The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors
Yıl: 2013 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 588 - 610 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022
The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors
Öz: The Tonya Formation, which represents the uppermost part of the Mesozoic sequence in the Eastern Pontides, consists of calciturbidites in Trabzon and its surrounding region. Two stratigraphic sections of the unit were measured in the Hacımehmet and Gürbulak areas to decipher the distribution of rock types, facies architecture, sediment textures and depositional environment. The grain size, channels, suprafan lobes and slump structures of the sediments suggest that calciclastic sequences were deposited in a submarine fan system. Calcarenites/calcirudites and hemipelagic rocks, comprising an alternation of marls and mudstones, are the two dominant lithologies described in the studied calciclastic submarine fan system. Calciclastic facies, which are identified as middle fan deposits, indicate high-concentration turbidity currents in the sequences. The hemipelagic rocks, which are delineated as outer fan deposits, suggest low-energy, deep-marine conditions. The microfacies description and fauna determinations propose the gravity origin for these calciclastic submarine fan deposits. Rudstones, grainstones and packstones are the dominant carbonate textures in the calcarenites. Pelagic marls and mudstones are characterised by a planktonic, foraminifera-bearing, wackestone-mudstone texture. Biogene parts of the calciclastics are fragments of benthonic foraminifers, algae, rudists, echinoids, bryozoa, inoceramids and neritic and pelagic carbonate lithoclasts, which suggest a close contemporaneous shallow marine carbonate depositional environment as their source during their deposition. Palaeocurrent directions, measured from the base of the calciturbidites, show that the components of the calciturbidites were transported from a shallow marine environment lying to the E or SE. The lateral and vertical facies organisation of these calciturbidites favours a deposition of the calciclastic submarine fan model. These deposits were fed by material derived from a shallower water carbonate depositional environment in the Eastern Pontides during the Late Campanian. All the sedimentological properties, combined with the regional data, suggest that the Late Campanian sedimentation in the Eastern Pontides formed in a backarc environment.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Adams, A.E. & MacKenzie, W.S. 1998. A Colour Atlas of Carbonate Sediments and Rocks under the Microscope. Manson Publishing, London.
- Adey, W.H. 1986. Coralline algae as indicators of sea-level. In: Van De Plassche, O. (ed), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 229-279.
- Akın, H. 1979. Geologie, magmatismus und Lagerstattenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge/Türkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geology Rundschau 68, 253-283.
- Aydin, F., Karsli, O. & Chen, B. 2008. Petrogenesis of the Neogene alkaline volcanics with implications for post-collisional lithospheric thinning of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Lithos 104, 249-266.
- Aydin, F., Karslı, O. & Sadıklar, M.B. 2009. Compositional variations and zoning types of low-pressure clinopyroxene phenocrysts in Neogene alkaline volcanic rocks with petrogenetic implications, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 163-186.
- Betzler, C., Pfeiffer, M. & Saxena, S. 2000. Shedding patterns and sedimentary cyclicities in periplatform deposits of a Neogene carbonate platform (Miocene, Great Bahama Bank). Geologische Rundschau 89, 140-153.
- Bice, D.M., Montanari, A. & Rusciadelli, G. 2007. Earthquakeinduced turbidites triggered by sea level oscillations in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of Italy. Terra Nova 19, 387- 392.
- Borgomano, J.R.F. 2000. The Upper Cretaceous carbonates of the GarganoMurge region southern Italy: a model of platformto- basin transition. AAPG Bulletin 84, 1561-1588.
- Bouma, A. 1962. Sedimentology of Some Flysch Deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
- Braga, J.C., Martin, J.M. & Wood, J.L. 2001. Submarine lobes and feeder channels of redeposited, temperate carbonate and mixed siliciclasticcarbonate platform deposits (Vera Basin, Almeria, southern Spain). Sedimentology 48, 99-116.
- Bustillo, M.A. & Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A. 1987. Chert occurrences in carbonate turbidites: examples from the Upper Jurassic of the Betic Mountains (southern Spain). Sedimentology 34, 611-621.
- Casabianca, D., Bosence, D. & Beckett, D. 2002. Reservoir potential of Cretaceous platform-margin breccias, central Italian Apennines. Journal of Petrology and Geology 25(2), 179-202.
- Coniglio, M. & Dix, G.R. 1992. Carbonate slopes. In: Walker, R.G. & James, N.P. (eds), Facies Models: Response to Sea-Level Changes. Geological Association of Canada, St Johns, Newfoundland, 349-374.
- Çinku, M.C., Ustaömer, T., Hirt, A.M., Hisarli, M., Heler, F. & Orbay, N. 2010. Southward migration of arc magmatism during latest Cretaceous associated with slab steepening, East Pontides, N Turkey: new paleomagnetic data from the Amasya region. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 182, 18-29.
- Dokuz, A. & Tanyolu, E. 2006. Geochemical constraints on the provenance, mineral sorting and subaerial weathering of Lower Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous clastic rocks of the Eastern Pontides. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 181-209.
- Dokuz, A., Uysal, I., Kaliwoda, M., Karsli, O., Ottley, C.J. & Kandemir, R. 2011. Early abyssal- and late SSZ-type vestiges of the Rheic oceanic mantle in the Variscan basement of the Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: implications for the sense of subduction and opening of the Paleotethys. Lithos 127, 176-191.
- Drzewiecki, P.A. & Simo, J.A. 2002. Depositional process, triggering mechanism and sediment composition of carbonate gravity flow deposits: examples from the Late Cretaceous of the southcentral Pyrenees, Spain. Sedimentary Geology 146, 155-189.
- Dunham, R.J. 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures. In: W.E. Ham (ed), Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Memoir 1, 108-121.
- Eberli, G.P. 1991. Calcareous turbidites and their relationship to sealevel fluctuations and tectonism. In: Einsele, G., Ricken, W. & Seilacher, A. (eds), Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 340-359.
- Embry, B.D. & Klovan, J.E. 1971. A Late Devonian reef tract on Northeastern Banks Island, N. W. T. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 19, 730-781.
- Everts, A.J.W. & Reijmer, J.J.G. 1995. Clinoform composition and margin geometries of a Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform (Vercors, SE France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 119, 19-33.
- Everts, A.J.W., Schlager, W. & Reijmer J.J.G. 1999. Carbonate platform-to-basin correlation by means of grain-composition logs: an example from the Vercors (Cretaceous, SE France). Sedimentology 46, 261-278.
- Flügel, E. 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, Berlin.
- Güven, İ.H. 1993. Doğu Pontidlerin Jeolojisi ve 1/250.000 Ölçekli Kompilasyonu. MTA Yayınları, Ankara.
- Heba, G. & Prichonnet, G. 2009. Linstabilité fini-Crétacé-Éocène de la marge passive dApulie en Albanie (plate-forme carbonatée de Kruja) et ses impacts sur la sédimentation. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 180(5), 431-448 [in French with English abstract].
- İnan, N., İnan, S. & Kurt, İ. 1999. Doğu Pontidlerde Uyumlu Bentik K/T Geçişi: Tonya Formasyonunun (GB Trabzon) Şahinkaya Üyesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 42/2, 63-67.
- James, N.P. 1997. The cool-water carbonate depositional realm. In: James, N.P. & Clarke, J.A.D. (eds), Cool-Water Carbonates. SEPM Special Publication 56, 1-20.
- Kandemir, R. 2004. Sedimentary Characteristics and Depositional Conditions of Lower-Middle Jurassic Şenköy Formation in and around Gümüşhane. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey [unpublished].
- Kandemir, R., & Yılmaz, C. 2009. Lithostratigraphy, facies, and deposition environment of the lower Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso type sediments (ARTS) in the Gümüşhane area, NE Turkey: implications for the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 586-598.
- Karsli, O., Uysal, I., Ketenci, M., Dokuz, A., Aydin, F., Chen, B., Kandemir, R. & Wijbrans, J. 2011. Adakite-like granitoid porphyries in Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: potential parental melts and geodynamic implications. Lithos 127, 354-372.
- Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Ketenci, M., Chen, B. & Kandemir, R. 2012. Deciphering the shoshonitic monzonites with I-type characteristic, the Sisdağı pluton, NE Turkey: magmatic response to continental lithospheric thinning. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 51, 45-62.
- Kelling, G. & Stanley, D.J. 1976. Sedimentation in canyon slope and base of slope environments. In: Stanley, D.J. & Swift, D.J.P. (eds), Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management. Wiley, New York, 379-435.
- Kırmacı, Z. & Akdağ, K. 2005. Origin of dolomite in the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene limestone turbudite, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 181, 39-57.
- Kissel, C., Laj, C., Poisson, A. & Görür, N. 2003. Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Tectonophysics 362, 199-217.
- Korkmaz, S. 1993. Tonya-Düzköy (GB-Trabzon) Stratigrafisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 36, 151-158.
- Lees, A. & Buller, A.T. 1972. Modern temperate-water and warmwater shelf carbonate sediments contrasted. Marine Geology 13, 67-73.
- Leren, L.S.B. 2003. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Sedimentation in the Sinop-Boyabat Basin, North-Central Turkey: Facies Analysis of Turbiditic to Shallow-Marine Deposits. MSc thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.
- Middleton, G.V. & Hampton, M.A. 1973. Sediment gravity flows: mechanics of flow and deposition. In: G.V. Middleton & A.H. Bouma (eds), Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation. Pacific Section SEPM, Los Angeles, California, 1-38.
- Mullins, H.T. 1983. Modern carbonate slopes and basins of the Bahamas. In: Cook, H.E., Hine, A.C. & Mullins, H.T. (eds), Platform Margin and Deep Water Carbonates. SEPM Short Course No. 12, 4.1-4.138.
- Mullins, H.T., Heath, K.C., Van Buren, H.M. & Newton, C.R. 1984. Anatomy of a modern open-ocean carbonate slope: northern Little Bahama Bank. Sedimentology 31, 141-168.
- Mullins, H.T. & Cook, H.E. 1986. Carbonate slope apron models: alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. Sedimentary Geology 48, 37-79.
- Nelson, C.S. 1988. An introductory perspective on non-tropical shelf carbonates. Sedimentary Geology 60, 3-12.
- Okay, A.I. & Şahintürk, Ö. 1997. Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson, A.G. (ed), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir 68, 292-311.
- Okay, A.I. & Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of Northern Turkey. The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 156, 475-515.
- Özer, S., Sarı, B., Yılmaz, C., Görmüş, M., Kandemir, R. & Akdeniz, N. 2008. Kampaniyen-Mastrihtiyen İstiflerinin Rudist-Foraminifer Biyostratigrafisi, Fasiyes Analizi ve Paleobiyocoğrafik Özellikleri, Pontidler-Kuzey Türkiye. TÜBİTAK Project No: 106Y144 [unpublished].
- Özsayar, T., Pelin, S. & Gedikoğlu, A. 1981. Doğu Pontidlerde Kretase. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi 1/2, 65-114.
- Payros, A., Pujalte, V. & Orue-Etxebarria, X. 2007. A point-sourced calciclastic submarine fan complex (Eocene Anotz Formation, Western Pyrenees): facies architecture, evolution and controlling factors. Sedimentology 54, 137-168.
- Payros, A. & Pujalte, V. 2008. Calciclastic submarine fans: an integrated overview. Earth-Science Reviews 86, 203-246.
- Pelin, S. 1977. Alucra (Giresun) Guneydoğu Yöresinin Petrol Olanakları Bakımından Jeolojik İncelemesi. Karadeniz Technical University Publication No. 87, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Pujalte, V., Robles, S., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Baceta, J.I., Payros, A. & Larrizea, I.F. 2000. Uppermost Cretaceous-Middle Eocene strata of the Basque-Cantabrian region and western Pyrenees: a sequence stratigraphic perspective. Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España 13, 191-211.
- Pujalte, V., Baceta, J.I. & Payros, A. 2002. Western Pyrenees and Basque-Cantabrian region. In: Gibbons, W. & Moreno, T. (eds). The Geology of Spain. Geological Society, London, 293-301.
- Reijmer, J.J.G. 1998. Compositional variations during phases of progradation and retrogradation of a Triassic carbonate platform (Picco di Vallandro/Dürrenstein, Dolomites, Italy). Geologische Rundschau 87(3), 436-448.
- Reijmer, J.J.G. & Everaars, J.S.L. 1991. Carbonate platform facies reflected in carbonate basin facies (Triassic, northern calcareous Alps, Austria). Facies 25, 253-278.
- Reijmer, J.J.G., Palmieri, P. & Groen, R. 2012. Compositional variations in calciturbidites and calcidebrites in response to sea-level fluctuations (Exuma Sound, Bahamas). Facies 58, 493-507.
- Reijmer, J.J.G., Swart, P.K., Bauch, T., Otto, R., Reuning, L., Roth, S. & Zechel, S. 2009. A re-evaluation of facies on Great Bahama Bank I: new facies maps of western Great Bahama Bank. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 41, 29-46.
- Reijmer, J.J.G., Ten Kate, W.G.H.Z., Sprengrer, A. & Schlager, W. 1991. Calciturbidte composition related to exposure and flooding of a carbonate platform (Triassic, Eastern Alps). Sedimentology 38, 1059-1074.
- Robinson, A.G., Banks, C.J., Rutherford, M.M. & Hirst, J.P.P. 1995. Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of London 152, 861-872.
- Rubert, Y., Mohamed, J., Loisy, C., Cerepi, A., Foto, G. & Muska, K. 2012. Sedimentology of resedimented carbonates: facies and geometrical characterization of and upper Cretaceous calciturbidite system in Albania. Sedimentary Geology 257- 260, 63-77.
- Sandberg, C.A., & Warme, J.E. 1993. Conodont dating, biofacies, and catastrophic origin of Late Devonian (early Frasnian) Alamo Breccia, southern Nevada. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 25, 3, 77.
- Sarı, B., Kandemir, R., Özer, S., Görmüş, M., Lopez, G., Martínez, R., Yılmaz, C. & Demircan, H. 2009. Upper Campanian limestone turbidite sequences from Hacımehmet village (south of Trabzon, Eastern Pontides, Turkey): biostratigraphy, age revision, microfacies analysis. 2nd International Symposium on the Geology of the Black Sea Region, Ankara. Abstracts, p. 177.
- Savary, B. 2005. Calcareous turbidity current emplacement as an initiation mechanism for substrate brecciation and deformation. In: Hodgson, D.M. & Flint, S.S. (eds), Submarine Slope Systems: Processes and Products. Geological Society of London Special Publications 244, 207-220.
- Savary, B. & Ferry, S. 2004. Geometry and petrophysical parameters of a calcarenitic turbidite lobe (BarremianAptian, Pas-de-la- Cluse, France). Sedimentary Geology 168, 281-304.
- Şengor, A.M.C. & Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181-241.
- Şengör, A., Özeren, S., Genç, T. & Zor, E. 2003. East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle supported, north-south shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 24 .
- Spalluto, L., Moretti, M., Festa, V. & Tropeano, M. 2007. Seismicallyinduced slumps in Lower-Maastrichtian peritidal carbonates of the Apulian platform (southern Italy). Sedimentary Geology 196, 81-98.
- Stow, D.A.W. 1986. Deep clastic seas. In: Reading, H.G. (ed), Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 399-444.
- Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G. & Peucat, J.J. 2012. Petrochemistry, geochronology and SrNd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics. Lithos 128, 126-147.
- Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W.H., Dokuz, A. & Meyer, H.P. 2007. Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex, Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 861-873.
- Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Siebel, W., Schwarz, W.H., Zack, T., Hasözbek, A., Barth, M., Satır, M. & Şen, C. 2010. Carboniferous highpotassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: the Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos 116, 92-110.
- Tucker, M.E. 2001. Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
- Van Konijnenburg, J.H., Bernoulli, D. & Mutti, M. 1999. Stratigraphic architecture of a Lower CretaceousLower Tertiary carbonate base-of-slope succession: Gran Sasso dItalia (Central Apennines, Italy). In: Harris, P.M., Saller, A.H. & Simo, J.A. (eds), Advances in Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy: Application to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models. SEPM Special Publication 63, 291-315.
- Wright, V.P. & Wilson, R.C.L. 1984. A carbonate submarine-fan sequence from the Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54, 394-412.
- Yılmaz, C. & Kandemir, R. 2002. Şenköy Formasyonu: Yeni bir formasyon adlaması. 3. Stratigrafi Çalıstayı Bildiri Özleri, Ankara, 14.
- Yılmaz, C. & Kandemir, R. 2006. Sedimentary records of the extensional tectonic regime with temporal cessation: Gümüşhane Mesozoic Basin, NE Turkey. Geologica Carpathica 57, 3-13.
- Yılmaz, C., Aydın, F., Sadıklar, M.B. & Kandemir, R. 2002. Carbonate turbidite sequences deposits: Upper Cretaceous sedimentary records of the Pontian Volcanic Arc (Trabzon, NE Turkey). 1st International Symposium of the Faculty of Mines (İTÜ) on Earth Sciences and Engineering, İstanbul.
| APA | SOFRACIOĞLU D, KANDEMİR R (2013). The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. , 588 - 610. |
| Chicago | SOFRACIOĞLU Dilek,KANDEMİR Raif The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. (2013): 588 - 610. |
| MLA | SOFRACIOĞLU Dilek,KANDEMİR Raif The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. , 2013, ss.588 - 610. |
| AMA | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. . 2013; 588 - 610. |
| Vancouver | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. . 2013; 588 - 610. |
| IEEE | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R "The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors." , ss.588 - 610, 2013. |
| ISNAD | SOFRACIOĞLU, Dilek - KANDEMİR, Raif. "The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors". (2013), 588-610. |
| APA | SOFRACIOĞLU D, KANDEMİR R (2013). The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22(4), 588 - 610. |
| Chicago | SOFRACIOĞLU Dilek,KANDEMİR Raif The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no.4 (2013): 588 - 610. |
| MLA | SOFRACIOĞLU Dilek,KANDEMİR Raif The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.22, no.4, 2013, ss.588 - 610. |
| AMA | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2013; 22(4): 588 - 610. |
| Vancouver | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2013; 22(4): 588 - 610. |
| IEEE | SOFRACIOĞLU D,KANDEMİR R "The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, ss.588 - 610, 2013. |
| ISNAD | SOFRACIOĞLU, Dilek - KANDEMİR, Raif. "The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 22/4 (2013), 588-610. |
