Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması

Ders ve sınavlara ait zaman çizelgelerinin oluşturulması, başta üniversiteler olmak üzere, bütün eğitim kurumları için oldukça yorucu ve zaman alan bir faaliyettir. Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi de derslerin ve bu derslerden sorumlu öğretim üyelerinin, problem ve kurum özellikleriyle ilgili kısıtlar dikkate alınarak, en uygun derslik ve zaman dilimlerine atanmasını ifade eden bir zaman çizelgeleme problemidir. Bu makalede, 1960'lı yıllardan günümüze kadar geçen süreçte, ders programı çizelgeleme problemi alanında yapılmış, öne çıkan bilimsel çalışmaların ana hatlarıyla ele alındığı bir literatür taraması sunulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılan çözüm yöntemlerinin; yöneylem araştırması temelli yaklaşımlar, metasezgisel temelli yaklaşımlar ve yeni yaklaşımlar şeklinde gruplandırıldığı bir analize yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Hastanemize Başvuran Akut Gastroenteritli Hastalarda Yeni Görülmeye Başlayan A Grubu Rotavirüs G10, G12 Genotiplerinin Araştırılması

Öz:

Rotavirüsler dünyada 0-5 yaş arasındaki çocuklarda en sık karşılaşılan, mortalite ve morbidite oranı yüksek olan viral gastroenterit etkenidir. Bu çalışmada laboratuvarımıza ishal etiyolojisi araştırılması için dışkı örnekleri gönderilen hastalarda, rotavirüs enfeksiyonu sıklığını belirlemek, bölgemizde yaygın görülen rotavirüs genotiplerini ve son zamanlarda dünya genelinde sık görülmeye başlayan G10, G12 genotiplerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda Kasım 2016 ve Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasında başvuran, 0-92 yaş arasındaki 476 hastanın dışkı örnekleri immünokromatografik hızlı test ve “enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)” ile çalışılmıştır. ELISA pozitif örneklere nested revers transkriptaz polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (nRT-PCR) çalışılarak agaroz jel elektroforezi yardımıyla genotiplendirme yapılmıştır. Dışkı örneklerinin %18.3’ünde ve %17’sinde sırasıyla immünokromatografik test ve ELISA ile rotavirüs pozitif bulunmuştur. Tüm ELISA pozitif örnekler, RT-PCR ile de pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kadın hastaların %18.5’i, erkek hastaların %15.7’si pozitif olarak saptanmış ve cinsiyetler arasında rotavirüs pozitifliği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Rotavirüs pozitifliği en fazla 6-12 (%23.5) yaş grubunda görülmüş; bunu 13-24 ay (%17.3), 25-36 ay (%16) yaş grupları izlemiştir. Rotavirüs olgularının en yaygın olarak ilkbaharda görüldüğü saptanmıştır. Örneklerin sırasıyla %37, %7.4, %16.1, %6.2, %9.9, %2.5, %26’sında G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G10 ve G12 saptanmıştır. G12, G1’den sonra en sık görülen genotip olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yaygın G ve P genotip kombinasyonu G1P[8] (%17.2) olarak bulunmuştur. Bunu G12P[8] (%11.11) ve G3P[8] (%11.11)’in takip ettiği saptanmıştır. P genotipleri arasında P[8] (%53) dominant genotip olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda çocukluk çağı ishal etkeni olan rotavirüsün, ileri yaşlarda da karşımıza çıkabileceği ve hatta dünya genelinde insanlarda enfeksiyon yapan yeni genotiplerin de etken olabileceği gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle moleküler epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda G10, G12 gibi yeni genotiplerin de araştırılmasının önemli olduğu kanaatine varmış bulunmaktayız.

Anahtar Kelime:

Investigation of Group A Rotavirus G10, G12 Genotypes Emerging in Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Öz:

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis with the highest mortality and morbidity rates in children aged 0-5 years. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of rotavirus infection in patients whose stool samples were sent to microbiology laboratory to investigate the etiology of diarrhea, to investigate the rotavirus genotypes that are common in our region and G10, G12 genotypes that have recently become common in the world. Fecal samples of 476 patients aged between 0-92 years who applied between November 2016 and February 2018 were studied via immunochromatographic rapid test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. ELISA positive samples were studied by nested reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and genotyped by agarose gel electrophoresis. Rotavirus was found positive in 18.3% and 17% of stool samples by immunochromatographic test and ELISA, respectively. All ELISA positive samples were also detected as positive by RT-PCR. 18.5% of female patients and 15.7% of male patients were found to be positive and rotavirus positivity was not statistically significant between genders. The frequency of rotavirus in different age groups was 23.5% (6-12 years), 17.3% (13-24 months) and 16% (25-36 months). It was determined that rotavirus cases were most common in the spring. G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G10, and G12 were detected in 37%, 7.4%, 16.1%, 6.2%, 9.9%, 2.5%, 26% of the samples, respectively. G12 was the most common genotype after G1. The most common G and P genotype combination was G1P[8] (17.2%). This was followed by G12P[8] (11.11%) and G3P[8] (11.11%). P[8] (53%) was found to be the dominant P genotype. In this study, it was observed that rotavirus, which is the cause of childhood diarrhea, can also be encountered in advanced ages and even new genotypes that infect humans worldwide may also be the causative agents. Therefore, we concluded that it is important to investigate new genotypes such as G10 and G12 in molecular epidemiological studies.

Anahtar Kelime:

A literature review for course scheduling problem

Öz:

The timetabling of courses and examinations is a challenging and time consuming activity for all educational institutions, especially universities. The course scheduling problem is a type of timetabling problem that is concerned with assigning a number of courses and instructors to the most suitable classrooms and time-slots, subject to some constraint structures on characteristics of the problem and institutions. In this paper, we analyze the main points of the outstanding studies that have conducted on the problem since 1960. In addition, solution approaches that have been applied by researchers to solve the problem, including operations research based methods, metaheuristicbased methods and some novel methods are analyzed.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

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APA	Altunay H, Kahraman H, EREN T, Altay Kocak A, Albakkour K, MUFTAH H, Dalgıç B, Çağlar K, Ahmed K, Bozdayi G (2017). Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. , 55 - 70.
Chicago	Altunay Hakan,Kahraman Hande,EREN Tamer,Altay Kocak Aylin,Albakkour Katren,MUFTAH Hager,Dalgıç Buket,Çağlar Kayhan,Ahmed Kamruddin,Bozdayi Gulendam Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. (2017): 55 - 70.
MLA	Altunay Hakan,Kahraman Hande,EREN Tamer,Altay Kocak Aylin,Albakkour Katren,MUFTAH Hager,Dalgıç Buket,Çağlar Kayhan,Ahmed Kamruddin,Bozdayi Gulendam Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. , 2017, ss.55 - 70.
AMA	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. . 2017; 55 - 70.
Vancouver	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. . 2017; 55 - 70.
IEEE	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G "Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması." , ss.55 - 70, 2017.
ISNAD	Altunay, Hakan vd. "Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması". (2017), 55-70.

APA	Altunay H, Kahraman H, EREN T, Altay Kocak A, Albakkour K, MUFTAH H, Dalgıç B, Çağlar K, Ahmed K, Bozdayi G (2017). Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 55(4), 55 - 70.
Chicago	Altunay Hakan,Kahraman Hande,EREN Tamer,Altay Kocak Aylin,Albakkour Katren,MUFTAH Hager,Dalgıç Buket,Çağlar Kayhan,Ahmed Kamruddin,Bozdayi Gulendam Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 55, no.4 (2017): 55 - 70.
MLA	Altunay Hakan,Kahraman Hande,EREN Tamer,Altay Kocak Aylin,Albakkour Katren,MUFTAH Hager,Dalgıç Buket,Çağlar Kayhan,Ahmed Kamruddin,Bozdayi Gulendam Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.55, no.4, 2017, ss.55 - 70.
AMA	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017; 55(4): 55 - 70.
Vancouver	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017; 55(4): 55 - 70.
IEEE	Altunay H,Kahraman H,EREN T,Altay Kocak A,Albakkour K,MUFTAH H,Dalgıç B,Çağlar K,Ahmed K,Bozdayi G "Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması." Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 55, ss.55 - 70, 2017.
ISNAD	Altunay, Hakan vd. "Ders programı çizelgeleme problemi için bir literatür taraması". Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 55/4 (2017), 55-70.