SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II
Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 41 Sayfa Aralığı: 63 - 108 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022
SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II
Öz: Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Ottoman authorities realized that the Sunni orthopraxy and ipso facto state sovereignty in Iraq were in danger. They believed that the great numbers of Sunni masses converting to Shiism could pose a serious political risk in the near future. To guarantee the political loyalties of the subjects living in Iraq, the Ottoman authorities formulated a policy of education to protect and correct beliefs. This article explains how the Ottoman government during the time of Abdülhamid II applied counter-measures against the perceived spread of Shiism in Iraq. These included appointing single Sunni professors to madrasas, sending itinerant preachers among the tribesmen to teach them the basic tenets of Sunnism, opening modern schools, and taking Iraqi Shiite boys at an early age to Istanbul to change their beliefs. The article further addresses issues that emerged during the implementation of this policy, such as the questions of whether to select local or non-local ulama and how to overcome financial challenges. Overall, the Ottoman policy of education aimed at disseminating an identity of Ottomanness (Osmanlılık) that included the correction of the beliefs of non-Sunni Muslim groups. This also meant re-defining Ottomanness in closer association with the Sunni interpretation of Islam.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Ceylan, Ebubekir. The Ottoman Origins of Modern Iraq: Political Reform, Modernization and Development in the nineteenth-Century Middle East. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2011.
- Çetinsaya, Gökhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908. London: Routledge, 2006.
- Çiçek, M. Talha. "Negotiating Power and Authority in the desert: the Arab Beduin and the limits of the Ottoman state in Hijaz, 1840- 1908." Middle Eastern Studies, 52/2 (2016): 260-279.
- Çiçek, Nazan. "The Role of Mass Education in Nation-Building in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, 1870-1930." Mass Education and the Limits of State Building, c. 1870-1903, eds. Laurence Brockliss and Nicola Sheldon, 224-250 (London, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012).
- Deringil, Selim. "The Struggle Against Shi'ism in Hamidian Iraq: A Study in Ottoman Counter Propaganda." Die Welt des Islams, New Series, 30 (1990): 45-62.
- Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimacy of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. London, New York: I. B. Tauris, 1998.
- Fortna, Benjamin. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Herzog, Christoph. Osmanische Herrschaft und Modernisierung im Irak: Die Provinz Baghdad, 1817-1917. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 2012.
- Kern, Karen. Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
- Kodaman, Bayram. Abdülhamid Devri Eğitim Sistemi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1999.
- Litvak, Meir. Shi'i Scholars of nineteenth century Iraq: The 'ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Nakash, Yitzhak. The Shi'is of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Somel, Selçuk Akşin. The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire (1839-1908): Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2001.
- Wilson, M. Brett. Translating the Qur'an in an Age of Nationalism: Print Culture and Modern Islam in Turkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Yaslıçimen, Faruk. "Osmanlı Devleti'nin İran Eksenli Irak Siyaseti ve 19. Yüzyılda Bürokratik Bilgi Üretimi." Gelenek ve Modern Arasında Bilgi ve Toplum, ed. M. Hüseyin Mercan, 301-335 (İstanbul: Yedirenk, 2013).
- Yaslıçimen, Faruk. "Sunnism versus Shiism: "Sunnism versus Shiism? Rise of the Shiite Politics and of the Ottoman Apprehension in Late Nineteenth Century Iraq." Master Thesis, Bilkent University, 2008.
- Yaslıçimen, Faruk. "The Ottoman Empire and its Shiite Subjects: State-Society Relations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." PhD Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2016.
- Yousef, Hoda A. "Reassessing Egypt's Dual System of Education Under Isma'il: Growing 'ilm and Shifting Ground in Egypt's First Educational Journal, Rawdat al-Madaris, 1870-77." International Journal of Middle East Studies 40 (2008): 109-130.
- Zengin, Zeki Salih. II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Örgün Eğitim Kurumlarında Din Eğitimi ve Öğretimi. İstanbul: Çamlıca Yayınları, 2009.
| APA | YASLIÇİMEN F (2016). SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. , 63 - 108. |
| Chicago | YASLIÇİMEN Faruk SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. (2016): 63 - 108. |
| MLA | YASLIÇİMEN Faruk SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. , 2016, ss.63 - 108. |
| AMA | YASLIÇİMEN F SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. . 2016; 63 - 108. |
| Vancouver | YASLIÇİMEN F SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. . 2016; 63 - 108. |
| IEEE | YASLIÇİMEN F "SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II." , ss.63 - 108, 2016. |
| ISNAD | YASLIÇİMEN, Faruk. "SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II". (2016), 63-108. |
| APA | YASLIÇİMEN F (2016). SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 21(41), 63 - 108. |
| Chicago | YASLIÇİMEN Faruk SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 21, no.41 (2016): 63 - 108. |
| MLA | YASLIÇİMEN Faruk SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol.21, no.41, 2016, ss.63 - 108. |
| AMA | YASLIÇİMEN F SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2016; 21(41): 63 - 108. |
| Vancouver | YASLIÇİMEN F SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II. Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2016; 21(41): 63 - 108. |
| IEEE | YASLIÇİMEN F "SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II." Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 21, ss.63 - 108, 2016. |
| ISNAD | YASLIÇİMEN, Faruk. "SAVING THE MINDS AND LOYALTIES OF SUBJECTS: OTTOMAN EDUCATION POLICY AGAINST THE SPREAD OF SHIISM IN IRAQ DURING THE TIME OF ABDÜLHAMİD II". Dîvân: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 21/41 (2016), 63-108. |
