Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study

ANAFARTA, Nilgün; SARVAN, Fulya; AKAR, Nuray Yapıcı

Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study

Nuray Yapıcı AKAR, (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye)

Nilgün ANAFARTA, (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye)

Fulya SARVAN (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye)

Ege Akademik Bakış

9 2

Yıl: 2011 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 179 - 191 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study

Öz:

This paper aims to explore the relations between the perceived causes and dimensions of mobbing and two important organizational consequences, job satisfaction and turnover intention. The study employed survey design to collect data from 248 white collar employees working for SME’s operating in the agriculture industry in Antalya, Turkey. Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization was used for data collection. More than half of the respondents had been subjected to some kind of mobbing during the previous year, for at least six months duration, most frequently from peers and generally due to organizational factors. Victims had lower levels of job satisfaction and most of them intended to leave the job.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: İşletme İktisat

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2009)
http://www.antalya.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/tarim.cfm?tanitimId=905, (11.08.2009).
Aycan, Z. and Kanungo, R.N. (2000) “Toplumsal Kültürün Kurumsal Kültür ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları Üzerine Etkileri” (Social Culture’s Effects on Institutional Culture and Human Resources Practices), Aycan Z. (ed.) Akademisyenler ve Profesyoneller Bakış Açısıyla Türkiye’de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları, Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 21: 25-53.
Aytaç, S., Bayram, N. and Bilgel, N. (2005) “Çalışma Yaşamında Yeni Bir Baskı Aracı: Mobbing” (A New Pressure Instrument in Working Life: Mobbing), İstanbul, 13. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı: 333-337.
Aytolun, Z. (2009) “Meğer Mobbing’e Uğramışım!” (Although I Have Been Mobbed), Cumhuriyet PAZAR, 23(1206/3rd May): 1-3.
Baykal, A.N. (2005) Yutucu Rekabet: Kanuni Devrindeki Mobbing’den Günümüze (Absortive Competition: From the Mobbing of Kanuni’s Period to Present), İstanbul, Sistem Yayıncılık.
Bilgel, N., Aytaç, S. and Bayram, N. (2006) “Bullying in Turkish White-Collar Workers”, Occupational Medicine, 56: 226-231.
Bozbel, S. and Palaz, S. (2007) “İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing) ve Hukuki Sonuçları” (Mobbing and Its Legal Consequences), TİSK Akademi Dergisi, 1: 66-81.
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. and Klesh, J. (1979) “The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire”, Unpublished Manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Chappel, D. and Di Martino, V. (1998) “Violence at Work” (Workplace Violence: A New Global Problem), World of Work The Magazine of the International Labor Office (ILO) Report, 26.
Clarke, J. (2002) Maymuncuk: İşyerinde İletişim ve Politika (Master Key: Communication and Policy in the Workplace), Dicleli Z. (trans.) İstanbul, MESS Yayınları.
Çekmecelioğlu, H. (2006) “İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarının İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ve Verimlilik Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Bir Araştırma” (Evaluation of Effect of Work Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Intention to Leave and Productivity: A Research), İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 8(2): 153-168.
Çobanoğlu, Ş. (2005) Mobbing: İşyerinde Duygusal Saldırı ve Mücadele Yöntemleri (Mobbing: Emotional Attack in the Workplace and Coping Strategies with Mobbing), İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları.
Çolak, Ö.F. (2009) “2008 Krizinin 1929 Krizi ile Benzerlikleri Üzerine Bir Analiz” (An Analysis of the Similarities between 2008 and 1929 Crisis), TİSK Akademi Dergisi, 4(Özel Sayı- II): 50-69.
Davenport, N., Schwartz, R.D. and Elliott, G.P. (2003) Mobbing, Önertoy O.C. (trans.) İstanbul, Sistem Yayıncılık.
Dikmen, A. (2005) “Workplace Bullying/Mobbing and Its Effects on Intention to Leave the Organization”, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Örgütsel Davranış Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
Duffy, M. and Sperry, L. (2007) “Workplace Mobbing: Individual and Family Health Consequences”, The Family Journal, 15: 398-404.
Djurkovic, N., McCormack, D. and Casimir, G. (2004) “The Physical and Psychological Effects of Workplace Bullying and Their Relationship to Intention to Leave: A Test of the Psychosomatic and Disability Hypotheses”, International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 7(4): 469-497.
Einarsen, S. (2000) “Harassment and Bullying at Work: A Review of the Scandinavian Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4): 379-401.
Einarsen, S. (1999) “The Nature and Causes of Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20(1-2): 16-27.
Einarsen, S., Raknes, B.I. and Matthiesen, S.B. (1994) “Bullying and Harassment at Work and Their Relationships to Work Environment Quality: An Exploratory Study”, European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4): 381-401.
Ergin, C. (2000) “Türkiye’deki Örgütlerde Çatışmaların Çözümlenmesine İlişkin Çalışmalar” (Studies about Conflict Solution in the Organizations in Turkey), Aycan Z. (ed.) Akademisyenler ve Profesyoneller Bakış Açısıyla Türkiye’de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları, Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 21: 243-259.
Greenhaus, J.H., Allen, T.D. and Spector, P.E. (2006) “Health Consequences of Work-Family Conflict: The Dark Side of the Work-Family Interface”, Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 5: 61-98.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis, New Jersey, Pearson Education.
Hancer, M. and George, R.T. (2003) “Job Satisfaction of Restaurant Employees: An Empirical Investigation Using The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 27(1): 85-100.
Hubert, A.B. and Veldhoven, M.V. (2001) “Risk Sectors for Undesirable Behaviour and Mobbing”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4): 415-424.
Hürriyet İK (2009) http://www.yenibiris.com/HurriyetIK/, (29.03.2009).
Hürriyet İK (2009) http://www.yenibiris.com/HurriyetIK/, (05.04.2009).
Jacobshagen, N. (2004) “Mobbing-Ein Langer, Zermürbender Prozess”, Praxis - Schweiz Med Forum, 4: 873-878.
Kirschenbaum, A. and Mano-Negrin, R. (1999) “Underlying Labor Market Dimensions of ‘Opportunities’: The Case of Employee Turnover”, Human Relations, 52(10): 1233-1255.
Kök, S.B. (2006) “İş Yaşamında Psiko-Şiddet Sarmalı Olarak Yıldırma Olgusu ve Nedenleri” (The Mobbing Phenomenon and Its Reasons as a Spiral of Psychological Violence in the Workplace), Erzurum, 14. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı: 433-448.
Kuvaas, B. (2006) “Performance Appraisal Satisfaction and Employee Outcomes: Mediating and Moderating Roles of Work Motivation”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3): 504-522.
Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R., Sablynski, C.J., Burton, J.P. and Holtom, B.C. (2004) “The Effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational Citizenship, Job Performance, Volitional Absences, and Voluntary Turnover”, Academy of Management Journal, 47(5): 711-722.
Lee, D. (2000) “An Analysis of Workplace Bullying in the UK”, Personnel Review, 29(5): 593-612.
Leymann, H. (1990) LIPT Questionnaire, http://www.leymann. se/deutsch/frame.html, (09.07.2007).
Leymann, H. (1996) “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2): 165-184.
Leymann, H. (1993) Mobbing Psychoterror am Arbeitzplatz Und Wie Man Sich Dagegen Wehren Kann, Hamburg, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.
Mikkelsen, E.G. and Einarsen, S. (2001) “Bullying in Danish Work-Life: Prevalence and Health Correlates”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4): 393- 413.
Moayed, F.A., Daraiseh, N., Shell, R. and Salem, S. (2006) “Workplace Bullying: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes”, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 7(3): 311-327.
Mor Barak, M.E., Nissly, J.A. and Levin, A. (2001) “Antecedents to Retention and Turnover among Child Welfare, Social Work, and Other Human Service Employees: What Can We Learn from Past Research? A Review and Metanalysis”, Social Service Review, 75(4): 625-661.
Morrison, R.L. and Nolan, T. (2007) “Negative Relationships in the Workplace: A Qualitative Study”, Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 4(3): 203-221.
Özarallı, N. and Torun, A. (2007) “Çalışanlara Uygulanan Zorbalığın Mağdurların Kişilik Özellikleri, Negatif Duygular ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetleriyle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma” (A Research on Victims’ Personality Characteristics, Negative Emotions and Turnover Intentions Relation with Bullying to Implement to Workers), Sakarya, 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı: 939-947.
Özen, Ş. (1996) Bürokratik Kültür 1: Yönetsel Değerlerin Toplumsal Temelleri (Bureaucratic Culture 1: Foundations of Social of Managerial Values), Ankara, Türkiye ve Orta Doğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü (TODAİ), 272.
Quine, L. (2001) “Workplace Bullying in Nurses”, Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1): 73-84.
Rayner, C. (2002) “Round Two: Redefining Bullying at Work”, Paper Presented as Part of a Joint Session-Workplace Abuse, Aggression, Bullying and Incivility: Conceptual Integration and Emprical Insights, American Academy of Management Meeting, CO, Denver.
Rayner, C. and Hoel, H. (1997) “A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying”, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7: 181-191.
Restubog, S.L.D. and Bordia, P. (2006) “Workplace Familism and Psychological Contract Breach in the Philippines”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55(4): 563-585.
Salin, D. (2003) “Ways of Explaining Workplace Bullying: A Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment”, Human Relations, 56(10): 1213-1232.
Salin, D. (2001) “Prevalence and Forms of Bullying among Business Professionals: A Comparison of Two Different Strategies for Measuring Bullying”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4): 425-441.
Sargut, A.S. (2001) Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim (Differentiation and Management between Cultures), Ankara, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
Schat, A.C.H. and Kelloway, E.K. (2000) “The Effects of Perceived Control on the Outcomes of Workplace Aggression and Violence”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4: 386-402.
Seifert, T.A. and Umbach, P.D. (2008) “The Effects of Faculty Demographic Characteristics and Disciplinary Context on Dimensions of Job Satisfaction”, Research in Higher Education, 49: 357-381.
Sümer, H.C. (2000): “Performans Değerlendirmesine Tarihsel Bir Bakış ve Kültürel Bir Yaklaşım” (A Historical View and Cultural Approach on Performance Rating), Aycan Z. (ed.) Akademisyenler ve Profesyoneller Bakış Açısıyla Türkiye’de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları, Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 21: 57-90.
Thomas, M. (2005) “Bullying among Support Staff in a Higher Education Institution”, Health Education, 105(4): 273-288.
Tınaz, P. (2006) İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing), İstanbul, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
Togan, S. (2009) “Küresel Kriz ve Türkiye” (Global Financial Crisis and Turkey), TİSK Akademi Dergisi, 4(Özel Sayı-II): 6-25.
Toker, B. (2007) “Demografik Değişkenlerin İş Tatminine Etkileri: İzmir’deki Beş ve Dört Yıldızlı Otellere Yönelik Bir Uygulama” (The Effects of Demographic Factors on Job Satisfaction: An Application on Five and Four Star Hotels In Izmir), Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 8(1): 92-107.
Tutar, H. (2004) İş Yerinde Psikolojik Şiddet (Psychological Violence in the Workplace), Ankara, Barış Kitap Basım Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
University of Northern IOWA (2008): http://www.uni.edu/ butlera/Courses/org/msq.htm, (04.01.2008).
Vandekerckhove, W. and Commers, M.S.R. (2003) “Downward Workplace Mobbing: A Sign of the Times?”, Journal of Business Ethics, 45(1/2): 41-50.
Vartia, M. (1996) “The Sources of Bullying-Psychological Work Environment and Organizational Climate”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2): 203-214.
Wasti, S.A. (2002) “Affective and Continuance Commitment to the Organization: Test of an Integrated Model in the Turkish Context”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26: 525-550.
Weisberg, J. and Kirschenbaum, A. (1991) “Employee Turnover Intentions: Implications From a National Sample”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2(3): 359-375.
Zapf, D. (1999) “Organisational, Work Group Related and Personal Causes of Mobbing/Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2): 70-85.
Zapf, D., Knorz, C. and Kulla, M. (1996) “On the Relationship between Mobbing Factors, and Job Content, Social Work Environment, and Health Outcomes”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2): 215-237.

APA	AKAR N, ANAFARTA N, SARVAN F (2011). Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. , 179 - 191.
Chicago	AKAR Nuray Yapıcı,ANAFARTA Nilgün,SARVAN Fulya Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. (2011): 179 - 191.
MLA	AKAR Nuray Yapıcı,ANAFARTA Nilgün,SARVAN Fulya Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. , 2011, ss.179 - 191.
AMA	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. . 2011; 179 - 191.
Vancouver	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. . 2011; 179 - 191.
IEEE	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F "Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study." , ss.179 - 191, 2011.
ISNAD	AKAR, Nuray Yapıcı vd. "Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study". (2011), 179-191.

APA	AKAR N, ANAFARTA N, SARVAN F (2011). Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(1), 179 - 191.
Chicago	AKAR Nuray Yapıcı,ANAFARTA Nilgün,SARVAN Fulya Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Akademik Bakış 11, no.1 (2011): 179 - 191.
MLA	AKAR Nuray Yapıcı,ANAFARTA Nilgün,SARVAN Fulya Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Akademik Bakış, vol.11, no.1, 2011, ss.179 - 191.
AMA	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Akademik Bakış. 2011; 11(1): 179 - 191.
Vancouver	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Akademik Bakış. 2011; 11(1): 179 - 191.
IEEE	AKAR N,ANAFARTA N,SARVAN F "Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study." Ege Akademik Bakış, 11, ss.179 - 191, 2011.
ISNAD	AKAR, Nuray Yapıcı vd. "Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study". Ege Akademik Bakış 11/1 (2011), 179-191.