Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography

Yıl: 2009 Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 30 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography

Öz:
Orta Anadolu’da Çankırı Havzası’nda ilk defa Erken Eosen (orta-geç Küviziyen) mollusk birlikteliği tanımlanmıştır. Yoncalı Formasyonu’nun orta kesimlerinden alınan mollusklardan, altı bivalv türü, dört gastropod türü ve bir skapod türü tanımlanmıştır. Çalışılan birim harpactocarcinidler ile birlikte kumtaşı, pelajik çamurtaşı ve kireçtaşından oluşmuştur. Birimin yaşı bentik foraminiferlere dayanarak verilmiştir. Molluskların birlikte bulunduğu diğer fosil toplulukları ise bentik foraminiferler, serpulidler, tanımlanamamış ekinitler ve köpekbalığı dişleridir. Bivalv, gastropod ve skapodların dağılımları incelendiğinde, çalışma alanının paleocoğrafik yapılanmada Doğu Avrupa bölgesinin bir parçası olduğunu gösterir. Tetis Bölgesi ele alındığında Paleosen sonundan Erken Eosen’e kadar Tetis’in orta Anadolu ve Hint-Pasifik bölgesiylede bağlantılı olduğu bentik organizmaların yayılımyla ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Jeoloji

Çankırı Havzası Yoncalı Formasyonu (Orta Anadolu) harpactocarcinid yatağında Erken Eosen (orta-geç Küviziyen) mollusk birlikteliği ve Tetis Paleocoğrafyasındaki yeri

Öz:
A diverse and abundant Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin in central Anatolia is documented for the first time in this study. Six species of bivalves, four species of gastropods, and one species of scaphopod are described from the formation. The central part of the Yoncalı Formation consists mostly of sandstones, pelagic mudstone and limestones with harpactocarcinids and the molluscs found were derived from this part. Associated fauna found here included benthic foraminiferans, serpulids, undetermined echinoids and shark teeth, and dating was mainly based on the benthic foraminiferans. The distribution of bivalve, gastropod and scaphopod species suggest that this area has affinities with the East European Province of Turkey. The cosmopolitian distribution of the recorded species is useful for paleobiogeographic reconstruction. This reveals that there was a direct connection throughout the Tethyan realm and a connection between the Tethyan central Anatolia and Indo-Pasific realms, at least until the end of the Paleocene to Early Eocene (Early Tertiary), and this allowed the migration of benthic organisms.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Jeoloji
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Abbas, H.L., 1972. A Monograph of the Egyptian Paleocene and Eocene Pelecypods. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 16, 69- 200.
  • Abate, A., Baglioni, A.R., Bimbatti, C. and Piccoli, G., 1988. Rassegna di Molluschi Marni Bentonici e Nectonici del Cenozoico Triveneto. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 40, 135-171.
  • Abu-Zeid, M. and Boukhary, M., 1984. Stratigraphy, Facies and Environment of Sedimentation of the Eocene Rocks ın the Fhaihil (Gebel Dukhan) Section, Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Revue de Paleobiologie, 3, 159-173.
  • Adams, H. and Adams, A., 1857. The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. 1. Jan van Voorst, London, pp. 484.
  • Akgün, F., Akay, E. and Erdoğan, B., 2002. Tertiary terrestrial to shallow marine deposition in Central Anatolia: A palynological approach. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, 127-160.
  • Amitrov, O.V., 1994. Changes in composition of the Gastropods in the western Eurasian seas at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary. Paleontological Journal 28, 19-30.
  • Anderson H.J., 1975. Die Fauna der paläocänen Hückelhovener Schichten aus dem Schacht Sophia Jacoba 6 (Erkelenzer Horst, Niederrheinische Bucht). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 9, 141- 171.
  • Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C. and Aubry, M.P., 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Aurby M.P. and Hardenbol J. (eds), Geochronology, time scales and global corrrelation: an uniflied temporal framework for an historical Geology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Minerologists, Special Publications, 54, 129-212.
  • Beurlen, K., 1944. Beiträge zur stammesgeschichte der Muscheln. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,1-2, 133-145.
  • Bieler, R. and Mikkelsen, P.M., 2006. Bivalvia-a look at the Branches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148, 223-235.
  • Bodo, K., 1992. Study of Late Eocene Bivalves from Buda Hills. Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae 29, 217-235.
  • Bonci, M. C., Cirone, G., Merlino, B. and Zaliani, L., 2000. The Oligocene Mollusc Fauna of the Piedmont Basin (North-Western Italy) I. Scaphopoda and Archaeogastropoda. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 106 (2), 203-236.
  • Bontscheff, St., 1896. Das Tertiärbecken von Haskovo (Bulgarien). Jahrbuch der k. Geologischen Reichsanstalt 46, 310-384.
  • Boukhary, M., 1985. Paleontological studies on the Eocene succession in Western Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Revue de Paleobiologie, 4, 183-202.
  • Briart, A. and Cornet, F.L., 1889. Description des fossiles du calcaire grossier de Mons. Quatrième partie. Mémoires de l’Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 47, 1-128.
  • Bruguiere, J.G., 1792. Encyclopedique methodique. Hist. natur.vers. Tome premier, Paris, 1- 757.
  • Chahida, M.R., 1978. Das Vorkommen von Alttertiär im Zefreh-Becken (ENE Isfahan). Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 68, 1-3.
  • Çemen, İ., Göncüoğlu, M.C. and Dirik, K. 1999. Strucrural Evolution of the Tuzgölü Basin in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The Journal of Geology, 107, 693-706.
  • Cossmann, M., 1895. Mollusques eoceniques de la Loire inferieure. Bull. De. La. Soc. Des Sciences naturelles de l’Quest de la France, Nantes, 227, 1-15.
  • Cossmann, M.,1915. Revision des Scaphopodes, Gastropodes et Cephalopodes du Montian de Belgique. Mémoires du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 6, 1-71.
  • Cossmann M., 1918. Éocène de Bretagne. Faune de Bois-Gouët. Atlas paléontologique. Hermann & Fils, Paris, p. 1-19.
  • Cossmann, M.,1925. Essais de paleoconchologie comparee. Press Universitaires de France, Paris, 13, 1-345.
  • Cossmann, M. and Pissarro, G., 1904-13. Iconographie complete des Coquilles fossiles de l‘Éocene des Environs de Paris. Tome 2, Scaphopodes, Gastropodes, Brachiopodes, Céphalopodes et supplément, pl. 1-65, Paris.
  • Cox L R. and Knight, J.B., 1960. Thoughts on the classification of the Bivalvia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 34, 60–88.
  • Cuvier, G., 1797. Tableau elementaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris, pp.1-710
  • Cuvillier, J., 1930. Révision du Nummulitique Égyptien. Mémoires présentés a L'Institut D'Égypte 16, 1-371.
  • Dall, W. H., 1889. On the hinge of pelecypods and its development with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Science, 38, 445– 462.
  • Deshayes, G. P., 1824. Descriptions des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris. t. 1, p. 390, Paris.
  • Dillwyn, L.W., 1817. A descriptive catalogue of Recent shells, arranged accordingly to the Linnean method, with particular attention to the synonymy.1, 1–580; 2: 581–1092. J & A. Arch, Cornhill, London.
  • Douville, H., 1908. Sur quelques gisements à Nummulites de l’Est de l’Europe (Crimée, Bulgarie, Hongrie), Rectifacition à la nomenculature de quelques Nummulites. Bulletin Society Geologie de France, 8, p. 266.
  • Eames, F.E., 1952. A contribution to the study of the Eocene in western Pakistan and western India C. The description of the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda from Standard sections in the Rakhi Nala and Zinda Pir areas of the western Punjab and in the Kohat district. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 236, 1- 168.
  • Edwards, F.E., 1854. A Monograph of the Eocene Mollusca, or descriptions of shells from the older Tertiaries of England, part III.1: Prosobranchiata. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 121-180.
  • Elbassyony, A.A., 2004. Stratigraphy of ElHarra Area, Bahariya Oases, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of the Sedimentological Society of Egypt 12, 207—232.
  • Erdoğan, B., Akay, E. and Uğur, M.S., 1996. Geology of the Yozgat region and evolution of the collisional Çankırı Basin. International Geology Review, 38, 788-806.
  • Erünal, L., 1942. Faune paléocéne de la région de Sivrihisar-Polatlı. Revue de l’Institut d’Etudes et de Recherches Miniéres de Turquie, 1, 126-132.
  • Farchad, H., 1936. Étude du Thanétien (Landénien marine) du Bassin de Paris. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, 30, 1- 101.
  • Ferussac A.E.J.P.J.F., 1822. Tableaux systématiques des animaux mollusques classés en familles naturelles, dans lesquels on a établi la concordance de tous les systèmes; suivis d'un prodrome générale pour tous les mollusques terrestres ou fluviatiles, vivants ou fossiles. Deuxième partie. (Première section.) Tableaux particuliers des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, présentant pour chaque famille les genres et espèces qui la composent. London, 1- 110.
  • Fischer, P.H., 1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivant et fossiles. 8, 689-896.
  • Fleming, J., 1828. Philosophy of Zoology; or a general view of the structure, functions, and classifications of animals, 2, Edinburgh, 1- 618.
  • Furon, R. and Soyer, R., 1947. Catalogue des fossiles tertiaires du Bassin de Paris. Paris, p. 240.
  • Glibert, M., 1933. Monographie de la Faune malacologique du Bruxellien des environs de Bruxelles. Bulletin Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la terre, 53, 1-214.
  • Glibert, M. and Poel, L.V., 1965. Les Bivalvia fossiles du cénozoïque étranger des collections de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique I. Palaeotaxodontida et Eutaxodontida. 112 p.
  • Gmelin, J.E., 1791. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonyms, Locis. 6, Lyon, 3021-3910.
  • Gocev, P., 1933. Paleontologische und stratigraphische Untersuch-ungen iiber das Eocan von Varna. Zeitschrift der Bulgarischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 5, 1-82.
  • Görür, N., Tüysüz, O. and Şengör, A.M.C., 1998. Tectonic evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins. International Geology Review, 40, 831-850.
  • Gray, J., 1824. Plate Mollusca. In: Smedley, E., Rose, H.J. and Rose, J. (eds). Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, 7, plates to Zoology.
  • Gray, J.E., 1842. A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Zoological Society of London Proceedings, 15, 129–219.
  • Harris, G.D., and Palmer, K.V., 1946. The mollusca of the Jackson Eocene of the Mississippi Embayment (Sabine River to the Alabama River). Bulletins of American Paleontology, 30, 1-563.
  • Hoşgör, İ., 2008. Presence of Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlotheim) from the Miocene sequence of Kahramanmaraş Basin (SE Turkey); its taxonomy, paleoecology and paleogeography. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey 136, 17-28.
  • Hoşgör, İ. and Okan, Y., 2006. The annelid polychaete Rotularia spirulaea Lamarck, 1818 from the Early Middle Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) of Çankırı Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Journal of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe Universitiy, 27, 173-179.
  • Iqbal, M.W.A., 1969a. Megafuna from Ghazij formation (Lower Eocene) Quetta-Shahrig Area, W. Pakistan. Mem. Geol. Surv. Pakistan, Pal. Pakistanica 5, 1-40.
  • Iqbal, M.W.A., 1969b. The Tertiary Pelecypod and Gastropod fauna from Drug, Zinda Pir, Vidor (dist.D. G. Khan) Jhalar and Chharat (Dist. Campbellpore), W. Pakistan, Mem. Geol. Surv. Pakistan, Pal. Pakistanica 6, 1- 94.
  • Iqbal, M.W.A., 1973. Biostratigraphy of the Tiyon Formation (Middle Eocene) of Sind, Pakistan. Records of The Geological Survey of Pakistan, 22, 1-40.
  • Isaeva, A.I., 1933. Fauna Gastropoda ahaltihskovo eocena in Trudi Bsesoiuznovo Geologo- Razvedocinovo Obeinenia SSSR. Leningrad-Moscova, p. 305.
  • Karadenizli, L., Seyitoğlu, G., Saraç, G., Kazancı, N., Şen, Ş., Hakyemez, Y. and Savaşcı, D., 2003. Çankırı-Çorum Havzası Batı Kenarının Erken-Orta Miyosen Paleocoğrafik Evrimi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 126, 69-86.
  • Karagiuleva, J.D., 1964. Les Fossiles de Bulgarie Paléogéne Mollusca. Academie des Sciences de Bulgarie, p. 270.
  • Kaymakçı, N., White, A.H. and Vandıj, P.M., 2003. Kinematic and structural development of the Çankırı Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey): a paleostress inversion study. Tectonopyhysics, 364, 85-113.
  • Kecskemeti-Körmendy, A., 1972. A Dorogi-medence eocén mollusca faunája. (Die Eozäne Molluskenfauna des Doroger Beckens). Annales Instituti Geologici Hungarici, 55, 141-377.
  • Kecskemeti-Körmendy, A. and Meszaros, N., 1980. Mollusques éocènes du secteur oriental de la Montagne du Bakony (faciès archipélagique). Annales Instituti Geologici Hungarici, 63, 1–143.
  • Keen, A.M. and Cox, L.R., 1960. Neritidae, p. I279- I285. In: R.C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Mollusca I, part I. Geological Society of America and Kansas University Press, Lawrance.
  • Ketin, İ., 1955. Yozgat Bölgesinin Jeolojisi ve Orta Anadolu Masifinin Tektonik Durumu. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 6, 1-28 (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Knight, J.B., Cox, L.R., Keen, A.M., Smith, A.G., Batten, R.L., Yochelson, E.L., Ludbrook, N.H., Robertson, R., Yonge, C.M., and Moore, R.C., 1960. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part 1, Mollusca 1. (ed. Raymond C. Moore). The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas, pp. 351.
  • Lamarck, J.B., 1799. Prodome d’une nouvell classification des coquilles. Mem.Soc.Hist.Natur. Paris, 1, 63-91.
  • Lamarck J.B., 1805. Mémoires sur les fossiles des environs de Paris (suite). Annales du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, 6, 407-415.
  • Lamarck, J.B., 1809. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 6, 1-343.
  • Lamarck J.B., 1818. Histoire des animaux sans vertèbres.5. Lanoë, Paris, p.1- 612
  • Laszlo, S., 1974. Nesmelyi Eocen Puhatestüek. Geologica Hungarica, 38, 7—97.
  • Linne, C., 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, reformata. 824 pp. Holmiae, Stockholm.
  • Malaroda, R., 1954. II Lutetiano di Monte Postale (Lessini medi). Consiglio Nazionale dele Ricerche Padova, p. 107.
  • Marquet, R., 1995. A revision of the Caenozoic Pinnidae from Belgium (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Bulletin Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la terre, 65, 241-256.
  • Mavros, A.R.B., 1990. Molluschi Marini Pocco Frequenti del Cenozoico Veneto, Trentino, Friulano e Giuliano. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 42, 227-269.
  • Maxamed, M.C. and Carush, C.M., 1982. The Indo- Mediterranean characters of the Somali shallow marine benthic faunas from the Jurassic up to Oligocene. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 21, 243- 254.
  • Meszaros, N., 1957. Fauna de moluste a depositelor paleogene din nord-vestul Transilvaniei, Bucureşti, p. 174.
  • Meszaros, N., 1960. Stratigraphie und Molluskenfauna der Eozänablagerungen von Porçeşti (Kreis Sibiu-Hermannstadt, Rumänien). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 5, 227-236.
  • Meszaros, N., Baluta, C. and Speck, R., 1969, Stratigrafia şi fauna de moluşte a depozitelor paleogene din regiunea Alba Iulia. Buletinul Societăţii de Ştiinţe Geologice din R.S. România, 11, 311-320.
  • Michelotti, G., 1861. Etudes sur le Miocene inferiuer de l’Italie septentrionale. Mem. publ. Soc. Holland.Sci., 15, 1-183.
  • Mikuz, V., 2006. The new findings of Velates snail from Eocene flysch in Gorsika brda and Gracisce in Istria. Geologija, 49, 53-60.
  • Milne-Edwards, H., 1848. Note sur la classification naturelle des mollusques gasteropodes. Ann.Sci.Natur., Zool., 3, 102-112.
  • Montfort, D., 1810. Conchyliologie systematique, et classification methodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement generique, leurs descriptions caracteristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destine a faciliter l’etude des coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d’histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonnees. 2, 1-767.
  • Neumayr, M., 1883. Zur Morphologie des Bivalvenschlosses. Kaiserlich-königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Naturwissenschaftlich-mathemathische Classe Sitzungsberichtung, 88, 385–418.
  • Okan, Y. and Hoşgör, İ., 2007. The crabs fossils from the Early Middle Eocene (Middle-Late Cuisian) of Çankırı Basin (Yozgat, Turkey). 60th Geological Congress of Turkey 441-443 (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Okan, Y. and Hoşgör, İ., 2008. The Ampullinid Gastropod Globularia (Swainson 1840) from the Late Thanetian-Early Ilerdian of Kırkkavak Formation (Polatlı-Ankara) of the Tethyan Realm. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 785-801.
  • Okay, A.I., Tansel, İ. and Tüysüz, O., 2001. Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 138, 117- 142.
  • Orbigny A., 1850. Prodrome de Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques et rayonnés, 2, Masson, Paris, pp.428.
  • Örçen, S., 1985. Medik-Ebreme (KB Malatya) dolayının biyostratigrafisi ve paleontolojisi. MTA Dergisi, 105, 39-68.
  • Özcan, E., Less, G. and Kertesz, B., 2007. Late Ypresian to Middle Lutetian Orthophragminid Record from Central and Northern Turkey: Taxonomy and Remarks on Zonal Scheme. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 281-318.
  • Palmer, K.E., and Brann, D.C., 1966. Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene mollusca of the southern and eastern United States. Part I. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 48, 1–1058.
  • Pastorino, G., 1991. The genus Chama Linne (Bivalvia) in the marine Quaternary of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 65, 756-760.
  • Pavic, A., 1970. Marinski Paleogen Crne Gore. Stratigrafija, Tektonika, Paleogeografija. Zavod za geoloska Istrazivanja Crne Gore, Tıtograd, p. 205.
  • Piccoli, G., 1984. Cenozoic Molluscan associations of Mediterranean and South-East Asia: a comparison. Memorie di Scienze Geologische, 36, 499-521.
  • Piccoli, G. and Mocellin, L.G., 1962. Studi sulla macrofauna Priaboniana di Priabona (prealpi Venete). Memorie degli Istituti di Geololia e Mineralologia dell’Universita di Padova, 23, 1-120.
  • Piccoli, G., Schiraldi, L., Sgarbossa, D. and Tessarolo, M.D., 1977. Studi Sulla Distribuzione Stratigrafica e Sull’evoluzione di Lamellibranchi Terziari delle Venezie. Memorie degli Istituti di Geololia e Mineralologia dell’Universita di Padova, 30, 1-36.
  • Piccoli, G., Sartori, S. and Franchino, A., 1986. Mathematical model of the migration of Cenozoic benthic Molluscs in the Tethyan belts. Memorie di Scienze Geologische 38, 207-244.
  • Pınard, A., 1936. Présence d’une nérite voisine de Velates schmideliana dans le Montien de Vigny. Société Géologique de France, Compte rendu sommaire des séances, 100- 102.
  • Popescu-Voiteşti, I., 1910. Contributions à l’Étude Stratigraphique du Nummulitique de la Dépression Gétique (Roumanie Occidentale). Théses, la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, p. 98.
  • Racey, A., 2001. A review of Eocene nummulite accumulations: structure, formation and reservoir potential. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 24, 79-100.
  • Rafinesque, C.S., 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'universe et les corps organises. Palermo, p. 224.
  • Renzi, M., 1975. Sur la répartition des Mollusques dans le stratotype de l’Ilerdien en rapport avec les faunes de Mollusques de l’Éocéne européen. Bulletin Society Geologie de France, 17, 199-200.
  • Savazzi, E., 1992. Shell construction, life habits and evolution in the gastropod Velates. Palaeogeography, Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology, 99, 349-360.
  • Schlosser, M., 1925. Die Eocänfauna der bayerischen Alpen. I Teil. Die Fauna des Unter und Mitteleocän; II. Teil. Obereocänfauna. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München, p. 1-207.
  • Schumacher, H.C.F., 1817. Essais d’un Nuveau Systeme des Habitations des Vers Testaces. Copenhagen, 1-287.
  • Schweitzer, C.E., Shirk, A.M., Ćosovic,V., Okan, Y., Feldmann, R.M. and Hoşgör, İ., 2007. New species of Harpactocarcinus from the Tethyan Eocene and their paleoecological setting. Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1091- 1100.
  • Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferrandez, C., Jauhri, A.K., Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso, J.M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J. and Zakrevskaya, E., 1998. Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin Society Geologie de France, 169, 281-299.
  • Sirel, E. 1998. Foraminiferal description and biostratigraphy of the Paleocene–Lower Eocene shallow-water limestones and discussion on the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey Publications, Monography Serie, 2, 1-117.
  • Smith, A., Smith, D. and Funnel, B., 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, pp. 1- 99.
  • Solander D. C., 1766. Descriptiones Specierum, in Brander G., Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta, et in Musaeo Brittannico deposita. Londres, 9-43.
  • Starobogatov, Y.I., 1974. Xenoconchias and their bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of some molluscan classes. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 3, 3-18
  • Stchepinsky, V., 1941. Decouverte du Paleocene en Turquie. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 23, 150-158.
  • Swainson, W., 1840. A treatise on malacology; or the natural classification of shells and shellfhish. London, pp.419.
  • Szöts, E., 1953. Mollusques Eocenes de l'Hongarie I. Les Mollusques Eocenes des environs de Gant. Geologica Hungarica Serie Palaeontologica, 22, 137-238.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • Thiele, J., 1925. Revision des Systems der Trochacea. Mitt.Zool.Mus. Berlin, 11, 147-174.
  • Tüysüz, O. and Dellaloğlu, A.A., 1992. Çankırı Havzası’nın tektonik birlikleri ve jeolojik evrimi. 9th Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Proceedings, 333-349 (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Vasilenko, V.K. 1952. Stratigrafia i fauna molliuskov eocenovih otlojenii Krima in Trudi Vnigri. Leningard-Moscova, p. 59.
  • Vlaicu-Tatarim, N., 1963. Stratigrafia Eocenului din Regiunea de la Sud-Vest de Cluj. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine, p. 204.
  • Vokes, H.E., 1935. The genus Velates in the Eocene of California. University of California Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin, 23, 381-390.
  • Vokes, H.E., 1937. Eocene Mollusca from the Subathu Group (Lutetian) Simla Hills State, India. American Museum Novitates 19, 1-16.
  • Waller, T.R., 2006. Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148, 313– 342.
  • Wood, A.J.C. and Saul, L.R., 1986. New Neritidae from southwestern north America. Journal of Paleontology, 60, 636-655.
  • Wood, S.V., 1861. A monograph of the Eocene Bivalves of England. Palaeontolographical Society, London, 182 p.
  • Wrigley, A., 1946. Englısh Eocene and Oligocene Ampullinids. London, pp. 88―104.
  • Wrigley, A., 1949. Englısh Eocene and Oligocene Naticidae. Journal of Molluscan Studies 28, 10-30.
APA Okan Y, HOŞGÖR İ (2009). Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. , 1 - 30.
Chicago Okan Yavuz,HOŞGÖR İZZET Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. (2009): 1 - 30.
MLA Okan Yavuz,HOŞGÖR İZZET Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. , 2009, ss.1 - 30.
AMA Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. . 2009; 1 - 30.
Vancouver Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. . 2009; 1 - 30.
IEEE Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ "Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography." , ss.1 - 30, 2009.
ISNAD Okan, Yavuz - HOŞGÖR, İZZET. "Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography". (2009), 1-30.
APA Okan Y, HOŞGÖR İ (2009). Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 52(1), 1 - 30.
Chicago Okan Yavuz,HOŞGÖR İZZET Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 52, no.1 (2009): 1 - 30.
MLA Okan Yavuz,HOŞGÖR İZZET Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, vol.52, no.1, 2009, ss.1 - 30.
AMA Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 2009; 52(1): 1 - 30.
Vancouver Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 2009; 52(1): 1 - 30.
IEEE Okan Y,HOŞGÖR İ "Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography." Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 52, ss.1 - 30, 2009.
ISNAD Okan, Yavuz - HOŞGÖR, İZZET. "Early Eocene (middle-late Cuisian) molluscs assemblage from the harpactocarcinid beds, in the Yoncalı Formation of the Çankırı Basin, Central Anatolia, and implications for tethys paleogeography". Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 52/1 (2009), 1-30.