Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 11 - 17 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients

Öz:
purpose of this review is to investigate the correlation between an immune system destroyed by HIV and the frequency of pneumonia. Observational studies show that respiratory diseases are among the most common infections observed in HIV-infected patients. In addition, pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. According to articles in literature, in addition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the use of prophylaxis provides favorable results for the treatment of pneumonia. Here we conduct a systematic literature review to determine the pathogenesis and causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, fungal pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, viral pneumonia and parasitic infections and the prophylaxis in addition to ART and HAART for treatment. Pneumococcus-based polysaccharide vaccine is recommended to avoid some type of specific bacterial pneumonia.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Solunum Sistemi
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Morris A, Crothers K, Beck JM, Huang L; American Thoracic Society Com- mittee on HIV Pulmonary Disease. An Official ATS Workshop Report: Emerging Issues and Current Controversies in HIV-Associated Pulmo- nary Diseases. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8: 17-26. [CrossRef]
  • Pezzotti P, Dorrucci M, Donisi A, Cusini M, Mazzarello G, De Luca A, et al. Survival, progression to AIDS and immunosuppression in HIV-positive individuals before and after the introduction of the highly active anti- retroviral therapy (HAART). Epidemiol Prev 2003; 27: 348-55.
  • Staitieh B, Guidot DM. Noninfectious pulmonary complications of hu- man immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348: 502-11. [CrossRef]
  • Bao Z, Rong X, Cheng Q, Zhou M, Gong Q, Shi G, et al. Clinical and micro- biological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a retrospective analysis of 79 HIV/AIDS patients. Clin Respir J 2014; 8: 255-61. [CrossRef]
  • Fei MW, Kim EJ, Sant CA, Jarlsberg LG, Davis JL, Swartzman A, et al. Predi- cting mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia at illness presentation: an observational cohort study. Thorax 2009; 64: 1070-6.
  • Almodovar S. The Complexity of HIV Persistence and Pathogenesis in the Lung Under Antiretroviral Therapy: Challenges Beyond AIDS. Viral Immunol 2014; 27: 186-99. [CrossRef]
  • Crothers K, Griffith TA, McGinnis KA, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Leaf DA, Weissman S, et al. The impact of cigarette smoking on mortality, quality of life, and comorbid illness among HIV-positive veterans. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20: 1142-5. [CrossRef]
  • Steel HC, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C. Overview of commu- nity-acquired pneumonia and the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of severe pneumococcal disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013: 490346. [CrossRef]
  • Park DR, Sherbin VL, Goodman MS, Pacifico AD, Rubenfeld GD, Polissar NL, et al. Harborview CAP Study Group. The etiology of community-a- cquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human im- munodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 268-77. [CrossRef]
  • Benito N, Moreno A, Miro JM, Torres A. Pulmonary infections in HIV-infec- ted patients: an update in the 21st century. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 730-45. [CrossRef]
  • Afessa B, Green B. Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study. Chest 2000; 117: 1017-22. [CrossRef]
  • Hirschtick RE, Glassroth J, Jordan MC, Wilcosky TC, Wallace JM, Kvale PA, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immu- nodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 845-51. [CrossRef]
  • Houben RM, Dowdy DW, Vassall A, Cohen T, Nicol MP, Granich RM, et al. How can mathematical models advance tuberculosis control in high HIV preva- lence settings? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18: 509-14. [CrossRef]
  • Leung CC, Lange C, Zhang Y. Tuberculosis: Current state of knowledge an epilogue. Respirology 2013; 18: 1047-55. [CrossRef]
  • Getahun H, Gunneberg C, Granich R, Nunn P. HIV infection- TB modelling for HIV-endemic countries associated tuberculosis: the epidemiology and the response. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50 (Suppl 3): S201-7. [CrossRef]
  • Jones BE, Young SM, Antoniskis D, Davidson PT, Kramer F, Barnes PF. Relati- onship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1292-7. [CrossRef]
  • Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, Sanchez A, Sanne I, Suckow C, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces aids progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5575. [CrossRef]
  • Crothers K, Thompson BW, Burkhardt K, Morris A, Flores SC, Diaz PT, et al. HIV-Associated Lung Infections and Complications in the Era of Combinati- on Antiretroviral Therapy. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8: 275-81. [CrossRef]
  • Nirappil FJ, Maheshwari A, Andrews J, Martin GS, Esper AM, Cribbs SK. Cha- racteristics and outcomes of HIV-1-infected patients with acute respira- tory distress syndrome. J Crit Care 2015; 30: 60-4. [CrossRef]
  • Keynan Y, Rueda ZV, Aguilar Y, Trajtman A, Vélez LA. Unique cytokine and chemokine patterns in bronchoalveolar lavage are associated with speci- fic causative pathogen among HIV infected patients with pneumonia, in Medellin, Colombia. Cytokine 2015; 73: 295-301. [CrossRef]
  • Christensen D, Feldman C, Rossi P, Marrie T, Blasi F, Luna C, et al. HIV infe- ction does not influence clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia: results from the CAPO inter- national cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 554-6. [CrossRef]
  • Heffernan RT, Barrett NL, Gallagher KM, Hadler JL, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, et al. Declining incidence of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae in- fections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 2038-45. [CrossRef]
  • Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, Janoff EN. Global strategies to prevent bac- terial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 445-55. [CrossRef]
  • Sullivan JH, Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Effect of antiretroviral the- rapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 64-7. [CrossRef]
  • Drummond MB, Kirk GD. HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insigh- ts and implications for the clinician. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 583-92. [CrossRef]
  • Kovacs JA, Gill VJ, Meshnick S, Masur H. New insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. JAMA 2001; 286: 2450-60. [CrossRef]
  • Wallace JM, Hansen NI, Lavange L, Glassroth J, Browdy BL, Rosen MJ, et al. Respiratory disease trends in the Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infecti- on Study cohort. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 72-80. [CrossRef]
  • Guo F, Chen Y, Yang SL, Xia H, Li XW, Tong ZH. Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected and immunocompromised non-HIV infected patients: a retrospective study of two centers in China. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101943. [CrossRef]
  • Pulvirenti J, Herrera P, Venkataraman P, Ahmed N. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003; 17: 261-5. [CrossRef]
  • Sharma SK, Sharma A, Kadhiravan T, Tharyan P. Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifa- butin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV-negative people at risk of active TB. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 7: CD007545. [CrossRef]
  • Nahid P, Gonzalez LC, Rudoy I, de Jong BC, Unger A, Kawamura LM, et al. Treatment outcomes of patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 1199-206. [CrossRef]
  • Marras TK, Morris A, Gonzalez LC, Daley CL. Mortality prediction in pulmo- nary Mycobacterium kansasii infection and human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 793-8. [CrossRef]
  • Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 697-706. [CrossRef]
  • Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculo- sis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD000171. [CrossRef]
  • Khare MD, Sharland M. Cytomegalovirus treatment options in immu- nocompromised patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001; 2: 1247-57.
  • Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIVinfected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institu- tes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009; 58: 1-207.
  • Sepkowitz KA. Effect of Prophylaxis on the clinical manifestations of AIDS-re- lated opportunistic infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 806-10. [CrossRef]
  • Gordin FM, Roediger MP, Girard PM, Lundgren JD, Miro JM, Palfreeman A, et al. Pneumonia in HIVinfected persons: increased risk with cigarette smoking and treatment interruption. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 630-6. [CrossRef]
APA ÖNÜR TURAL S, DALAR L, Iliaz S, YALÇIN A (2016). Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. , 11 - 17.
Chicago ÖNÜR TURAL Seda,DALAR Levent,Iliaz Sinem,YALÇIN Arzu Didem Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. (2016): 11 - 17.
MLA ÖNÜR TURAL Seda,DALAR Levent,Iliaz Sinem,YALÇIN Arzu Didem Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. , 2016, ss.11 - 17.
AMA ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. . 2016; 11 - 17.
Vancouver ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. . 2016; 11 - 17.
IEEE ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A "Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients." , ss.11 - 17, 2016.
ISNAD ÖNÜR TURAL, Seda vd. "Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients". (2016), 11-17.
APA ÖNÜR TURAL S, DALAR L, Iliaz S, YALÇIN A (2016). Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. Solunum, 18(1), 11 - 17.
Chicago ÖNÜR TURAL Seda,DALAR Levent,Iliaz Sinem,YALÇIN Arzu Didem Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. Solunum 18, no.1 (2016): 11 - 17.
MLA ÖNÜR TURAL Seda,DALAR Levent,Iliaz Sinem,YALÇIN Arzu Didem Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. Solunum, vol.18, no.1, 2016, ss.11 - 17.
AMA ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. Solunum. 2016; 18(1): 11 - 17.
Vancouver ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients. Solunum. 2016; 18(1): 11 - 17.
IEEE ÖNÜR TURAL S,DALAR L,Iliaz S,YALÇIN A "Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients." Solunum, 18, ss.11 - 17, 2016.
ISNAD ÖNÜR TURAL, Seda vd. "Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients". Solunum 18/1 (2016), 11-17.