Not every type of cancer is suitable for vaccine therapies. For a vaccine therapy to be implemented, the cancer should be immunogenic and contain tissue specific proteins, should have a slow progression, and treatments should be feasible. For that reason, studies regarding urological cancers, most of which are phase 1/2 and phase 3, are mostly focused on the kidneys and the prostate and less focused on the bladder (1,2). The reason for lack of vaccine studies in testicular cancer can be explained by the fact that it spreads and forms metastases very fast, it has various types and it is mostly seen as mixed tumors, and there is blood-testis barrier.The aim of implementing vaccine therapy is to activate immune response against malignant cells by overcoming the tolerance triggered by the tumor. These treatments are effective using the immune response against cancer. The first oncological vaccine therapy ever published in the literature belongs to Coley dating back to 1893. In that study it is demonstrated that inoperable soft tissue sarcomas regressed by stimulating non-specific immune response with streptococcal toxins (3). Vaccine therapies used in uro-oncology can be categorized under the following titles; tumor cells (autologous and allogenic), dendritic cell, DNA viral vector, protein/peptide, immune regulators (4). Although there are old studies on the implementation of vaccine therapies in kidney and bladder tumors, researches have only been intensified recently. In this compilation, we will discuss vaccine therapies used in kidney and bladder tumors, which urologists are not so familiar with, in the light of the upto-date literature.