Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı
Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 328 - 339 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 08-07-2019
Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı
Öz: Laser teknolojileri elli yılı aşkın bir süredir nöroşirürji pratiğinde kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde bu alandaki gelişmelere paralel olaraklaser temelli birçok yeni cihaz üretilmekte ve var olan cihazlar geliştirilmektedir. Söz konusu aygıtlar nöroşirürji uygulamalarında,gerek tanı gerekse de tedavi alanında, oldukça geniş bir yelpazede kendilerine yer bulabilmektedir. Bu derlemede laser ve laserinnöroşirürjideki kullanım alanlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ilk bölümde laserin tanımı yapılarak, laserin tarihi,fiziği ve doku üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, ikinci bölümünde ise laserin nöroşirürji pratiğinde tanı ve tedavideki kullanımalanları irdelenmiştir. Ek olarak, laser kullanılarak uygulanan tedavilerin başarı oranları ve komplikasyonları da güncel literatüreşliğinde tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Laser and Its Use in Neurosurgery
Öz: Laser technologies have been used in neurosurgery practice for more than fifty years. With the improvement of laser technologies over the years, novel devices have been produced and upgraded. These devices have widespread application in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical pathologies. In this article, we aim to review the laser technology and its use in neurosurgical practice. Thus, we give information regarding the history, physics and tissue interactions of the lasers in the first part, and we review the neurosurgical applications of the lasers in the second part. Additionally, we evaluate the relevant clinical studies on laser use in the literature regarding their success and complication rates.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Ahuja CS, Nori S, Tetreault L, Wilson J, Kwon B, Harrop J, Choi D, Fehlings MG: Traumatic spinal cord injury-repair and regeneration. Neurosurgery 80:S9-S22, 2017
- Akimoto J, Haraoka J, Aizawa K: Preliminary clinical report on safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium for malignant gliomas. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 9:91-99, 2012
- Akimoto J: Photodynamic therapy for malignant brain tumors. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 56:151-157, 2016
- Ashraf O, Patel NV, Hanft S, Danish SF: Laser-induced thermal therapy in neuro-oncology: A review. World Neurosurgery 112:166-177, 2018
- Barnett GH, Voigt JD, Alhuwalia MS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the use of brain laser interstitial thermal therapy versus craniotomy for the treatment of high-grade tumors in or near areas of eloquence: An examination of the extent of resection and major complication rates associated with each type of surgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 94:164-173, 2016
- Beck OJ: Use of the Nd-YAG laser in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Rev 7:151-157, 1984
- Belykh E, Yagmurlu K, Martirosyan NL, Lei T, Izadyyazdanabadi M, Malik KM, Byvaltsev VA, Nakaji P, Preul MC: Laser application in neurosurgery. Surg Neurol Int 8:274, 2017
- Bown SG: Phototherapy in tumors. World J Surg 7:700-709, 1983
- Brouwer PA, Brand R, van den Akker-van Marle ME, Jacobs WC, Schenk B, van den Berg-Huijsmans AA, Koes BW, Arts MA, van Buchem MA, Peul WC: Percutaneous laser disc decompression versus conventional microdiscectomy for patients with sciatica: Two-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Interv Neuroradiol 23:313-324, 2017
- Brown MG, Drees C, Nagae LM, Thompson JA, Ojemann S, Abosch A: Curative and palliative MRI-guided laser ablation for drug-resistant epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89:425-433, 2018
- Calisto A, Dorfmuller G, Fohlen M, Bulteau C, Conti A, Delalande O: Endoscopic disconnection of hypothalamic hamartomas: Safety and feasibility of robot-assisted, thulium laser-based procedures. J Neurosurg Pediatr 14(6):563-572, 2014
- Carpentier A, McNichols RJ, Stafford RJ, Itzcovitz J, Guichard JP, Reizine D, Delaloge S, Vicaut E, Payen D, Gowda A, George B: Real-time magnetic resonance-guided laser thermal therapy for focal metastatic brain tumors. Neurosurgery 63:ONS21-28; discussion ONS28-29, 2008
- Carpentier A, McNichols RJ, Stafford RJ, Guichard JP, Reizine D, Delaloge S, Vicaut E, Payen D, Gowda A, George B: Laser thermal therapy: Real-time MRI-guided and computer- controlled procedures for metastatic brain tumors. Lasers Surg Med 43:943-950, 2011
- Choudhri O, Karamchandani J, Gooderham P, Steinberg GK: Flexible omnidirectional carbon dioxide laser as an effective tool for resection of brainstem, supratentorial, and intramedullary cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 10 Suppl 1:34-4; discussion 43-45, 2014
- Choudhri O, Lober RM, Camara-Quintana J, Yeom KW, Guzman R, Edwards MS: Carbon dioxide laser for corpus callosotomy in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg Pediatr 15(3):321-327,2015
- Choy DS, Case RB, Fielding W, Hughes J, Liebler W, Ascher P: Percutaneous laser nucleolysis of lumbar disks. The New England Journal of Medicine 317:771-772, 1987
- Choy DS: Percutaneous laser disc decompression: A 17-year experience. Photomed Laser Surg 22:407-410, 2004
- Consiglieri GD, Killory BD, Germain RS, Spetzler RF: Utility of the CO2 laser in the microsurgical resection of cavernous malformations. World Neurosurgery 79:714-718, 2013
- Dadey DY, Kamath AA, Leuthardt EC, Smyth MD: Laser interstitial thermal therapy for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: Technical case report. Neurosurg Focus 41:E9, 2016
- Davis JK: Early experience with laser disc decompression. A percutaneous method. J Fla Med Assoc 79:37-39, 1992
- Devaux BC, Joly LM, Page P, Nataf F, Turak B, Beuvon F, Trystram D, Roux FX: Laser-assisted endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus: Technique and results in a series of 40 consecutive cases. Lasers Surg Med 34:368-378, 2004
- Du VX, Gandhi SV, Rekate HL, Mehta AD: Laser interstitial thermal therapy: A first line treatment for seizures due to hypothalamic hamartoma? Epilepsia 58 Suppl 2:77-84, 2017
- Dunn AK, Bolay H, Moskowitz MA, Boas DA: Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:195-201, 2001
- Ebner FH, Nagel C, Tatagiba M, Schuhmann MU: Efficacy and versatility of the 2-micron continuous wave laser in neuroendoscopic procedures. Acta Neurochir Suppl 113:143- 147, 2012
- Erbas YC, Pusat S, Erdogan E: Percutaneous laser disc decompression: Retrospective analysis of 197 cases and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg 25:766-770, 2015
- Esquenazi Y, Kalamangalam GP, Slater JD, Knowlton RC, Friedman E, Morris SA, Shetty A, Gowda A, Tandon N: Stereotactic laser ablation of epileptogenic periventricular nodular heterotopia. Epilepsy Res 108:547-554, 2014
- Forer B, Vasileyev T, Gil Z, Brosh T, Kariv N, Katzir A, Fliss DM: CO(2) laser fascia to dura soldering for pig dural defect reconstruction. Skull Base 17:17-23, 2007
- Franck P, Henderson PW, Rothaus KO: Basics of lasers: History, physics, and clinical applications. Clin Plast Surg 43:505-513, 2016
- Gangi A, Basile A, Buy X, Alizadeh H, Sauer B, Bierry G: Radiofrequency and laser ablation of spinal lesions. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 26:89-97, 2005
- Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Osmani BZ, Sharma SK, Naeser MA, Hamblin MR: Role of low-level laser therapy in neurorehabilitation. PM R 2:S292-305, 2010
- Hawasli AH, Kim AH, Dunn GP, Tran DD, Leuthardt EC: Stereotactic laser ablation of high-grade gliomas. Neurosurg Focus 37:E1, 2014
- Iyer A, Halpern CH, Grant GA, Deb S, Li GH: Magnetic resonance-guided laser-ınduced thermal therapy for recurrent brain metastases in the motor strip after stereotactic radiosurgery. Cureus 8:e919, 2016
- Jenkins SD, Sepka RS, Barwick WJ, Serafin D, Klitzman B: Routine clinical use of laser Doppler flowmeter to monitor free tissue transfer: Preliminary results. J Reconstr Microsurg 3:281-283, 1987
- Jermyn M, Desroches J, Aubertin K, St-Arnaud K, Madore WJ, De Montigny E, Guiot MC, Trudel D, Wilson BC, Petrecca K, Leblond F: A review of Raman spectroscopy advances with an emphasis on clinical translation challenges in oncology. Phys Med Biol 61:R370-R400, 2016
- Jethwa PR, Lee JH, Assina R, Keller IA, Danish SF: Treatment of a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor using magnetic resonance-guided laser-induced thermal therapy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:468-475, 2011
- Jethwa PR, Barrese JC, Gowda A, Shetty A, Danish SF: Magnetic resonance thermometry-guided laser-induced thermal therapy for intracranial neoplasms: Initial experience. Neurosurgery 71:133-144; discussion 144-145, 2012
- Jo DH, Yang HJ, Kim JJ: Approach for epiduroscopic laser neural decompression in case of the sacral canal stenosis. Korean J Pain 26:392-395, 2013
- Jo DH, Yang HJ: The survey of the patient received the epiduroscopic laser neural decompression. Korean J Pain 26:27-31, 2013
- Jo DH, Kim ED, Oh HJ: The comparison of the result of epiduroscopic laser neural decompression between FBSS or not. Korean J Pain 27:63-67, 2014
- Kang JY, Wu C, Tracy J, Lorenzo M, Evans J, Nei M, Skidmore C, Mintzer S, Sharan AD, Sperling MR: Laser interstitial thermal therapy for medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 57:325-334, 2016
- Killory BD, Chang SW, Wait SD, Spetzler RF: Use of flexible hollow-core CO2 laser in microsurgical resection of CNS lesions: Early surgical experience. Neurosurgery 66:1187- 1192, 2010
- Kim SK, Lee BH, Song MB, Lee SC: A novel technique for managing symptomatic spinal cysts using epiduroscopic neural laser decompression: Technical note and preliminary results. J Orthop Surg Res 13:136, 2018
- Koljenovic S, Schut TB, Vincent A, Kros JM, Puppels GJ: Detection of meningioma in dura mater by Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem 77:7958-7965, 2005
- Krafft C, Sobottka SB, Schackert G, Salzer R: Near infrared Raman spectroscopic mapping of native brain tissue and intracranial tumors. Analyst 130:1070-1077, 2005
- Lampl Y, Zivin JA, Fisher M, Lew R, Welin L, Dahlof B, Borenstein P, Andersson B, Perez J, Caparo C, Ilic S, Oron U: Infrared laser therapy for ischemic stroke: A new treatment strategy: results of the NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial-1 (NEST-1). Stroke 38:1843-1849, 2007
- Langer DJ, Vajkoczy P: ELANA: Excimer Laser-Assisted Nonocclusive Anastomosis for extracranial-to-intracranial and intracranial-to-intracranial bypass: A review. Skull Base 15:191-205, 2005
- Lewis EC, Weil AG, Duchowny M, Bhatia S, Ragheb J, Miller I: MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for pediatric drug- resistant lesional epilepsy. Epilepsia 56:1590-1598, 2015
- Ludwig HC, Kruschat T, Knobloch T, Teichmann HO, Rostasy K, Rohde V: First experiences with a 2.0-microm near infrared laser system for neuroendoscopy. Neurosurg Rev 30:195-201; discussion 201, 2007
- Martirosyan NL, Georges J, Eschbacher JM, Cavalcanti DD, Elhadi AM, Abdelwahab MG, Scheck AC, Nakaji P, Spetzler RF, Preul MC: Potential application of a handheld confocal endomicroscope imaging system using a variety of fluorophores in experimental gliomas and normal brain. Neurosurg Focus 36:E16, 2014
- Martirosyan NL, Georges J, Eschbacher JM, Belykh E, Carotenuto A, Spetzler RF, Nakaji P, Preul MC: Confocal scanning microscopy provides rapid, detailed intraoperative histological assessment of brain neoplasms: Experience with 106 cases. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 169:21-28, 2018
- Mastronardi L, Cacciotti G, Scipio ED, Parziale G, Roperto R, Tonelli MP, Carpineta E: Safety and usefulness of flexible hand-held laser fibers in microsurgical removal of acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas). Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 145:35-40, 2016
- McCracken DJ, Willie JT, Fernald BA, Saindane AM, Drane DL, Barrow DL, Gross RE: Magnetic resonance thermometry- guided stereotactic laser ablation of cavernous malformations in drug-resistant epilepsy: Imaging and clinical results. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 12:39-48, 2016
- Meng C, He Z, Xing D: Low-level laser therapy rescues dendrite atrophy via upregulating BDNF expression: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 33:13505-13517, 2013
- Moges H, Vasconcelos OM, Campbell WW, Borke RC, McCoy JA, Kaczmarczyk L, Feng J, Anders JJ: Light therapy and supplementary Riboflavin in the SOD1 transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Lasers Surg Med 41:52-59, 2009
- Mohammadi AM, Hawasli AH, Rodriguez A, Schroeder JL, Laxton AW, Elson P, Tatter SB, Barnett GH, Leuthardt EC: The role of laser interstitial thermal therapy in enhancing progression-free survival of difficult-to-access high-grade gliomas: A multicenter study. Cancer Med 3:971-979, 2014
- Muller PJ, Wilson BC: Photodynamic therapy of brain tumors-a work in progress. Lasers Surg Med 38:384-389, 2006
- Muragaki Y, Akimoto J, Maruyama T, Iseki H, Ikuta S, Nitta M, Maebayashi K, Saito T, Okada Y, Kaneko S, Matsumura A, Kuroiwa T, Karasawa K, Nakazato Y, Kayama T: Phase II clinical study on intraoperative photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium and semiconductor laser in patients with malignant brain tumors. Journal of Neurosurgery 119:845- 852, 2013
- Oh J, Jo D: Epiduroscopic laser neural decompression as a treatment for migrated lumbar disc herniation: Case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e0291, 2018
- Oron A, Oron U, Chen J, Eilam A, Zhang C, Sadeh M, Lampl Y, Streeter J, DeTaboada L, Chopp M: Low-level laser therapy applied transcranially to rats after induction of stroke significantly reduces long-term neurological deficits. Stroke 37:2620-2624, 2006
- Passacantilli E, Anichini G, Lapadula G, Salvati M, Lenzi J, Santoro A: Assessment of the utility of the 2-micro thulium laser in surgical removal of intracranial meningiomas. Lasers Surg Med 45:148-154, 2013
- Patel P, Patel NV, Danish SF: Intracranial MR-guided laser- induced thermal therapy: Single-center experience with the Visualase thermal therapy system. Journal of Neurosurgery 125:853-860, 2016
- Perria C, Capuzzo T, Cavagnaro G, Datti R, Francaviglia N, Rivano C, Tercero VE: Fast attempts at the photodynamic treatment of human gliomas. J Neurosurg Sci 24:119-129, 1980
- Rahmathulla G, Recinos PF, Valerio JE, Chao S, Barnett GH: Laser interstitial thermal therapy for focal cerebral radiation necrosis: A case report and literature review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 90:192-200, 2012
- Rosomoff HL, Carroll F: Reaction of neoplasm and brain to laser. Arch Neurol 14:143-148, 1966
- Rosso MPO, Buchaim DV, Kawano N, Furlanette G, Pomini KT, Buchaim RL: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in peripheral nerve regeneration: A systematic review. Bioengineering (Basel) 5(2): E44, 2018
- Sankar T, Delaney PM, Ryan RW, Eschbacher J, Abdelwahab M, Nakaji P, Coons SW, Scheck AC, Smith KA, Spetzler RF, Preul MC: Miniaturized handheld confocal microscopy for neurosurgery: Results in an experimental glioblastoma model. Neurosurgery 66:410-417; discussion 417-418, 2010
- Scheich M, Ginzkey C, Harnisch W, Ehrmann D, Shehata- Dieler W, Hagen R: Use of flexible CO(2) laser fiber in microsurgery for vestibular schwannoma via the middle cranial fossa approach. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:1417- 1423, 2012
- Schwartz MS, Lekovic GP: Use of a flexible hollow-core carbon dioxide laser for microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurg Focus 44:E6, 2018
- Sloan AE, Ahluwalia MS, Valerio-Pascua J, Manjila S, Torchia MG, Jones SE, Sunshine JL, Phillips M, Griswold MA, Clampitt M, Brewer C, Jochum J, McGraw MV, Diorio D, Ditz G, Barnett GH: Results of the NeuroBlate System first-in-humans Phase I clinical trial for recurrent glioblastoma: Clinical article. Journal of Neurosurgery 118:1202-1219, 2013
- Smith CJ, Myers CS, Chapple KM, Smith KA: Long-term follow- up of 25 cases of biopsy-proven radiation necrosis or post- radiation treatment effect treated with magnetic resonance- guided laser ınterstitial thermal therapy. Neurosurgery 79 Suppl 1:S59-S72, 2016
- Stellar S, Polanyi TG, Bredemeier HC: Experimental studies with the carbon dioxide laser as a neurosurgical instrument. Med Biol Eng 8:549-558, 1970
- Stewart N, Lim AC, Lowe PM, Goodman G: Lasers and laser- like devices: Part one. Australas J Dermatol 54:173-183, 2013
- Straus D, Moftakhar R, Fink Y, Patel D, Byrne RW: Application of novel CO2 laser-suction device. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 74:358-363, 2013
- Stylli SS, Kaye AH, MacGregor L, Howes M, Rajendra P: Photodynamic therapy of high grade glioma - long term survival. J Clin Neurosci 12:389-398, 2005
- Temelkuran B, Hart SD, Benoit G, Joannopoulos JD, Fink Y: Wavelength-scalable hollow optical fibres with large photonic bandgaps for CO2 laser transmission. Nature 420:650-653, 2002
- Tezcan S, Ulu Ozturk F, Uslu N, Nalbant M, Umit Yemisci O: Carpal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation of the effects of low-level laser therapy with ultrasound strain imaging. J Ultrasound Med 2018 (Epub ahead of print)
- Thompson SA, Kalamangalam GP, Tandon N: Intracranial evaluation and laser ablation for epilepsy with periventricular nodular heterotopia. Seizure 41:211-216, 2016
- Tovar-Spinoza Z, Choi H: Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy: Report of a series of pediatric brain tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 17:723-733, 2016
- Trimmer PA, Schwartz KM, Borland MK, De Taboada L, Streeter J, Oron U: Reduced axonal transport in Parkinson’s disease cybrid neurites is restored by light therapy. Mol Neurodegener 4:26, 2009
- Vajkoczy P, Korja M, Czabanka M, Schneider UC, Reinert M, Lehecka M, Schmiedek P, Hernesniemi J, Kivipelto L: Experience in using the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis nonocclusive bypass technique for high-flow revascularization: Mannheim-Helsinki series of 64 patients. Neurosurgery 70:49-54; discussion 54-55, 2012
- van Doormaal TP, van der Zwan A, Verweij BH, Langer DJ, Tulleken CA: Treatment of giant and large internal carotid artery aneurysms with a high-flow replacement bypass using the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique. Neurosurgery 62(6 Suppl 3):1411-1418, 2008
- Vandertop WP, Verdaasdonk RM, van Swol CF: Laser-assisted neuroendoscopy using a neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet or diode contact laser with pretreated fiber tips. Journal of Neurosurgery 88:82-92, 1998
- Waseem H, Osborn KE, Schoenberg MR, Kelley V, Bozorg A, Cabello D, Benbadis SR, Vale FL: Laser ablation therapy: An alternative treatment for medically resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy after age 50. Epilepsy Behav 51:152-157, 2015
- Wilfong AA, Curry DJ: Hypothalamic hamartomas: Optimal approach to clinical evaluation and diagnosis. Epilepsia 54 Suppl 9:109-114, 2013
- Willie JT, Laxpati NG, Drane DL, Gowda A, Appin C, Hao C, Brat DJ, Helmers SL, Saindane A, Nour SG, Gross RE: Real-time magnetic resonance-guided stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery 74:569-584; discussion 584-585, 2014
- Yahr W, Strully K: Blood vessels anastomosis by laser and other biomedical applications. J Assoc Adv Med Instrum 1:28-31, 1966
- Yao X, Liu C, Feng D, Yin J, Chen G: Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy in improving cognitive recovery of function following traumatic brain injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018 (Epub ahead of print)
- Zaret MM, Breinin GM, Schmidt H, Ripps H, Siegel IM, Solon LR: Ocular lesions produced by an optical maser (laser). Science 134:1525-1526, 1961
- Zhong H, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhao F, Wang B, Liu P: CO(2) laser soldering for the reconstruction of dural defects in the minipig model. Turk Neurosurg 26:240-245, 2016
- Zivin JA, Albers GW, Bornstein N, Chippendale T, Dahlof B, Devlin T, Fisher M, Hacke W, Holt W, Ilic S, Kasner S, Lew R, Nash M, Perez J, Rymer M, Schellinger P, Schneider D, Schwab S, Veltkamp R, Walker M, Streeter J, NeuroThera E; Safety Trial I: Effectiveness and safety of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40:1359-1364, 2009
- Zivin JA, Sehra R, Shoshoo A, Albers GW, Bornstein NM, Dahlof B, Kasner SE, Howard G, Shuaib A, Streeter J, Richieri SP, Hacke W, NEST-3 investigators: NeuroThera(R) Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 (NEST-3): A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study to assess the safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera(R) Laser System for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke within 24 h of stroke onset. Int J Stroke 9:950-955, 2014
| APA | SARICA C, ÖZEN A, OĞUR T, OZTURK G, EGEMEN E (2018). Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. , 328 - 339. |
| Chicago | SARICA CAN,ÖZEN Ali,OĞUR Tanin,OZTURK Gulşah,EGEMEN Emrah Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. (2018): 328 - 339. |
| MLA | SARICA CAN,ÖZEN Ali,OĞUR Tanin,OZTURK Gulşah,EGEMEN Emrah Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. , 2018, ss.328 - 339. |
| AMA | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. . 2018; 328 - 339. |
| Vancouver | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. . 2018; 328 - 339. |
| IEEE | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E "Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı." , ss.328 - 339, 2018. |
| ISNAD | SARICA, CAN vd. "Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı". (2018), 328-339. |
| APA | SARICA C, ÖZEN A, OĞUR T, OZTURK G, EGEMEN E (2018). Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi, 28(3), 328 - 339. |
| Chicago | SARICA CAN,ÖZEN Ali,OĞUR Tanin,OZTURK Gulşah,EGEMEN Emrah Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi 28, no.3 (2018): 328 - 339. |
| MLA | SARICA CAN,ÖZEN Ali,OĞUR Tanin,OZTURK Gulşah,EGEMEN Emrah Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi, vol.28, no.3, 2018, ss.328 - 339. |
| AMA | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi. 2018; 28(3): 328 - 339. |
| Vancouver | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi. 2018; 28(3): 328 - 339. |
| IEEE | SARICA C,ÖZEN A,OĞUR T,OZTURK G,EGEMEN E "Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı." Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi, 28, ss.328 - 339, 2018. |
| ISNAD | SARICA, CAN vd. "Laser ve Nöroşirürji’de Laser Kullanımı". Türk Nöroşirürji Dergsi 28/3 (2018), 328-339. |
