Yıl: 2011 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 6 Sayfa Aralığı: 793 - 845 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey

Öz:
Trakya Havzasının (KB Türkiye) doğusu ve kuzeyindeki sığ-denizel Eosen Soğucak Formasyon’ una ait bazı kesitler ve Oligosen yaşlı Ceylan Formasyon’una ait bir stratigrafi k kesit iri bentik foraminiferlerin (başlıca nummulitidler ve orthophragminidler) biyometrik özelliklerini irdeleyerek ayrıntılı olarak çalışılmıştır. Çalışılan foraminifer gruplarının Batı Tetis faunasına benzemesinden dolayı elde edilen veriler Sığ Bentik Zonasyonu (SBZ) kapsamında yüksek çözünürlü biyostratigrafi k bir sistemin oluşturulmasına imkan vermiştir. Sadece iki tür, Heterostegina armenica ve Orbitoclypeus haynesi Trakya Havzası’nın daha batısındaki bölgede Avrupa’da bilinmemektedir. Her bir foraminifer topluluğunun yaşı (i) Heterostegina grubunun varlığı ve farklı türlerinin gelişim aşaması (H. armenica hacimasliensis n. ssp. ilk kez tanımlanmıştır), (ii) İri Nummulites’lerin varlığı/yokluğu, (iii) Spiroclypeus’un varlığı/yokluğu, (iv) retikule Nummulites’lerin filojenetik gelişim aşaması, (v) orthophragmines grubunun varlığı ve gelişim aşamaları, (vi) bazı Operculina ve radyal Nummulites gruplarının varlığı ile tayin edilmiştir. Altı iri bentik foraminifer seviyesi tanımlanmış olup bunlar (i) erken/geç Bartoniyen sınırı (SBZ 17/18), (ii) orta geç Bartoniyen (SBZ 18B), (iii) geç Bartoniyen (SBZ 18C), (iv) erken Priaboniyen (SBZ 19), (v) geç Priaboniyen (SBZ 20) ve (vi) erken Rupeliyen’i (SBZ 21) temsil eder. Geç Bartoniyen ve Priaboniyen döneminde üç sığ-denizel çökelim ortamı tanımlanmıştır. İkisi orta şelfin yüksek (setarkası ve Nummulites seti) ve düşük enerjili ortamlarına, üçüncüsü ise dış şelf (set-önü fasiyesi) ortamına karşılık gelir. Biyostratigrafi k ve paleo-ortamsal gözlemler Trakya Havzası’nın doğu ve kuzey kısmında üç alt bölge tanımlanmasına imkan vermiştir: (i) Temeli İstanbul Zonu olan doğu kısım orta geç Bartoniyen (SBZ 18B) döneminde transgresyona uğramış olup karbonat platformu geç Bartoniyen’de (SBZ 18C) boğulmuştur. (ii) Istranca Masifi üzerinde bulunanan Çatalca bloğu bir paleo-yükselim oluşturmakla beraber kenar kısımlarında bir önceki alt bölge için tanımlanan benzer tarihçe geçerlidir ve transgresyon bloğun merkezi kısmında sadece geç Priaboniyen döneminde gerçekleşmiştir. Platformun boğulmasıyla ilgili veri yoktur. (iii) Havzanın kuzey kısmında transgresyon geç Bartoniyen’de (SBZ 18C) veya erken Priaboniyen’de (SBZ 19) gerçekleşmiş olup karbonat platform kısmen boğulmuştur. Bu bölge muhtemelen Trakya Havzası’nın Paleojen döneminde kuzey kısmının gerçek kenarını temsil etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Jeoloji

Trakya Havzasının kuzey ve doğusundaki (KB Türkiye) Orta Eosen−Alt Oligosen sığ-denizel birimlerinin stratigrafisi ve iri bentik foraminiferleri

Öz:
The shallow-marine Eocene Soğucak Limestone and Oligocene Ceylan Formation were studied in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin with detailed biometric analysis of the full spectrum of larger benthic foraminifera (mainly nummulitids and orthophragmines). This allows us to establish a high-resolution biostratigraphy in the context of the shallow benthic zonation (with SBZ zones) of the Tethyan Palaeogene since larger foraminiferal assemblages show a very strong Western Tethyan affi nity. Only two species (Heterostegina armenica and Orbitoclypeus haynesi) are unknown so far to the west of the Thrace Basin. The age of particular larger foraminiferal sites is determined based on (i) the occurrence and developmental stage of diff erent species of Heterostegina (H. armenica hacimasliensis n. ssp. is introduced here), (ii) the presence/absence of giant Nummulites, (iii) the presence/absence of Spiroclypeus, (iv) the developmental stage of reticulate Nummulites, (v) the occurrence and developmental stage of orthophragmines, (vi) the occurrence of particular Operculina and radiate Nummulites. Six larger foraminiferal horizons could be established. Th ey correspond to (i) the vicinity of the early/late Bartonian boundary (SBZ 17/18), (ii) the middle late Bartonian (SBZ 18B), (iii) the latest Bartonian (SBZ 18C), (iv) the early Priabonian (SBZ 19), (v) the late Priabonian (SBZ 20) and (vi) the early Rupelian (SBZ 21). Three main shallow-water depositional environments could be recognized in both the late Bartonian and Priabonian: two of them took place in the middle shelf; one with low and another with high water-energy (back-bank and Nummulites-bank facies) whereas the third one refers to the outer shelf (fore-bank facies). Biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental observations allow us to reconstruct three subregions in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin with diff erent depositional histories: (i) The eastern part of the territory, with an İstanbul Zone basement was fl ooded at the beginning of the middle late Bartonian (SBZ 18B), but the carbonate platform was drowned in the latest Bartonian (SBZ 18C). (ii) The Çatalca block, lying on the Istranca Massif, formed a palaeohigh in whose peripheries a similar depositional history to for the former sub-region can be reconstructed, although the central part was transgressed only in the late Priabonian and was not drowned at all. (iii) The northern margin of the recent Th race Basin (also lying on the Istranca Massif) was fl ooded only in the latest Bartonian (SBZ 18C) or in the early Priabonian (SBZ 19) and the Priabonian carbonate platform had only partly and shallowly been drowned. This subregion very probably formed the real northern margin of the whole Th race Basin in the Palaeogene.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Jeoloji
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Akartuna, M. 1953. Çatalca-Karacaköy Bölgesinin Jeolojisi [Geology of Çatalca-Karacaköy Region]. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’İstanbul, Monographies 16.
  • Anketell, J.M. & Mriheel, I.Y. 2000. Depositional environment and diagenesis of the Eocene Jdeir Formation, Gabes-Tripoli Basin, western off shore Libya. Journal of Petroleum Geology 23, 425–447.
  • Archiac, E.J.A.D’ 1850. Description des fossiles du groupe nummulitique recueillis par M. S.-P. Pratt et M. J. Delbos aux environs de Bayonne et de Dax. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 3, 397–456.
  • Arni, P. 1965. L’évolution des Nummulitinae en tant que facteur de modifi cation des dépôts littoraux. Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 32, 7–20.
  • Barattolo, F., Bassi, D. & Romano, R. 2007. Upper Eocene larger foraminiferal- coralline algal facies from the Klokova Mountain (southern continental Greece). Facies 53, 361–375.
  • Bassi, D. 1998. Coralline algal facies and their paleoenvironments in the Late Eocene of Northern Italy (Calcare di Nago, Trento). Facies 39, 179–202.
  • Bassi, D. 2005. Larger foraminiferal and coralline algal facies in an Upper Eocene storm-infl uenced, shallow-water carbonate platform (Colli Berici, north-eastern Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226, 17–35.
  • Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C. & Aubry, M.P. 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry, M.P. & Hardenbol, J. (eds), Geochronology, time scales and global correlation: a unifi ed temporal framework for an historical Geology. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 54, 129–212.
  • Blow, W.H. 1969. Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. Proceedings First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils Geneva, 1967, Volume 1, 199–422. Brill, Leiden
  • Cahuzac, B. & Poignant, A. 1997. Essai de biozonation de l’Oligo–Miocène dans le bassins européens à l'aide des grands foraminifères néritiques. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France 168, 155–169.
  • Çağlayan, M.A. & Yurtsever, A. 1998. 1:100 000 Scale Geological Maps and Explanatory Notes, Turkey, Burgaz-A3, Edirne-B2 and B3; Burgaz-A4 and Kırklareli-B4; Kırklareli-B5 and B6; Kırklareli-C6 Sheets. Publication of the General Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara.
  • Ćosović, V., Drobne, K. & Moro, A. 2004. Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula). Facies 50, 61–75.
  • Daci, A. 1951. Etude paléontologique du Nummulitique entre Küçükçekmece et Çatalca. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’İstanbul 16, 89–246.
  • Doust, H. & arıkan, Y. 1974. Trakya Havzasının jeolojisi [Geology of Th race Basin]. Proceedings of 2nd Petroleum Congress of Turkey, 119–136, Ankara.
  • Drooger, C.W. 1993. Radial Foraminifera; morphometrics and evolution. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Natuurkunde 41, 1–242.
  • Drooger, C.W., Marks, P. & Papp, A. 1971. Smaller Rad iate Nummulites of Northwestern Europe. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins 5.
  • Drooger, C.W. & Roelofsen, J.W. 1982. Cycloclypeus from Ghar Hassan, Malta. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (B) 85 , 203–218.
  • Ferràndez-Cañadell, C. 1998. Morphostructure and paleobiology of Mesogean orthophragminids (Discocyclinidae and Orbitoclypeidae, Foraminifera). Acta Geologica Hispanica 31, 183–187.
  • Ferràndez-Cañadell, C. & Serra-Kiel, J. 1992. Morphostructure and paleobiology of Discocyclina Gümbel, 1870. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 22, 147–165.
  • Gracıansky, P-C. de, Hardenbol, J., Jacquın, Th . & Vaıl, P. 1999. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins. SEPM (Society of Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 60.
  • Harpe, Ph. de la 1878. Note sur les Nummulites des Alpes occidentales. Actes de la Société helvétique des Sciences naturelles Bex 60, 227–232.
  • Harpe, Ph. De La. 1879. Description des Nummulites appartenant à la zone supérieure des Falaises de Biarritz. Bulletin de la Societé de Borda 4, 137–156
  • Harpe, Ph. De La. 1883. Étude des Nummulites de la Suisse et révision des espèces éocènes des genres Nummulites et Assilina. 3ème et dernière partie. Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse 10, 141–180.
  • Herb, R. & Hekel, H. 1975. Nummuliten aus dem Obereocaen von Possagno. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen 97, 113–135.
  • Höntzsch, S., Scheibner, C., Kuss, J., Marzouk, A.M. & Rasser, M.W. 2011. Tectonically driven carbonate ramp evolution at the southern Tethyan shelf: the Lower Eocene succession of the Galala Mountains, Egypt. Facies 57, 51–72.
  • Hottinger, L. 1977. Foraminifères operculiniformes. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 59, 1–159.
  • İslamoğlu, Y. & Taner, G. 1995. Pınarhisar (Kırklareli) bölgesinin Tersiyer mollusk faunası ve stratigrafi si [Tertiary mollusc fauna and stratigraphy of Pınarhisar (Kırklareli) region]. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey 117, 149–169 [in Turkish].
  • İslamoğlu, Y., Harzhauser, M., Gross, M., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Coric, S., Kroh, A., Rögl, F. & van der Made, J. 2010. From Tethys to Eastern Paratethys: Oligocene depositional environments, paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Th race Basin (NW Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, 183–200.
  • Joly, N. & Leymerie, A. 1848. Mémoire sur les Nummulites, considérées zoologiquement et géologiquement. Mémoire de l’Académie des Sciences de Toulouse (3) 4, 149– 218.
  • Jorry, S.J., Hasler, C.A. & Davaud, E. 2006. Hydrodynamic behaviour of Nummulites: implications for depositional models. Facies 52, 221–235.
  • Keskİn, C. 1966. Microfacies study of the Pınarhisar reef complex. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’İstanbul 31, 109–146.
  • Keskİn, C. 1971. Pınarhisar alanının Jeolojisi [Geology of Pınarhisar area]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 14, 31–84 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • Kulka, A. 1985. Arni sedimentological model in the Tatra Eocene. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 29, 31–64.
  • Less, Gy. 1987. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the European Orthophragminae. Geologica Hungarica series Palaeontologica 51, 1–373.
  • Less, Gy. 1993. Numeric characterization of ‘Orthophragmina’ populations. Acta Geologica Hungarica 35, 193–215.
  • Less, Gy. 1998a. Zonation of the Mediterranean Upper Paleocene and Eocene by Orthophragminae. Opera Dela Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti (4) 34, 21–43.
  • Less Gy. 1998b. Statistical data of the inner cross protoconch diameter of Nummulites and Assilina from the Schaub collection. Opera Dela Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti (4) 34, 183– 202.
  • Less, Gy. 1999. Th e late Paleogene larger foraminiferal assemblages of the Bükk Mts. (NE Hungary). Revista Española de Micropaleontología 31, 51–60.
  • Less, Gy. & Gyalog, L. 2004. Eocene. In: Gyalog, L. & Horváth I. (eds), Geology of the Velence Hills and the Balatonfő, 209–213. Geological Institute of Hungary.
  • Less, Gy., Kertész, B. & Özcan, E. 2006. Bartonian to end-Rupelian reticulate Nummulites of the Western Tethys. FORAMS’2006- International symposium on Foraminifera, Brasil. Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias 29, 344–345.
  • Less, Gy., Kecskeméti, T., Ozsvárt, P., Kázmér, M., Báldi−Beke, M., Kollányi, K., Fodor, L., Kertész, B. & Varga, I. 2000. Middle–Upper Eocene shallow water benthos in Hungary. In: Bassi, D. (ed), Shallow Water Benthic Communities at the Middle–Upper Eocene Boundary, Southern and North−eastern Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary. Annali dell’Universitŕ di Ferrara 8 (Supplement), 151–181.
  • Less, Gy. & Ó. Kovács, L. 2009. Typological versus morphometric separation of orthophragminid species in single samples – a case study from Horsarrieu (upper Ypresian, SW Aquitaine, France). Revue de Micropaléontologie 52, 267–288.
  • Less, Gy. & Özcan, E. 2008. Th e late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Spiroclypeus in the Western Tethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, 303–316.
  • Less, Gy., Özcan, E., Báldi-Beke, M. & Kollányi, K. 2007. Th anetian and early Ypresian orthophragmines (Foraminifera: Discocyclinidae and Orbitoclypeidae) from the central Western Tethys (Turkey, Italy and Bulgaria) and their revised taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafi a 113, 419–448.
  • Less, Gy., Özcan, E., Papazzoni, C.A. & Stöckar, R. 2008. Th e middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, 317–350.
  • Martini, E. 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. Proceedings of Second Planktonic Conference, Roma, 1970, 739–785. Edizione Tecnoscienza, Roma.
  • Matteucci, R. 1971. Revisione di alcuni Nummuliti signifi cativi dell’Eocene del Gargano (Puglia). Geologica Romana 9 [1970], 205–238.
  • Nebelsick, J.H., Rasser, M.W. & Bassi, D. 2005. Facies dynamics in Eocene to Oligocene circumalpine carbonates. Facies 51, 207–226.
  • Nemkov, G.I. 1967. Nummulitidy Sovetskogo Soyuza i ikh biostratigrafi cheskoye znacheniye. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian]. Okay, A.I., Özcan, E., Cavazza, W., Okay, N. & Less, Gy. 2010. Basement types, Lower Eocene Series, Upper Eocene Olistostromes and the Initiation of the Southern Th race Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 1–25.
  • Özcan, E. & Less, Gy. 2009. First record of the co-occurrence of Western Tethyan and Indo-Pacifi c larger Foraminifera in the Burdigalian of Eastern Turkey. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 39, 23–39.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy., Báldi-Beke, M., Kollányi, K. & Acar, F. 2009a. Oligo–Miocene foraminiferal record (Miogypsinidae, Lepidocyclinidae and Nummulitidae) from the Western Taurides (SW Turkey): biometry and implications for the regional geology. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 740–760.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy., Báldi-Beke, M., Kollányi, K. & Kertész, B. 2007a. Biometric analysis of middle and upper Eocene Discocyclinidae and Orbitoclypeidae (Foraminifera) from Turkey and updated ort hophragmine zonation in the Western Tethys. Micropaleontology 52, 485–520.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy. & Baydoğan, E. 2009b. Regional implications of biometric analysis of Lower Miocene larger foraminifera from Central Turkey. Micropaleontology 55, 559–588.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy. & Kertész, B. 2007b. Late Ypresian to Middle Lutetian orthophragminid record from central and northern Turkey: taxonomy and remarks on zonal scheme. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 281–318.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy., Okay, A.I., Báldi-Beke, M., Kollányi, K. & Yılmaz, İ.Ö. 2010a. Stratigraphy and Larger Foraminifera of the Eocene Shallow-Marine and Olistostromal Units of the Southern Part of the Th race Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 27–77.
  • Özcan, E., Less, Gy., Báldi-Beke, M. & Kollányi, K. 2010b. Oligocene hyaline larger foraminifera from Kelereşdere Section (Muş, Eastern Turkey). Micropaleontology 56, 465–493.
  • Papazzoni, C.A. & Sirotti, A. 1995. Nummulite biostratigraphy at the Middle/Upper Eocene boundary in the Northern Mediterranean area. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafi a 101, 63–80.
  • Rasser, M.W., Less, Gy. & Báldi-Beke, M. 1999. Biostratigraphy and facies of the Late Eocene in the upper Austrian molasse zone with special reference to the larger foraminifera. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 56, 679–698.
  • Romero, J., Caus, E. & Rosell, J. 2002. A model for the palaeoenvironmental distribution of larger foraminifera based on late Middle Eocene deposits on the margin of South Pyrenean basin (NE Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 179, 43–56.
  • Romero, J., Hottinger, L. & Caus, E. 1999. Early appearance of larger foraminifera supposedly characteristic for Late Eocene in the Igualada Basin (NE Spain). Revista Española de Paleontología 14, 79–92.
  • Roveda, V. 1961. Contributo allo studio di alcuni macroforaminiferi di Priabona. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia 67, 153–224.
  • Sakınç, M. 1994. Karaburun (B İstanbul) denizel Oligoseninin stratigrafi si ve paleontolojisi [Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Marine Oligocene in Karaburun (W İstanbul)]. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey 116, 9–14 [in Turkish].
  • Schaub, H. 1981. Nummulites et Assilines de la Tethys Paléogène. Taxonomie, phylogénèse et biostratigraphie. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen 104–106, 1–236 + Atlas I–II.
  • Serra-Kiel, J. 1984. Estudi dels Nummulites del grup de N. perforatus (Montfort) (Conques aquitana, catalana i balear). Treballs de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural 11.
  • Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferràndez, C., Jauhri, A.K., Less, Gy., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso, J.M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J. & Zakrevskaya, E. 1998. Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France 169, 281–299.
  • Serra-Kiel, J., Mató, E., Saula, E., Travé, A., Ferràndez- Cañadell, C., Álvarez-Pérez, C., Busquets, P., Samsó, J.M., Tosquella, J., Franquès, J., Romero, J. & Barnolas, A. 2003. An inventory of the marine and transitional Middle/ Upper Eocene deposits of the Southeastern Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain). Geologica Acta 1, 201–229.
  • Setiawan, J.R. 1983. Foraminifera and microfacies of the type Priabonian. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins 29, 1–161.
  • Sİrel, E. & Gündüz, H. 1976. Kırklareli yöresi (Kuzey Trakya) denizel Oligosen’inin stratigrafi si ve Nummulites türleri [The stratigraphy and the species of Nummulites of the marine Oligocène of Kırklareli region (North of Thrace)]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 19, 155–158 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • Sirotti, A. 1978. Discocyclinidae from the Priabonian type-section (Lessini Mountains, Vicenza, Northern Italy). Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 17, 49–67.
  • Sİyako, M. 2006. Trakya havzası Tersiyer kaya birimleri [Tertiary rock units of the Th race Basin]. In: Trakya Bölgesi Litostratigrafi Birimleri [Lithostratigraphical Units of the Th race Region].
  • Litostratigrafi Birimleri Serisi 2, 43−83. Publication of the General Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara [in Turkish].
  • Tellini, A. 1890. Le Nummulitidi della Majella delle Isole Tremiti e del Promontorio Garganico. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 9, 359–422.
  • Turgut, S. & Eseller, G. 2000. Sequence stratigraphy, tectonics and depositional history in eastern Th race Basin (NW Turkey). Marine and Petroleum Geology 17, 61–100.
  • Turgut, S., Türkaslan, M. & Perİnçek, D. 1991. Evolution of the Th race sedimentary Basin and its hydrocarbon prospectivity. In: Spencer A.M. (ed), Generation, Accumulation and Production of Europe’s Hydrocarbons. Europe Association Petroleum Sciences Special Publication 1, 415–437.
  • Varol, B, Baykal, M. & Ayyıldız, T. 2009. Sedimentological- Stratigraphical Evaluation of Tertiary Carbonates (Soğucak Formation) of Th race Basin (Bozcaada-Kıyıköy). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey 139, 1–15.
  • Yurtsever, A. & Çağlayan, M.A. 2002. 1:100 000 Scale Geological Maps and Explanatory Notes, İstanbul-F21 and G21 Sheets.
  • Publication of the General Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey, Ankara.
  • Zakrevskaya, E., Beniamovsky, V., Less, Gy. & Báldi-Beke, M. 2011. Integrated Biostratigraphy of Eocene Deposits in the Gubs Section (Northern Caucasus) with Special Attention to the Ypresian/Lutetian Boundary and to the Peritethyan– Tethyan Correlation. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20, 753–792.
APA LESS G, ÖZCAN E, OKAY A (2011). Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. , 793 - 845.
Chicago LESS György,ÖZCAN Ercan,OKAY Aral İ. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. (2011): 793 - 845.
MLA LESS György,ÖZCAN Ercan,OKAY Aral İ. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. , 2011, ss.793 - 845.
AMA LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. . 2011; 793 - 845.
Vancouver LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. . 2011; 793 - 845.
IEEE LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A "Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey." , ss.793 - 845, 2011.
ISNAD LESS, György vd. "Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey". (2011), 793-845.
APA LESS G, ÖZCAN E, OKAY A (2011). Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(6), 793 - 845.
Chicago LESS György,ÖZCAN Ercan,OKAY Aral İ. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20, no.6 (2011): 793 - 845.
MLA LESS György,ÖZCAN Ercan,OKAY Aral İ. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.20, no.6, 2011, ss.793 - 845.
AMA LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2011; 20(6): 793 - 845.
Vancouver LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2011; 20(6): 793 - 845.
IEEE LESS G,ÖZCAN E,OKAY A "Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, ss.793 - 845, 2011.
ISNAD LESS, György vd. "Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20/6 (2011), 793-845.