), at 126.70 ± 5.77 mg/g, which canhelp maintain body weight. It could assist in the modulation of electrolyte and water balance in thesystem. Quality assessments indicate that cotton seed, when properly processed, can serve as anaffordable alternative to soybean, maize, and groundnut and is currently used as the major sources ofanimal protein and energy, thereby reducing the competition between feed and fo
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