The entry of the Turkısh language and nobality to domination of Russia goes back to the 16th century. These peoples living in Russian domination are also called Russian Muslims. With Turkıstan entering the Russian sovereignty in 1884, the pressure of Russians on Muslims increased. Within the framework of the Russification and Orthodox politics, Russians limited the political right of Muslims under their sovereignty. But political activities between the Muslims, which were intensified with 1905 Revolution in Tsarist Russia, reached the summit with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The renewal movement that started as a religious movement among the Muslims of Russia became liberalized from the last quarter of the 19th century into a worldly movement. Although the movement showed an innovative tendency, it also carried elements from the religious reform movement. Between 1905 and 1917, a number of parties and media were set up against the Russification policy among Russian Muslims. Especially in the political environment after the Russian-Japanese War of 1905, Russian Muslims also increased their political activities. In this process, The Ottoman Empire supported the Muslims of Russia to take their political and cultural rights. Muslims of Russia sought solutions to problems in congresses organized at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the congresses and the decisions taken did not find much field of application. While the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was a glimmer of hope for the Muslims of Russia, the new regime in Russia didn‟t allow Muslims the political ground wanted. The congresses organized by the Muslims of Russia have also become an important step in the political work of Muslims. In this study, especially the efforts of political union between 1905-1917, the Congress of Russian Muslims and the political activities of Russian Muslims during the First World War were examined in light of Turkish works, Ottoman documents and Russian sources.