The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level

Toprak, Dilek; SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ, Selen

The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level

Selen SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ, (Sarıyer Ferahevler Family Health Center, Istanbul)

Dilek TOPRAK (Department of Family Medicine, Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey)

Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine

1 0

Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 101 - 108 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 24-10-2019

The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level

Öz:

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of smoking cigarette and hookah to the breath carbon monoxide level. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional research was performed in İstanbul hookah cafes and in Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Hospital Family Medicine policlinic, who applied for any complaint and accepted to include in the study, who were over the age of 18. After getting the information about sociodemographic factors and smoking features of individuals who use hookah and cigarette, the breath carbon monoxide levels were measured. Using the appropriate statistical methods p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 215 participants, 78.6% (n=169) of them were male, 61.9% (n=133) were single. 57.2% (n=123) of them was self-employment. The average carbon monoxide levels were 45.65±27.87 ppm in the group that uses both hookah and cigarettes; 45.35 ± 30.74 ppm in only hookah users and 16.22±11.97 ppm in only smokers group. There was a significant positive linear relationship between the amount of smoked cigarettes and hookah with the carbon monoxide level. The average carbon monoxide value was greater in the group who were using hookah and cigarette together. Conclusion: The use of hookah increases the level of breath carbon monoxide more than cigarette. The breath carbon monoxide level increases linearly as the amount of cigarettes/hookah increase.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Genel ve Dahili Tıp

Nargile Ve Sigara Kullanımının Nefeste Karbon Monoksit Düzeyine Etkisi

Öz:

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, nargile ve sigara içiminin nefeste karbon monoksid düzeyine etkisini karşılaştırmaktır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı-kesitsel tipteki bu çalışma İstanbul ilindeki nargile kafelerde ve Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Aile Hekimliği Polikliniği’ne herhangi bir sebeple başvuran ve çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 18 yaş üzeri bireylerde yapıldı. Nargile ve sigara içen bireylerin sosyodemografik bilgileri, kullanım özelliklerine yönelik bilgiler alındıktan sonra nefeste karbon monoksid ölçümleri yapıldı. Uygun istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak p<0,05 anlamlı olarak kabul edildi. Bulgular: Toplam 215 katılımcının %78,6’sı (n=169) erkek, %61,9’u (n=133) bekardı. %57,2’si (n=123) serbest meslekte çalışmaktaydı. Nargile ve sigarayı beraber kullanan grubun karbon monoksid ortalaması 45,65±27,87 ppm, sadece nargile içenlerin 45,35±30,74 ppm; sadece sigara içenlerin ise 16,22±11,97 ppm idi. İçilen sigara ve nargile miktarı ile karbonmonoksit miktarı arasında doğrusal pozitif anlamlı bir ilişki vardı. Sigara ve nargileyi birlikte kullananlarda karbon monoksid değerleri ortalaması daha fazlaydı. Sonuç: Nargile kullanımı, nefeste karbon monoksid düzeyini sigaradan daha fazla arttırmaktadır. Nefeste karbon monoksid düzeyi içilen nargile/sigara miktarı arttıkça doğrusal olarak artmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Genel ve Dahili Tıp

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Soule EK, Lipato T, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: a new smoking epidemic among the young? Curr Pulmonol Rep 2015;4(4):163-72.
2. Shihadeh A, Saleh R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, “tar”, and nicotine in the main stream smoke aerosol of the narghile waterpipe. Food Chem Toxicol 2005;43(5):655–61.
3. İbrahimov F, Şahin İ, Eminağa F, Feyzioğlu K, Metin BC, Aslan D. Some characteristics of waterpipe users and determination of carbon monoxide (CO) levels in their expiration air. Gulhane Med J 2012;54:49- 56.
4. Primack BA, Carroll MV, Weiss PM, Shihadeh AL, Shensa A, Farley ST, et al. Systematic review and metaanalysis of inhaled toxicants from waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Public Health Rep 2016;131(1):76-85.
5. Maziak W, Fouad FM, Asfar T, Hammal F, Bachir EM, Rastam S, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of narghile smoking among university students in Syria. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8(7):882-9.
6. Aljarrah K, Ababneh ZQ, AlDelaimy WK. Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users. Tob Induc Dis 2009;5(1):16.
7. Azab M, Khabour OF, Alkaraki AK, Eissenberg T, Alzoubi KH, Primack BA. Waterpipe tobacco smoking among university students in Jordan. Nicotine Tob Res 2010;12(6):606-12.
8. Akhter S, Ali Warraich U, Rizvi N, Idrees N, Zaina F. Comparison of end tidal carbon monoxide (eCO) levels in shisha (waterpipe) and cigarette smokers. Tob Induc Dis 2014;12(1):10.
9. Subaşı N, Bilir N, İlhan E, Avluk A, Bavlı G, Biteker M, et al. Knowledge, attitude and behaviors of narghile smokers on narghile smoking. Turkish Thoracic J 2005;6(2):137-43.
10. Akpınar EE, Akpınar S, Gülhan M. Smoking habits of university students and level of their knowledge about the topic. Eurasian J Pulmonol 2010;12(1):1-6.
11. Özcebe H, Güçiz Doğan B, İnal E, Haznedaroğlu D, Bertan M. Smoking habits and the related sociodemographic characteristics in university students. Taf Prev Med Bull 2014;15(2):42-8.
12. Alzyoud S, Weglicki LS, Kheirallah KA, Haddad L, Alhawamdeh KA. Waterpipe smoking among middle and high school Jordanian students: patterns and predictors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10(12):7068-82.
13. Hassoy H, Ergin I, Davas A, Durusoy R, Karababa AO. Determining the factors effecting the cigarette, narghile and hand-rolled tobacco smoking among medical technology vocational training school students and evaluation of their opinions about starting and continuing with their habits of smoking. Eurasian J Pulmonol 2011;13(2):91–9.
14. Albisser S, Schmidlin J, Schindler C, Tamm M, Stolz D. Water pipe smoking and its association with cigarette and cannabisuse in young adults in Switzerland. Respiration. 2013;86(3):210- 5.
15. Poyrazoğlu S, Sarli Ş, Gencer Z, Günay O. Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey. Ups J Med Sci 2010;115(3):210-6.
16. Public Health Institution of Turkey [internet]. Global adult tobacco survey Turkey 2012 [cited 2018 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/s urveillance/survey/gats/report _tur_2012.pdf
17. Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(6):518-23.
18. Maziak W. The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addict Behav 2011;36(1-2):1-5. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08 .030.
19. Jackson D, Aveyard P. Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British University. Bmc Public Health 2008;8:174. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8- 174.
20. SrihaBelguith A, Bouanene I, Elmhamdi S, Ben Salah A, Harizi C, Ben Salem K, et al. Nicotine dependance and carbon monoxide intoxication among adult smokers. Tunis Med 2015;93(4):231-6.
21. Temel O, Coşkun AŞ, Gök Ş, Çelik P, Yorgancıoğlu A. The effect of nicotine among active, passive smoker health personnel. Turkish Thoracic J 2009;10(3):107-11.
22. Türkcan A, Çakmak D. Carbon monoxide levels in the expired air of smokers. Journal of Dependence 2004;5(1):133-8.
23. Jukema JB, Bagnasco DE, Jukema RA. Waterpipe smoking: not necessarily less hazardous than cigarette smoking. Neth Heart J 2014;22(3):91-9.
24. Schubert J, Hahn J, Dettbarn G, Seidel A, Luch A, Schulz TG. Mainstream smoke of the waterpipe: does this environmental matrix reveal as significant source of toxic compounds? Toxicol Lett 2011;205(3):279-84.
25. Daher N, Saleh R, Jaroudi E, Sheheitli H, Badr T, Sepetdjian E, et al. Comparison of carcinogen, carbon monoxide, and ultrafine particle emissions from narghile waterpipe and cigarette smoking: sidestream smoke measurements and assessment of second-hand smoke emission factors. Atmos Environ 2010;44(1):8- 14. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10. 004.
26. Jacob P, Abu Raddaha AH, Dempsey D, Havel C, Peng M, Yu L, et al. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, and carcinogen exposure after a singleuse of a waterpipe. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(11):2345-53. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11- 0545.
27. Yalcin FK, Er M, Hasanoglu HC, Kilic H, Senturk A, Karalezli A, et al. Deteriorations of pulmonary function, elevated carbonmonoxide levels and increased oxidative stress amongst waterpipe smokers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(5):731-42. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00912.
28. Jawad M, Roderick P. Integrating the impact of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco use among adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a cross-sectional, populationlevel model of toxicant exposure. Tob Control 2017;26:323-9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol2015-052777.
29. Markowicz P, Löndahl J, Wierzbicka A, Suleiman R, Shihadeh A, Larsson L. A study on particles and some microbial markers in waterpipe tobacco smoke. Sci Total Environ 2014;499:107- 13. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.0 55.
30. El-Zaatari ZM, Chami HA, Zaatari GS. Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking. Tob Control 2015;24(Suppl 1):i31-43. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol2014-051908.
31. Kadhum M, Jaffery A, Haq A, Bacon J, Madden B. Measuring the acute cardio vascular effects of shisha smoking: a cross-sectional study. JRSM Open 2014;5(6): 2054270414531127. doi: 10.1177/2054270414531127.

APA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S, Toprak D (2018). The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. , 101 - 108.
Chicago	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ Selen,Toprak Dilek The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. (2018): 101 - 108.
MLA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ Selen,Toprak Dilek The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. , 2018, ss.101 - 108.
AMA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. . 2018; 101 - 108.
Vancouver	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. . 2018; 101 - 108.
IEEE	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D "The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level." , ss.101 - 108, 2018.
ISNAD	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ, Selen - Toprak, Dilek. "The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level". (2018), 101-108.

APA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S, Toprak D (2018). The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine, 7(3), 101 - 108.
Chicago	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ Selen,Toprak Dilek The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 7, no.3 (2018): 101 - 108.
MLA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ Selen,Toprak Dilek The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine, vol.7, no.3, 2018, ss.101 - 108.
AMA	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 2018; 7(3): 101 - 108.
Vancouver	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 2018; 7(3): 101 - 108.
IEEE	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ S,Toprak D "The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine, 7, ss.101 - 108, 2018.
ISNAD	SOYLUOL GÜLEÇ, Selen - Toprak, Dilek. "The Effects of Smoking Cigarette and Hookah to the Breath Carbon Monoxide Level". Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 7/3 (2018), 101-108.