Two materials are studied to synthesize a vinyl painting. Iron ore is an iron pigment with an oolithic
structure containing phosphorus. The second material is a steel by-product. The raw materials
proprieties were studied by chemical, particle size, thermal, XRD and spectrophotometric analysis.
The iron contents of the pigment and scale are respectively 53.18% and 73.83%. The grindability
of scale is better than that of the pigment. The particle volume distribution is 0.7 to 32 µm for scale
and 0.6 to 40 µm for pigment. TGA and DTA tests show that the pigment loses weight with phase
dissolution by consuming energy and the scale gains weight with the formation of a new phase
when the temperature increases. The SEM of the scale showed a homogeneous structure of iron
oxide grains ranging from 1 to 10 μm. XRD analysis shows that the iron in the pigment is in the
form of (Fe2
O3
) and FeO (OH)) and very little (Fe2
SiO4
). The iron in the scale is in the form of (FeO,
Fe2
O3
and Fe3
O4
). Spectrophotometric tests show that the two materials have no absorption and their
reflection is maximum (100%) in the visible range.
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Karataş volcanics, is the product of Eocene volcanics crop out in the form of two belts along
the northern and southern boundaries of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone. According to
geochemical data, these volcanics have alkaline basic-intermediate character and consist of basaltic
trachyandesite, trachyandesite and trachyte. This volcanic activity has been controlled by fractional
crystallization and crustal contamination from basaltic trachyandesite to trachyte. Orientation of the
samples towards amphibole area on the Rb/Sr - Ba/Rb ratio diagrams, dispersion of the Zr/Ba ratios
(0.08 - 0.33) in the lithospheric mantle range, increase in the Ba/Rb ratio, decreases in the MgO, Ni
and Cr contents point out that this volcanism originated from enriched lithospheric mantle rather
than asthenospheric mantle. Geochemical data show that this enriched lithospheric mantle material
is upper continental crustal material, main part of enrichment resulted by the subduction related
fluids and also the contribution of the sedimentary materials. This situation may be explained that;
the melts, derived from N-MORB or OIB bearing material ascended into the continental crust in a
pre-collisional period and were reactivated by extensional tectonic and/or delamination processes
during the post-collisional period, possibly caused the partial melting within the upper continental
crust and produced the Karataş volcanics.
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Oligocene aged evaporite formations are observed in shallow sea-sabkha environments that develop
in highly restricted conditions from sea in northeastern of the Muş basin. Evaporites are observed as
alternated and intercalated with clastics and carbonates that developed under the control of factors
such as climate, tectonism, volcanism and diagenesis. Evaporites consist of primary and secondary
gypsum and minor anhydrite. In petrographic and minerologic examinations, secondary gypsum
textures such as alabastrin, porphyroblastic and satin spar with anhydrite relicts, late diagenetic
calcite, bitumen and bioturbation traces were detected. In SEM-EDS studies; celestine crstals,
autogenic and detritic clay and quartz grains and euhedral dolomite mineral were observed. As a
result of all these studies, the conditions and phases of the evaporites from the sedimentation stage
to early diagenesis and late diagenesis processes of the evaporites were illuminated. Secondary
gypsum consists of the origin of primary anhydrite and gypsum. From the diagenetic fluids released
during the gypsum-anhydrite transformation, the late diagenetic calcite and by the interaction of
the ions carried by the hydrothermal solutions to the basin with the groundwater were formed the
celestite. Stream activity in the basin was determined by the presence of detritic minerals in gypsum
minerals.
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This study was carried out in 5 locations between Burdur and Isparta in the inner southern part of
Isparta Bend. The study aims to determine the rare earth element (REE) concentrations in the soil
samples collected from the field and to interpret the origin of the high concentrations detected. In
this context, a total of 104 samples were collected from Canakli Village (19 samples), Cobanisa
Village (34 samples), Kuyubasi Village (17 samples), Kuzca Village (17 samples), and Yilanli
Village (17 samples) in the study field. The average ∑REE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) concentration values of the samples by their locations were determined to be
Çobanisa (821.88 ppm) > Yılanlı (723.39 ppm) > Kuzca (692.54 ppm) > Çanaklı (583.46 ppm) >
Kuyubaşı (484.04 ppm). The average light rare earth element (LREEs) concentration (such as La
229 ppm, Ce 378 ppm) of the samples collected from all locations is higher than the average rare
earth element concentration in the Earth’s crust. According to the Chondrite-normalized Rare Earth
Elements diagram, the distributions of the rare earth elements in these 5 locations were determined
to be very similar and the high concentrations were considered to occur under similar conditions or
originated from similar sources. In this context, based on the idea that Gölcük Volcanism may be
the source of high concentrations, the rare earth element concentrations of Gölcük Volcanism in the
northwest of the zone were compared to those taken from the study area and the values were found
to be consistent with each other.
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The anomaly maps and amplitude and wavelength changes of the anomalies obtained from gravity
and magnetic methods can provide to identify fault traces in the underground. The Tuzgölü Fault
Zone (TFZ), the NW-SE striking active fault zone in central Anatolia, includes fault strands that cut
the basement and basin deposits. Our magnetic and gravity analysis suggests that Tuzgölü Basin
and its surroundings are characterized by distinct depression and ridge areas. Gravity anomaly data
show the presence of faults at depths of sea level (0 m), -1000 m, -2000 m, -3000 m, and -4000 m.
These faults are mostly normal and reverse faults, as well as the lesser amount of vertical faults
(high-angle normal/reverse faults) with NW-SE, N-S, and NE-SW-striking. The normal faults are
of the structural development and the deposition of the Tuzgölü Basin units, which occurred late
Cretaceous-Middle Eocene and Early Miocene-Quaternary Periods. The reverse faults originated
from the result of the regional-scale compressional regime during Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene/
Early Miocene based on the fault dating data from the literature. The active TFZ, including several
fault strands, are relatively younger faults in the region that have initiated to develop during faulting
events from after Middle Miocene or Early Pliocene.
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The aim of this study was to delineate copper mineralization controllers in Nohkouhi volcanogenic
massive sulfide (VMS) deposit by using geostatistical and fractal simulation. In this study,
concentration-volume (C-V) fractal model has been used to indicate various copper populations
related to different host rocks and copper minerals. Accordingly, uncertainty-volume (U-V) fractal
model was applied to probability values achieved through sequential indicator simulation (SIS).
Copper ores of Nohkouhi deposit including chalcopyrite and malachite were simulated in 30
realizations. The U-V fractal model obtained by using a probability map was divided into four
probability zones (high, moderate, low, and very low) for copper minerals. Furthermore, copper
grades were simulated for 10 times by sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS). Combination of
C–V and U-V fractal modeling resulted in a hybrid method which could be properly employed
to determinate various mineralization zones based on the relationship between quantitative (e.g.
copper grade) and qualitative (e.g. copper minerals) variables. Moreover, integrating the results
of C–V and U-V fractal modeling with the most frequent occurrence of rock type modeling helps
identify copper mineralization controllers in a VMS deposit.
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The Salda Lake basin which is in the southwestern Turkey is an important water body in view of
environmental values. We used stable isotopes (δD and δ18O), δ3
H and 14C composition of the water
samples to understand recharge process effective in the groundwater and lake water. Water samples
were collected in dry and wet periods and the stable isotope (δD and δ18O) and radiogenic isotope
(
14C) analysis were made in the basin. The δ18O contents of groundwater and lake water ranged
from -9,94‰ to 1,18‰ in dry period and from -10,24‰ to 0,30‰, in wet period. δD contents of
groundwater and lake water varied from -67,42‰ to 1,20‰ and from -64,51‰ to -2,80‰, in dry
and period wet respectively. The stable isotope data of samples indicate a meteoric origin for all
samples. According to stable isotope data, groundwater samples seem to be recharged from higher
elevations whereas the lake water is recharged from low elevations. The tritium (δ3
H) content of
the water samples ranges from 1.04 to 4.49 TU and from 1.91 to 4.18 TU in the dry period and wet
period respectively. Long-term δ3
H observations are required to determine whether these δ3
H signals
are associated with young recharge or with the groundwater with long residence time. In addition,
the 14C activities of the samples vary between 90 pmc and 110 pmc for Salda Lake waters and 530
pmc and 5990 pmc for the groundwater.
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Gökçeada Island, which is situated west of Biga Peninsula, has widespread magmatism with
variable ages. Lower-Middle Eocene Dağiçitepe volcanics are the oldest volcanic unit in the
island and consist of lavas, tuff-tuffites. They are influenced by alteration and almost all minerals,
except quartz, are transformed into other minerals. Lower Oligocene Gökçeada andesitic lava/
domes exhibiting hypocrystalline porphyric texture, are the products of NE-SW trending domes/
cryptodomes. The phenocrysts assemblages consist of plagioclase, hornblende, clinopyroxene ±
biotite and quartz. Middle Miocene Eşelek volcanics, which occur as lavas and pyroclastic rocks,
exhibit hypocrystalline porphyric and intersertal textures. They are composed of plagioclase,
hornblende and clinopyroxene crystals. Rhyolitic Dağiçitepe volcanics and andesitic Gökçeada
lava/domes have calc-alkaline, andesitic Eşelek volcanics have tholeiitic character. They have
geochemical features similar to subduction-related magmas. Lower-Middle Eocene Dağiçitepe
volcanics are the products of syn-collisional magmas that have undergone processes of crustal
contamination due to thickened crust. Whereas, Lower Oligocene Gökçeada andesitic lava/domes are
the products of post-collisional magmas and were derived from metasomatized lithospheric mantle.
Middle Miocene Eşelek volcanics were also derived from lithospheric mantle but, the mantle source
generating Eşelek volcanics were relatively depleted over time. Geochemical data demonstrate the
decreasing role of subduction signature and crustal contamination during the genesis and evolution
of Gökçeada volcanics from Lower-Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene.
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The Nevruztepe iron-copper prospect is a skarn near Yeşilhisar (Kayseri). It has been overlooked
as a potential producer of copper. The skarn was generated in Permian to Jurassic carbonate rocks
by the Eocene Yahyalı granitic pluton. Lithologic units, including skarns, dip about 15 degrees
southward. Skarns are both prograde (garnet and diopside) and retrograde (epidote); both exoskarn
and endoskarn exist. Most of the magnetite is in a quartz-sulfide stage in retrograde skarn that is
cut by veins and lenses containing quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite. Granite and mineralized skarn are
rare at the surface. From 2013 to 2015, 31 drill holes (totaling 6.178,5 m) encountered skarn to a
depth of 450 m. Mineralized zones vary from 1,2 to 54,7 m thick. Fe mean grade ranges from 12%
to 49%; mean copper grades vary from 10 to 4650 ppm. The deposit contains 5.096.788 tonnes of
mineralized material. Microscopy on samples of drill core shows that the ore minerals are primarily
magnetite, hematite, and chalcopyrite. Some magnetite is altered to hematite. Experiments show
that with grinding to 100 microns the iron can be beneficiated to 66%. Waste from separation of
the magnetite is 0.16 to 0.19% Cu; with flotation this was beneficiated to 19% Cu.
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Nowadays, fast developing space-borne and airborne remote sensing technologies became
indispensable for land related engineering disciplines such as mapping, geology, environment,
mining and forestry. The new technologies, provide more qualified and rapid achievable outcomes,
are adopted permanently. The description of the topographic surface became easier by means
of very high resolution (VHR), rapid achievable and accurate point clouds acquired by digital
photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning (ALS). Optical unmanned air vehicle (UAV), one of
the most actual photogrammetric techniques, is much in demand for varied purposes. UAVs provide
high resolution data using the advantage of lower flight altitudes. In this study, a construction activity
and its environmental influences in Bulent Ecevit University Central Campus were monitored by
an optical hand-made UAV. In the application, the temporal change was detected by generating
contour-lines, digital terrain models (DTMs) and differential DTMs (DiffDTM) of the topography.
By DiffDTMs, temporal changes on the topography were visualized in color height scale where the
contour-lines presents the change of morphological structure.
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