Yıl: 2015 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 6 - 12 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model

Öz:
Epilepsi genel popülasyonun yaklaşık %1ini etkileyen en yaygın nörolojik düzensizliklerden biridir. Antiepileptik ilaç tedavisi gören hastaların üçte birinde hiçbir hafifleme elde edilememektedir. Epilepsi için kullanılan güncel tedaviler semptomatiktir ve antiepileptik etkiden ziyade anti nöbet etkilidir. Bu tedaviler epilepsiyi tedavi etmemektedir. Epilepsinin temel mekanizmaları da henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Nö- bet ve epilepsi hayvan modelleri kullanılarak epilepsinin temelinde yatan mekanizmaları kavrayışımız ilerlemektedir. Ayrıca epilepsi ve nöbet hayvan modelleri yeni antiepileptik ilaç keşfi ve gelişimi bakımından kullanışlıdırlar. Pentilentetrazol (PTZ), antiepileptik ilaç keşif çalışmalarında yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır ve PTZ tutuşma modeli epilepsinin patofizyolojisinin anlaşılması bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemede, PTZ kindling modeli hakkında güncel bilgiler sunulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Klinik Nöroloji Nörolojik Bilimler

Pentilentetrazol Tutuşma Epilepsi Modeli

Öz:
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting approximately 1% of the general population, and no alleviation was achieved in one third of the patients medicated with antiepileptic drugs. Current treatments of epilepsy are symptomatic and have more anti-seizure effects than antiepileptic effects. These therapies do not cure epilepsy. Basic mechanisms of epilepsy have not entirely been clarified yet. Using seizure and epilepsy animal models, our comprehension about basic mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis has improved. In addition, animal models of epilepsy and seizures are very useful in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is widely used in antiepileptic drug discovery studies, and PTZ kindling model is very important to understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy. In this review, current information about PTZ kindling model was given in this aspect.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Klinik Nöroloji Nörolojik Bilimler
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005;46(4):470-2.
  • 2. Bernhardt BC, Hong S, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N. Imaging structural and functional brain networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:624.
  • 3. Velisek L, Nebieridze N, Chachua T, Veliskova J. Anti-seizure medications and estradiol for neuroprotection in epilepsy: the 2013 update. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 2013;8(1):24-41.
  • 4. Schuele SU, Lüders HO. Intractable epilepsy: management and therapeutic alternatives. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(6):514-24.
  • 5. Marangoz C. Deneysel epilepsi modelleri. OMÜ Tıp Dergisi 1997;14(3):147-86.
  • 6. World Health Organization, Epilepsy in the WHO Africa Region, Bridging the Gap: The Global Campaign against Epilepsy, “Out of the Shadows”, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
  • 7. Shorvon SD. The etiologic classification of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011;52(6):1052-7.
  • 8. White HS. Preclinical development of antiepileptic drugs: past, present, and future directions. Epilepsia 2003;44 Suppl 7:2-8.
  • 9. Löscher W. Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 2011;20(5):359-68.
  • 10. Holmes GL. Animal model studies application to human patients. Neurology 2007;69(24 Suppl 3):28-32.
  • 11. Pavlova TV, Yakovlev AA, Stepanichev MY, Mendzheritskii AM, Gulyaeva NV. Pentylenetetrazole kindling induces activation of caspase-3 in the rat brain. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2004;34(1):45-7.
  • 12. Erdoğan F, Küçük A, Gölgeli A. The assesment of the features of seizures and EEG in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2006;23(2):84-92.
  • 13. Klioueva IA, van Luijtelaar EL, Chepurnova NE, Chepurnov SA. PTZ-induced seizures in rats: effects of age and strain. Physiol Behav 2001;72(3):421-6.
  • 14. Löscher W. Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. A comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and post-status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2002;50(1):105- 23.
  • 15. Wu XH, Ding MP, Zhu-Ge ZB, Zhu YY, Jin CL, Chen Z. Carnosine, a precursor of histidine, ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced kindled seizures in rat. Neurosci Lett 2006;400(1-2):146-9.
  • 16. Ali A, Ahmad FJ, Pillai KK, Vohora D. Amiloride protects against pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2005;145(7):880-4.
  • 17. Akdogan I, Yonguc NG. Experimental epilepsy models and morphologic alterations of experimental epilepsy models in brain and hippocampus, underlying mechanisms of epilepsy. Croatia: InTech; 2011. p. 269-82.
  • 18. Goddard GV. Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature 1967;214(5092):1020-1.
  • 19. Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2004;73(1):1-60.
  • 20. Dhir A. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy. Curr Protoc Neurosci 2012;9:9-37.
  • 21. Pavlova T, Stepanichev M, Gulyaeva N. Pentylenetetrazole kindling induces neuronal cyclin B1 expression in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2006;392(1):154-8.
  • 22. Saha L, Chakrabarti A. Understanding the anti-kindling role and its mechanism of Resveratrol in Pentylenetetrazole induced-kindling in a rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014;120:57-64.
  • 23. Davoudi M, Shojaei A, Palizvan MR, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Comparison between standard protocol and a novel window protocol for induction of pentylenetetrazol kindled seizures in the rat. Epilepsy Res 2013;106(1-2):54-63.
  • 24. Ilhan A, Iraz M, Kamisli S, Yigitoglu R. Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling seizure attenuated by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30(8):1504-10.
  • 25. Corda MG, Orlandi M, Lecca D, Carboni G, Frau V, Giorgi O. Pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in rats: effect of GABA function inhibitors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991;40(2):329-33.
  • 26. Fischer W, Kittner H. Influence of ethanol on the pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in rats. J Neural Transm 1998;105(10- 12):1129-42.
  • 27. Chen Z, Li Z, Sakurai E, Izadi Mobarakeh J, Ohtsu H, Watanabe T, et al. Chemical kindling induced by pentylenetetrazol in histamine H(1) receptor gene knockout mice (H(1)KO), histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice (HDC(-/-)) and mast cell-deficient W/W(v) mice. Brain Res 2003;968(1):162-6.
  • 28. Ilhan A, Gurel A, Armutcu F, Kamisli S, Iraz M. Antiepileptogenic and antioxidant effects of Nigella sativa oil against pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice. Neuropharmacology 2005;49(4):456-64.
  • 29. Lüttjohann A, Fabene PF, van Luijtelaar G. A revised Racine’s scale for PTZ-induced seizures in rats. Physiol Behav 2009;98(5):579-86.
  • 30. Eraković V, Zupan G, Varljen J, Laginja J, Simonić A. Altered activities of rat brain metabolic enzymes caused by pentylene tetrazol kindling and pentylenetetrazol--induced seizures. Epilepsy Res 2001;43(2):165-73.
  • 31. Ekonomou A, Smith AL, Angelatou F. Changes in AMPA receptor binding and subunit messenger RNA expression in hippocampus and cortex in the pentylenetetrazole-induced ‘kindling’ model of epilepsy. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001;95:27-35.
  • 32. Erdoğan F, Küçük A, Gölgeli A, Liman N, Sağsöz H. Assesment of The Effect of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Kindling on Behavior and Emotional Learning in Rats. Epilepsi 2007;13:66-72.
  • 33. Buga AM, Vintilescu R, Balseanu AT, Pop OT, Streba C, Toescu E, et al. Repeated PTZ treatment at 25-day intervals leads to a highly efficient accumulation of doublecortin in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. PLoS One 2012;7(6):39302.
  • 34. Patsoukis N, Zervoudakis G, Panagopoulos NT, Georgiou CD, Angelatou F, Matsokis NA. Thiol redox state (TRS) and oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus after pentylenetetrazolinduced epileptic seizure. Neurosci Lett 2004;357(2):83-6.
  • 35. Corda MG, Orlandi M, Lecca D, Giorgi O. Decrease in GABAergic function induced by pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats: antagonism by MK-801. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;262(2):792-800.
  • 36. Macdonald RL, Barker JL. Specific antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons: a common mode of convulsant action. Neurology 1978;28(4):325-30.
  • 37. Luthman J, Humpel C. Pentylenetetrazol kindling decreases N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate but increases gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor binding in discrete rat brain areas. Neurosci Lett 1997;239(1):9-12.
  • 38. Huang RQ, Bell-Horner CL, Dibas MI, Covey DF, Drewe JA, Dillon GH. Pentylenetetrazole-induced inhibition of recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors: mechanism and site of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;298(3):986-95.
  • 39. Getova D, Froestl W, Bowery NG. Effects of GABAB receptor antagonism on the development of pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice. Brain Res 1998;809(2):182-8.
  • 40. Doi T, Ueda Y, Nagatomo K, Willmore LJ. Role of glutamate and GABA transporters in development of pentylenetetrazol-kindling. Neurochem Res 2009;34(7):1324-31.
  • 41. Schroeder H, Becker A, Hoellt V. Sensitivity and density of glutamate receptor subtypes in the hippocampal formation are altered in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. Exp Brain Res 1998;120(4):527-30.
  • 42. Li ZP, Zhang XY, Lu X, Zhong MK, Ji YH. Dynamic release of amino acid transmitters induced by valproate in PTZ-kindled epileptic rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2004;44(4):263-70.
  • 43. Schroeder H, Becker A, Grecksch G, Schroeder U, Hoellt V. The effect of pentylenetetrazol kindling on synaptic mechanisms of interacting glutamatergic and opioid system in the hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 1998;811(1):40-6.
  • 44. Zhu LJ, Chen Z, Zhang LS, Xu SJ, Xu A, Luo JH. Spatiotemporal changes of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit levels in rats with pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Neurosci Lett 2004;356(1):53-6.
  • 45. Morimoto K. Seizure-triggering mechanisms in the kindling model of epilepsy: collapse of GABA-mediated inhibition and activation of NMDA receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989 Winter;13(4):253-60.
  • 46. Bertram EH, Williamson J. Kindling as a tool for studying the role of subcortical structures in limbic seizures. In: Corcoran ME, Moshé SL, editors. Kindling 6. Ch 4. Berlin: Springer; 2005. p. 137–46.
  • 47. Pitkänen A, Schwartzkroin PA, Moshé SL. Models of seizures and epilepsy. 1st ed. Finland: Academic Press; 2005.
  • 48. Castel-Branco MM, Alves GL, Figueiredo IV, Falcão AC, Caramona MM. The maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model in the preclinical assessment of potential new antiepileptic drugs. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2009;31(2):101-6.
  • 49. Park JH, Cho H, Kim H, Kim K. Repeated brief epileptic seizures by pentylenetetrazole cause neurodegeneration and promote neurogenesis in discrete brain regions of freely moving adult rats. Neuroscience 2006;140(2):673-84.
APA ergül erkeç ö, ARIHAN O (2015). Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. , 6 - 12.
Chicago ergül erkeç özlem,ARIHAN OKAN Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. (2015): 6 - 12.
MLA ergül erkeç özlem,ARIHAN OKAN Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. , 2015, ss.6 - 12.
AMA ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. . 2015; 6 - 12.
Vancouver ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. . 2015; 6 - 12.
IEEE ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O "Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model." , ss.6 - 12, 2015.
ISNAD ergül erkeç, özlem - ARIHAN, OKAN. "Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model". (2015), 6-12.
APA ergül erkeç ö, ARIHAN O (2015). Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. Epilepsi, 21(1), 6 - 12.
Chicago ergül erkeç özlem,ARIHAN OKAN Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. Epilepsi 21, no.1 (2015): 6 - 12.
MLA ergül erkeç özlem,ARIHAN OKAN Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. Epilepsi, vol.21, no.1, 2015, ss.6 - 12.
AMA ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. Epilepsi. 2015; 21(1): 6 - 12.
Vancouver ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model. Epilepsi. 2015; 21(1): 6 - 12.
IEEE ergül erkeç ö,ARIHAN O "Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model." Epilepsi, 21, ss.6 - 12, 2015.
ISNAD ergül erkeç, özlem - ARIHAN, OKAN. "Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model". Epilepsi 21/1 (2015), 6-12.