Yıl: 2017 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 103 - 122 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 20-03-2019

Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey

Öz:
Gender discrimination is still a hot debate running in the periphery of education. One way it is imposed onstudents is through printed materials and coursebooks, particularly those used for foreign language teachinggiven their rich linguistic content and content-based nature. This paper reports on a study which investigatedgender representations in an ELT coursebook series Yes You Can, published by the Turkish Ministry ofEducation for public high schools in Turkey. The study draws on nine different categories in order to reveal thegender-biased components in the coursebook from multiple perspectives, if any. Analyses were conducted onboth verbal and pictorial contents on a page-by-page basis. Descriptive statistiscs were used to describe thenumerical data and chi-square tests were conducted to test significance between the observed and expectedvalues. It was found that, for the most part, there were not indications of gender inequality throughout thecoursebook series. The findings are promising in terms of reflecting a fair representation of males and females,offering a glimmer of hope for the new-generation ELT coursebooks. Suggestions are made for coursebookwriters and further research.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Dil ve Dil Bilim

İngilizce ders kitaplarında cinsiyetçilik hâlâmevcut mudur? Türkiye‟den bir durum çalışması

Öz:
Cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, eğitim çevrelerinde tartışılan güncel konulardan biridir. Bu ayrımcılığın öğrencilere dayatılma şekillerinden birisi de basılı ders materyalleri ve ders kitapları ile olmaktadır. Zengin dilsel içeriği ve içerik temelli yapısıyla, özellikle yabancı dil ders kitapları bu suistimale çoğu kez daha müsaittir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye‟deki devlet liselerinde okutulmak üzere Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından hazırlanmış olan Yes You Can isimli İngilizce ders kitabı serisini cinsiyet temsilleri açısından incelemektir. Bu kitap serisinde cinsiyet ayrımcılığına yönelik unsurlar varsa, bunları farklı boyutlardan ortaya koymak amacıyla dokuz farklı kategori kullanılmıştır. Hem sözlü hem de resimsel içerikler analiz edilmiş olup, betimsel istatistikten ve ki-kare testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, genel anlamda, Yes You Can ders kitabı serisinde cinsiyet eşitsizliği barındıran unsurlara rastlanmamıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, erkek ve kadınların eşit temsilini yansıtması bakımından yeni nesil İngilizce ders kitapları için ümit vericidir. Ayrıca, ders kitabı yazarlarına ve gelecek çalışmalara dair önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Dil ve Dil Bilim
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Amini, M., & Birjandi, P. (2012). Gender bias in the Iranian high school EFL textbooks. English Language Teaching, 5(2), 134-147.
  • Ansary, H., & Babaii, E. (2003). Subliminal sexism in current ESL/EFL textbooks. Asian EFL Journal, 5, 200-241.
  • Arikan, A. (2005). Age, gender and social class in ELT coursebooks: A critical study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28, 29-39.
  • Arslan, Ş. A. (2000). Ders kitaplarında cinsiyetçilik. T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • Bahman, M., & Rahimi, A. (2010). Gender representation in EFL materials: An analysis of English textbooks of Iranian high schools. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 273-277.
  • Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
  • Boster, M.A. (2005). Gender equity of traditional and non-traditional career roles in Newbery awardwinning and honor books. Doctoral Dissertation, Liberty University.
  • Bowen, A. G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
  • Bulut, M. (2008). Socially responsible teaching in ELT: An evaluation of coursebooks on ethnicity, gender, and disability. Master‟s Thesis, Hacettepe University, Turkey
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 676-713.
  • Cameron, D. (1985). Feminism and linguistic theory. Great Britain: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Carroll, D., & Kowitz, J. (1994). Using concordancing techniques to study gender stereotyping in ELT textbooks. In J. Sunderland (ed.), Exploring gender: Questions and implications for English language education. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
  • Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çak, Ş. E. (2010). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Feminizm Teorileri Bağlamında Türkiye‟deki Reklam Filmleri ve Popüler Müzik Videoları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Dergisi (Yedi), 4, 101-110.
  • Çubukçu, H., & Sivaslıgil, P. (2007). Sexism in English language textbooks. Çukurova University Journal of Education, 3(34), 25-32.
  • Desprez-Bouanchaub, A., Doolaege, J., & Ruprecht, L. (1999). Guidelines for a gender neutral language(3rd ed.)UNESCO Workshops. Google Books.
  • Diktaş, M. (2011). Gender representations in EFL coursebooks. Paper presented at the 2 nd International Conference on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, Antalya, Turkey
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ebadi, S., & Seidi, N. (2015). The investigation of manifestation of sexism in EFL/ESL textbook: A case study. English for Specific Purposes World, 16.
  • Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Gender and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. New York: Longman.
  • Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). Integrating disability, transforming feminist theory. National Women’s Studies Association Journal, 14(3), 1-32.
  • Gharbavi, A., & Mousavi, S.A. (2012). A Content analysis of textbooks: Investigating gender bias as a social prominence in Iranian high school English textbooks. English Linguistics Research, 1(1), 42- 49.
  • Ghorbani, L. (2009). An investigation of the manifestation of sexism in EFL/ESL textbooks. Retrieved on January 27, 2016 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505434.pdf
  • Graci, J. P. (1989). Are foreign language textbooks sexist? Exploration of models of evaluation. Foreign Language Annals, 22, 77-86.
  • Gupta, A. F., & Lee, A. S. Y. (1990). Gender representation in English textbooks used in the Singapore primary schools. Language and Education, 4, 29-50.
  • Hamdan, S. (2010). English-language textbooks reflect gender bias: A case study in Jordan. Advances in Gender and Education, 2, 22-26.
  • Hartman, P. L., & Judd, E. L. (1978). Sexism and TESOL materials. TESOL Quarterly, 12(4), 383- 393.
  • Helvacıoğlu, F. (1996). Ders Kitaplarında Cinsiyetçilik 1928-1995. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Holmqvist, P., & Gjörup, L. (2006). The representation of gender and gender roles in English textbooks. Dissertation, Malmö Högskola.
  • Mills, S. (1995). Feminist stylistic. London: Routledge.
  • Mineshima, M. (2008). Gender representations in an EFL textbook. Bulletin of Niigata Institute of Technology, 13. Retrieved on February 13, 2016 from: www.niit.ac.jp/lib/contents/kiyo/genko/13/14_MINESHIMA.pdf
  • Mkuchu, S. G. V. (2004). Gender roles in textbooks as a function of hidden curriculum in Tanzania primary schools. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa.
  • Mose, N. (2013). Use of gender-exclusive language in secondary school English textbooks in Kenya: The case of New Integrated English Student‟s book. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(19), 99-105.
  • Mukundan, J., & Nimehchisalem, V. (2008). Gender representation in Malaysian secondary school English language textbooks. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(2), 155-173.
  • Otlowski, M. (2003). Ethnic diversity and gender bias in EFL textbooks. Asian EFL Journal, 5(3), 1- 15.
  • Porreca, K. L. (1984). Sexism in current ESL textbooks. TESOL Quarterly, 18(4), 704- 724.
  • Poulou, S. (1997). Sexism in the discourse roles of textbook dialogues. Language Learner Journal, 15, 68-73.
  • Reid, G., Soler, J., & Wearmouth, J. (2014). Contextualising difficulties in literacy development: exploring politics, culture, ethnicity and ethics. Routledge.
  • Sakita, T. I. (1995). Sexism in Japanese English education: A survey of EFL texts. Woman and Language, 18, 5-12.
  • Sandelowski, M. (2003). Tables or tableaux? The challenges of writing and reading mixed methods studies. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 321-350). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • SEÇBİR (2012). Ders kitaplarında toplumsal cinsiyet: İyileşmeler, problemler, öneriler. Retrieved on September 17, 2015 from: http://secbir.org/images/haber/2012/03/dekig-toplumsal-cinsiyet-raporu.pdf
  • Sivaslıgil, P. (2006). Gender ideology in 6th, 7th and 8th grade coursebooks published by the Turkish Ministry of National Education. Master‟s thesis, Çukurova University, Turkey
  • Skliar, O. S. (2007). Gender representations and gender bias in ELT textbooks published in the Middle East: A case study of ELT textbooks published in Turkey and Iran. Master‟s Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
  • Tutar, J. A. (2008). A comparative study of gender representation in English teaching coursebooks in the 1970s and the 2000s. Master‟s Thesis, Hacettepe University, Turkey
  • UNICEF (2003). Eğitimin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi, Türkiye 2003 (11). Retrieved on April 5, 2016 from: http://www.unicef.org/turkey/gr/_ge21k.html
  • USDL Women‟s Bureau (2010). Nontraditional occupations for women in 2009. Retrieved on May 22, 2015 from: http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/nontra2009.htm
  • Women in Literacy and Life Assembly (2002). Guidelines for gender-fair use of language. Retrieved on May 23, 2015 from: http://www.ncte.org/positions/statements/genderfairuseoflang
  • Xiaoping, Y. (2005). Gender representation in textbooks: A case study of three English reading textbooks. Journal of Southeast Asian Education, 5(1-2), 85-93.
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2003). Qualitative research methods in social sciences. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
  • Yılmaz, E. (2012). Gender representations in ELT coursebooks: A comparative study. Master‟s Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
APA Demir Y, YAVUZ M (2017). Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. , 103 - 122.
Chicago Demir Yusuf,YAVUZ MUSTAFA Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. (2017): 103 - 122.
MLA Demir Yusuf,YAVUZ MUSTAFA Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. , 2017, ss.103 - 122.
AMA Demir Y,YAVUZ M Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. . 2017; 103 - 122.
Vancouver Demir Y,YAVUZ M Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. . 2017; 103 - 122.
IEEE Demir Y,YAVUZ M "Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey." , ss.103 - 122, 2017.
ISNAD Demir, Yusuf - YAVUZ, MUSTAFA. "Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey". (2017), 103-122.
APA Demir Y, YAVUZ M (2017). Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 103 - 122.
Chicago Demir Yusuf,YAVUZ MUSTAFA Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 13, no.1 (2017): 103 - 122.
MLA Demir Yusuf,YAVUZ MUSTAFA Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol.13, no.1, 2017, ss.103 - 122.
AMA Demir Y,YAVUZ M Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2017; 13(1): 103 - 122.
Vancouver Demir Y,YAVUZ M Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2017; 13(1): 103 - 122.
IEEE Demir Y,YAVUZ M "Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey." Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13, ss.103 - 122, 2017.
ISNAD Demir, Yusuf - YAVUZ, MUSTAFA. "Do ELT coursebooks still suffer from gender inequalities? A case study from Turkey". Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 13/1 (2017), 103-122.