Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 185 - 189 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/tjo.39049 İndeks Tarihi: 10-12-2018

A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response

Öz:
Objectives: This paper presents the design and construction of a viable pupillometer system and demonstrates its merits with extensivevalidation tests.Materials and Methods: A web camera was modified by removing its infrared filter and mounted on a chin rest. Light emittingdiodes (LEDs) operating at infrared and visible spectra were integrated to provide background and light stimulus, respectively. The LEDswere controlled by a microprocessor board. Stimulation was presented using a periodic paradigm with variable period and duty cycle.Videos of both pupils were recorded at 30 frames/second and processed offline using software developed in-house. The overall system wasvalidated with data gathered from individuals with healthy vision under different stimulation paradigms. Temporal variations in pupilsize were determined and analyzed statistically.Results: The analysis revealed that the pupil sizes were accurately measured from the video frames provided that reflections from bothinfrared and visible lights remain outside the pupil. The system achieved moderate to excellent repeatability scores (87.8 and 86.8% forshort 1 second and long 2 second pulses, respectively), which demonstrated its effectiveness and confirmed that it can be used reliablyas a pupillometer.Conclusion: The proposed pupillometer system produces useful, quantitative data characterizing pupillary light response. However,further development and implementation are needed to potentially turn it into a low-cost alternative for other studies involving theautonomic nervous system, cognitive function, drug metabolism, pain response, psychology, fatigue, and sleep disorders.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Göz Hastalıkları
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Connelly MA, Brown JT, Kearns GL, Anderson RA, St Peter SD, Neville KA. Pupillometry: a non-invasive technique for pain assessment in paediatric patients. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99:1125-1131.
  • Fountoulakis K, Fotiou F, Iacovides A, Tsiptsios J, Goulas A, Tsolaki M, Ierodiakonou C. Changes in pupil reaction to light in melancholic patients. Int J Psychophysiol. 1999;31:121-128.
  • Fotiou F, Fountoulakis KN, Tsolaki M, Goulas A, Palikaras A. Changes in pupil reaction to light in Alzheimer’s disease patients: A preliminary report. Int J Psychophysiol. 2000;37:111-120.
  • de Seze J, Arndt C, Stojkovic T, Ayachi M, Gauvrit JY, Bughin M, Saint Michel T, Pruvo JP, Hache JC, Vermersch P. Pupillary disturbances in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with MRI findings. J Neurol Sci. 2001;188:37-41.
  • Nikolaou A, Schiza SE, Giakoumaki SG, Roussos P, Siafakas N, Bitsios P. The 5-min pupillary alertness test is sensitive to modafinil: A placebo controlled study in patients with sleep apnea. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;196:167-175.
  • Philby MF, Aydinoz S, Gozal D, Kilic S, Bhattacharjee R, Bandla HP, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Pupillometric findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2015;16:1187-1191.
  • Hublin C, Matikainen E, partinen M. Autonomic nervous system function in narcolepsy. J Sleep Res. 1994;3:131-137.
  • McLaren JW, Hauri PJ, Lin SC, Harris CD. Pupillometry in clinically sleepy patients. Sleep Med. 2002;3:347-352.
  • Türk A, Durmuş Aykut A, Kola M, Erdöl H. The Effect of Phacoemulsification Surgery on Pupil Size in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Cases. Turkiye Klin J Med Sci. 2014;34:145-151.
  • Taşkıram Çömez A, Kömür B, Eser İ. Assessment of Pupil Diameters of Emmetropes and Myopes under Photopic, Mesopic and Scotopic Conditions, Using the Infrared Pupillometer Integrated Within Schwind Sirius Multifunctional Diagnostic Device. Turkiye Klin J Med Sci. 2012;32:1226-1234.
  • Adhikari P, Zele AJ, Feigl B. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:3838-3849.
  • Fotiou F, Fountoulakis KN, Goulas A, Alexopoulos L, Palikaras A. Automated standardized pupillometry with optical method for purposes of clinical practice and research. Clin Physiol. 2000;20:336-347.
  • Adhikari S, Stark DE. Video-based eye tracking for neuropsychiatric assessment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1387:145-152.
  • Lei S, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Test-Retest Reliability of Hemifield, Central-Field, and Full-Field Chromatic Pupillometry for Assessing the Function of Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1267-1273.
  • Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155-163.
  • Adhikari P, Pearson CA, Anderson AM, Zele AJ, Feigl B. Effect of Age and Refractive Error on the Melanopsin Mediated Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR). Sci Rep. 2015;5:17610.
  • Kardon R, Anderson SC, Damarjian TG, Grace EM, Stone E, Kawasaki A. Chromatic pupil responses: preferential activation of the melanopsin-mediated versus outer photoreceptor-mediated pupil light reflex. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1564-1573.
  • Zele AJ, Feigl B, Smith SS, Markwell EL. The circadian response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17860.
  • Couret D, Boumaza D, Grisotto C, Triglia T, Pellegrini L, Ocquidant P, Bruder NJ, Velly LJ. Reliability of standard pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: an observational, double-blinded study. Crit Care. 2016;20:99.
  • Kardon R. Regulation of Light through the Pupil. In: Levin L, Nilsson S, Ver Hoeve J, Wu S, Kaufman P, Alm A, eds. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye. (11th ed). Elsevier; 2011:502-525.
APA KIYLIOĞLU N, Kılıç M, KOCATURK T, ÖZKAN S, BİLGEN M (2018). A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. , 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
Chicago KIYLIOĞLU Nefati,Kılıç Mahmut Alp,KOCATURK TOLGA,ÖZKAN Seyhan Bahar,BİLGEN Mehmet A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. (2018): 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
MLA KIYLIOĞLU Nefati,Kılıç Mahmut Alp,KOCATURK TOLGA,ÖZKAN Seyhan Bahar,BİLGEN Mehmet A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. , 2018, ss.185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
AMA KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. . 2018; 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
Vancouver KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. . 2018; 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
IEEE KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M "A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response." , ss.185 - 189, 2018. 10.4274/tjo.39049
ISNAD KIYLIOĞLU, Nefati vd. "A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response". (2018), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.39049
APA KIYLIOĞLU N, Kılıç M, KOCATURK T, ÖZKAN S, BİLGEN M (2018). A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi, 48(4), 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
Chicago KIYLIOĞLU Nefati,Kılıç Mahmut Alp,KOCATURK TOLGA,ÖZKAN Seyhan Bahar,BİLGEN Mehmet A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi 48, no.4 (2018): 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
MLA KIYLIOĞLU Nefati,Kılıç Mahmut Alp,KOCATURK TOLGA,ÖZKAN Seyhan Bahar,BİLGEN Mehmet A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi, vol.48, no.4, 2018, ss.185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
AMA KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi. 2018; 48(4): 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
Vancouver KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response. Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi. 2018; 48(4): 185 - 189. 10.4274/tjo.39049
IEEE KIYLIOĞLU N,Kılıç M,KOCATURK T,ÖZKAN S,BİLGEN M "A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response." Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi, 48, ss.185 - 189, 2018. 10.4274/tjo.39049
ISNAD KIYLIOĞLU, Nefati vd. "A Custom-made Pupillometer System for Characterizing Pupillary Light Response". Türk Oftalmoloji Dergisi 48/4 (2018), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.39049