Since the emergence and through all the phases of the development of capitalist mode of production, agriculture and peasantry have been problematized and discussed by different schools of thought according to their intellectual positions. All such arguments bear the mark of the class interests represented by these schools. On the other hand, because of the important qualitative differences between the development processes of agrarian and peasant "questions" in different parts of the world, striving to find a common framework in the distinct analyses of each of these processes an effort which is perhaps not theoretically impossible, but one which is ahistorical. Still, the debate has been rekindled and become even more complex in the last two decades with the addition of the issue of food.This paper focuses on the theoretical basis of this discussion, which has also been pursued heatedly in Turkey and which needs some simplification. To this end, it will belabor the approach of historical materialism in problematizing agriculture and peasantry in the contemporary context and offer a framework of discussion.