Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik

M. Selenga GÜRMEN (Özyeğin Üniversitesi)
Türk Psikoloji Yazıları
66 26
Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 44 Sayfa Aralığı: 15 - 31 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010 İndeks Tarihi: 03-05-2020

Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik

Öz:
Ortak ebeveynlik (co-parenting) ilişkisi, ebeveynler arasında partner ilişkisinden bağımsız, sadece çocukları ile ilgili kararları ve uygulamaları içeren bir kavramdır. Göreceli yeni bir kavram olan ortak ebeveynlik, ilk olarak 1980’lerde Amerika’da boşanmış ailelerde kavramlaştırılıp, araştırılmıştır. Daha sonraları halen evli, yeniden evlenmiş, hiç evlenmemiş gibi farklı aile yapılarında da farklı uzmanlar tarafından açıklanıp araştırılmıştır. Ortak ebeveynlik kavramı ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda, bu kavramın dinamik yapıda olduğu ve hem bireysel (ebeveyn ve çocuk özellikleri gibi) hem de ilişkisel (eş/eski eş arasındaki ilişki ve ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi) faktörlerden etkilendiği bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, ortak ebeveynliğin başta çocukların gelişimi ve psikolojik uyumu olmak üzere birçok bireysel, ilişkisel ve aile işlevi üzerinde etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu kavram ülkemizde henüz spesifik olarak adlandırılmamış ve araştırılmamıştır. Son dönemlerde tartışılan ortak velayet uygulamalarının bu konuyu daha da önemli bir hale taşıdığı göz önünde bulundurularak, bu kapsamlı derleme makalesi hazırlanmıştır. Var olan alanyazını bütün detaylarıyla derleyen bu makale, araştırmacılar ile klinisyen ve sosyal hizmetler çalışanları için bir çağrı niteliği taşımaktadır. Makalede, ortak ebeveynlik ilişkisi önce kuramsal ve kavramsal olarak açıklanacak, daha sonra alanyazında varolan çalışmalar ortak ebeveynliğin yordayıcıları ve sonuçları olarak farklı alt başlıklar altında incelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Sosyal Çalışma

Co-parenting: Never Ending Relationship Between Parents

Öz:
Co-parenting is a different construct than partner relationship as it only captures decisions and interactions that concern children. As a relatively new concept, co-parenting first conceptualized and studied among divorced families in the USA, in 1980s. Later, the relationship was conceptulized and examined in other family compositions such as still married, remarried, and never married. Co-parenting relationship is found to be affecting and being affected by individual (child and parent characterisctics) and relational factors (partner and parent-child relationship). There has been an extensive literature that shows the outcomes of co-parenting relationship on child development and pyschological adjustment as well as other individual, relational, and family-level factors. This construct is yet to be conceptualized and examined in Turkish context. Especially considering the discussions around possible family law changes regarding joint custody, the concept of co-parenting relationship gains more importance and urgency. The current review article is written as a response to this need and calls for researchers as well as clinicians and social workers to be more attuned to this construct. The current article provides an extensive literature review on different theoretical and conceptual frameworks regarding the concept of co-parenting. Further, it summarizes the existing literature on the predictors and outcomes of co-parenting relationship.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Sosyal Çalışma
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Ahrons, C. R. (1981). The continuing coparental relationship between divorced spouses. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(3), 415–428. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01390.x
  • Ahrons, C.R. (1994). The good divorce: Keeping your family together when your marriage comes apart. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Ahrons, C. R. (2007). Family ties after divorce: Long-term implications for children. Family Process, 46(1), 53–65. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00191.x
  • Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Amato, P. R. ve Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 222–235. doi:10.1111/j.17413737.2006.00243.x
  • Amato, P. R. ve Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26.
  • Amato, P. R., Kane, J. B. ve James, S. (2011). Reconsidering the “good divorce”. Family Relations, 60(5), 511-524.
  • Aquilino, W. S. (1994). Later life parental divorce and widowhood: Impact on young adults’ assessment of parent-child relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(2), 908-922.
  • Arditti, J. A. (1999). Rethinking relationships between divorced mothers and their children: Capitalizing on family strengths. Family Relations, 48(2), 109–119.
  • Arendell, T. (1996). Co-parenting: A review of the literature. Philadelphia, PA: National Center on Fathers and Families.
  • Bacon, B. L. ve McKenzie, B. (2004). Parent education after separation/divorce. Family Court Review, 42(1), 85-98.
  • Baum, N. (2003). Divorce process variables and the co-parental relationship and parental role fulfillment of divorced parents. Family Process, 42(1), 117–131. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00117.x
  • Baum, N. (2004). Typology of post-divorce parental relationships and behaviors. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 41(3-4), 53-79.
  • Baum, N. ve Shnit, D. (2003). Divorced parents’ conflict management styles: Self-differentiation and narcissism. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 39(3-4), 37-58.
  • Baxter, J., Weston, R. ve Qu, L. (2011). Family structure, co-parental relationship quality, post-separation paternal involvement and children’s emotional wellbeing. Journal of Family Studies, 17(2), 86–109. doi:10.5172/jfs.2011.17.2.86
  • Bernard, J. M., Nalbone, D. P., Hecker, L. L. ve Degges-White, S. E. (2015). Co-parenting factors that contribute to academic success. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 11(10).
  • Bonach, K. (2005). Factors contributing to quality coparenting: Implications for family policy. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3-4), 79-103.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Braithwaite, D. O., McBride, M. C. ve Schrodt, P. (2003). “Parent teams” and the everyday interactions of co-parenting in stepfamilies. Communication Reports, 16(2), 93-111.
  • Brinig, M. F. ve Buckley, F. H. (1998). No-fault laws and at-fault people. International Review of Law and Economics, 18(3), 325-340.
  • Buehler, C. ve Welsh, D. P. (2009). A process model of adolescents“ triangulation into parents” marital conflict: The role of emotional reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 167–180. doi:10.1037/ a0014976
  • Buehler, C., Anthony, C., Krishnakumar, A., Stone, G., Gerard, J. ve Pemberton, S. (1997). Interparental conflict and youth problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6(2), 233-247.
  • Buehler, C., Krishnakumar, A., Stone, G., Anthony, C., Pemberton, S., Gerard, J. ve Barber, B. K. (1998). Interparental conflict styles and youth problem behaviors: A two-sample replication study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(1), 119-132.
  • Burchinal, L. G. (1964). Characteristics of adolescents from unbroken, broken, and reconstituted families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 26(1), 44-51.
  • Camara, K. A. ve Resnick, G. (1989). Styles of conflict resolution and cooperation between divorced parents: Effects on child behavior and adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(4), 560– 575. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb02747.x
  • Carter, B., & McGoldrick, M. (2005). Overview: The expanded family life cycle: Individual, family, and social perspectives. In B. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The expanded family life cycle: Invidual, family, and social perspectives (pp. 1–26). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Christensen, D. H. ve Rettig, K. D. (1996). The relationship of remarriage to post-divorce co-parenting. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 24(1-2), 73–88. doi:10.1300/J087v24n01_06
  • Cohen, O. ve Finzi-Dottan, R. (2012). Reasons for divorce and mental health following the breakup. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(8), 581-601.
  • Cohen, R. S. ve Weissman, S. (1984). The parenting alliance. In R. S. Cohen, B. J. Cohler, S. Weissman (Eds.), Parenthood: A psychodynamic perspective (pp. 33-49). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Cooney, T. M., Hutchinson, M. K. ve Leather, D. M. (1995). Surviving the breakup? Predictors of parent-adult child relations after parental divorce. Family Relations, 44(2), 153–161.
  • Cooper, C. E., Beck, A. N., Högnäs, R. S. ve Swanson, J. (2015). Mothers’ partnership instability and coparenting among fragile families. Social science quarterly, 96(4), 1103-1116.
  • Crawford, J. M. (2013). Co-parent adoptions by same-sex couples: From loophole to law. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 80(3), 271–278. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.681
  • Cummings, E. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C. ve Papp, L. M. (2004). Everyday marital conflict and child aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(2), 191-202.
  • Deutsch, F. M. (2001). Equally shared parenting. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 25–28.
  • Dozier, B. S., Sollie, D. L. ve Stack, S. J. (1993). The effects of postdivorce attachment on coparenting relationships. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 19(3-4), 109-124.
  • Dush, C. M. K., Kotila, L. E. ve Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2011). Predictors of supportive coparenting after relationship dissolution among at-risk parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 356–365. doi:10.1037/a0023652
  • Egeren, L. A. (2004). The development of the coparenting relationship over the transition to parenthood. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(5), 453–477. doi:10.1002/imhj.20019
  • Egeren, L. A. V. ve Hawkins, D. P. (2004). Coming to terms with coparenting: Implications of definition and measurement. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 165–178. doi:10.1023/B:JADE.0000035625.74672.0b
  • Emery, R. E. (2011). Renegotiating family relationships: Divorce, child custody, and mediation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Emery, R. E., Sbarra, D. ve Grover, T. (2005). Divorce mediation: Research and reflections. Family Court Review, 43(1), 22-37.
  • Erel, O. ve Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent–child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 108–132. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.118.1.108.
  • Fagan, J. ve Kaufman, R. (2015). Co-parenting relationships among low-income, unmarried parents: Perspectives of fathers in fatherhood programs. Family Court Review, 53(2), 304-316.
  • Fagan, J. ve Palkovitz, R. (2011). Coparenting and relationship quality effects on father engagement: Variations by residence, romance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(3), 637–653. doi:10.1111/j.17413737.2011.00834.x
  • Favez, N., Tissot, H., Frascarolo, F., Stiefel, F., ve Despland, J. N. (2016). Sense of competence and beliefs about parental roles in mothers and fathers as predictors of coparenting and child engagement in mother–father–infant triadic interactions. Infant and Child Development, 25(4), 283-301.
  • Feinberg, J. (2009). Friends as co-parents. University of San Francisco Law Review, 43, 799 - 828.
  • Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173– 195. doi:10.1023/A:1019695015110
  • Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting, 3(2), 95–131. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_01
  • Feinberg, M. E., Kan, M. L. ve Hetherington, E. M. (2007). The longitudinal influence of coparenting conflict on parental negativity and adolescent maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(3), 687-702.
  • Ferrante, J. A. (2008). Co-parenting in intact and divorced families: Its impact on young adult adjustment. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Virginia Commonwealth University, VA.
  • Floyd, F. J. ve Zmich, D. E. (1991). Marriage and the parenting partnership: Perceptions and interactions of parents with mentally retarded and typically developing children. Child Development, 62(6), 1434-1448.
  • Forehand, R. ve Jones, D. J. (2003). Neighborhood violence and coparent conflict: Interactive influence on child psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(6), 591–604. doi:10.1023/A:1026206122470
  • Frank, S., Hole, C. B., Jacobson, S., Justkowski, R. ve Huyck, M. (1986). Psychological predictors of parents’ sense of confidence and control and self-versus child-focused gratifications. Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 348.
  • Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. ve Cherlin, A. J. (1991). Divided families: What happens to children when parents part. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. ve Nord, C. W. (1985). Parenting apart: Patterns of childrearing after marital disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 893–904.
  • Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., Nord, C. W., Peterson, J. L. ve Zill, N. (1983). The life course of children of divorce: Marital disruption and parental contact. American Sociological Review, 48(5), 656–668.
  • Gable, S., Belsky, J. ve Crnic, K. (1992). Marriage, parenting, and child development: Progress and prospects. Journal of Family Psychology, 5(3-4), 276.
  • Gable, S., Belsky, J. ve Crnic, K. (1995). Coparenting during the child’s 2nd year: A descriptive account. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(3), 609-616.
  • Gable, S., Crnic, K. ve Belsky, J. (1994). Coparenting within the family system: Influences on children’s development. Family Relations, 43(4), 380–386.
  • Garber, B. D. (2004). Directed co-parenting intervention: Conducting child-centered interventions in parallel with highly conflicted co-parents. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 35(1), 55-64.
  • Geasler, M. J. ve Blaisure, K. R. (1998). A review of divorce education program materials. Family Relations, 47(2), 167-175.
  • Giarrusso, R., Feng, D., Wang, Q.-W. ve Silverstein, M. (2013). Parenting and co-parenting of grandchildren: Effects on grandparents’ well-being and family solidarity. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 16(12), 124–154. doi:10.1108/ eb013288
  • Gürmen, M. S., Huff, S. C., Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2017). Divorced yet still together: ongoing personal relationship and coparenting among divorced parents. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 58(8), 645-660.
  • Hughes, F. M., Gordon, K. C. ve Gaertner, L. (2004). Predicting spouses’ perceptions of their parenting alliance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 506–514. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00034.x
  • Jacobvitz, D., Hazen, N., Curran, M. ve Hitchens, K. (2004). Observations of early triadic family interactions: Boundary disturbances in the family predict symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 16(3), 577592. doi:10.1017/S0954579404004675
  • Kan, M. L., McHale, S. M. ve Crouter, A. C. (2008). Interparental incongruence in differential treatment of adolescent siblings: Links with marital quality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 466–479. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00494.x
  • Katz, L. F. ve Woodin, E. M. (2002). Hostility, hostile detachment, and conflict engagement in marriages: Effects on child and family functioning. Child Development, 73(2), 636–651.
  • Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Norton.
  • Kelly, J. B. (2004). Developing beneficial parenting plan models for children following separation and divorce. Journal of American Academia of Matrimonial Law, 19, 237-254.
  • Kocayörük, E. (2010). Ergen gelişiminde aile işlevleri ve baba katılımı. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(33), 37-45.
  • Kolak, A. M. ve Volling, B. L. (2007). Parental expressiveness as a moderator of coparenting and marital relationship quality. Family Relations, 56(5), 467–478.
  • Krishnakumar, A. ve Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Family Relations, 49(1), 25–44. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x.
  • Kruk, E. (1993). Promoting co-operative parenting after separation: a therapeutic/interventionist model of family mediation. Journal of Family Therapy, 15(3), 235–261. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.1993.00757.x
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 79-91.
  • Lam, C. B., Tam, C., Chung, K. K. H., ve Li, X. (2018). The link between coparenting cooperation and child social competence: The moderating role of child negative affect. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 692.
  • Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., & Bastos, A. (2013). Attachment, coparenting and family adjustment profiles in newly divorced parents: differences in psychological adjustment. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(1), 19-28.
  • Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., Bastos, A., & Feinberg, M. (2016). Typologies of post-divorce coparenting and parental well-being, parenting quality and children’s psychological adjustment. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(5), 716-728.
  • Lamela, D., Jongenelen, I., Morais, A. ve Figueiredo, B. (2017). Cognitive-affective depression and somatic symptoms clusters are differentially associated with maternal parenting and coparenting. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 37-48.
  • Le, Yunying, McDaniel, Brandon T., Leavitt, Chelom E., ve Feinberg, Mark E. (2016). Journal of Family Psychology, 30(8), 918-926.
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006-1017.
  • Maccoby, E. E., Depner, C. E. ve Mnookin, R. H. (1990). Coparenting in the second year after divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(1), 141-155.
  • Macie, K. M. ve Stolberg, A. L. (2003). Assessing parenting after divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 39(1-2), 89–107. doi:10.1300/J087v39n01_06
  • Madden-Derdich, D. A. ve Arditti, J. A. (1999). The ties that bind: Attachment between former spouses. Family Relations, 48(3), 243-249.
  • Madden-Derdich, D. A., Leonard, S. A. ve Christopher, F. S. (1999). Boundary ambiguity and coparental conflict after divorce: An empirical test of a family systems model of the divorce process. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 588-598.
  • Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B. ve John, R. S. (2001). Coparenting: A link between marital conflict and parenting in two-parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 3–21. doi:10.1037/08933200.15.1.3
  • Markham, M. S., Ganong, L. H. ve Coleman, M. (2007). Coparental identity and mothers’ cooperation in coparental relationships. Family Relations, 56(4), 369–377.
  • Marriott, B. H. (2011). Coparenting and father involvement in married and unmarried co-resident couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 296–309. doi:10.1111/j.1741- 3737.2010.00805.x.
  • McHale, J. P. (1995). Coparenting and triadic interactions during infancy: The roles of marital distress and child gender. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 985–996. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.6.985
  • McHale, J. P. (1997). Overt and covert coparenting processes in the family. Family Process, 36(2), 183– 201. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1997.00183.x
  • McHale, J. P. ve Rasmussen, J. L. (1998). Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: Early family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool. Development and Psychopathology, 10(1), 39-59.
  • McIntosh, J. E. ve Deacon-Wood, H. B. (2003). Group interventions for separated parents in entrenched conflict: An exploration of evidence-based frameworks. Journal of Family Studies, 9(2), 187-199.
  • McKenry, P. C., Clark, K. A. ve Stone, G. (1999). Evaluation of a parent education program for divorcing parents. Family Relations, 48(2), 129–137.
  • McLanahan, S. ve Beck, A. N. (2010). Parental relationships in fragile families. The Future of Children, 20(2), 17–37.
  • Metz, M., Majdandžić, M. ve Bögels, S. (2016). Concurrent and predictive associations between infants’ and toddlers’ fearful temperament, coparenting, and parental anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-12.
  • Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56(2), 289-302.
  • Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Mitcham-Smith, M. ve Henry, W. J. (2007). High-conflict divorce solutions: Parenting coordination as an innovative co-parenting intervention. The Family Journal, 15(4), 368–373. doi:10.1177/1066480707303751
  • Mullett, E. K. ve Stolberg, A. (1999). The development of the co-parenting behaviors questionnaire. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 31(3-4), 115–137. doi:10.1300/J087v31n03_07
  • Neff, R. ve Cooper, K. (2004). Parental conflict resolution. Family Court Review, 42(1), 99-114.
  • Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2018). Transactions within the family: Coparenting mediates associations between parents’ relationship satisfaction and the parent–child relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 553-564. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000413
  • Reid, W. J. ve Crisafulli, A. (1990). Marital discord and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(1), 105-117.
  • Riina, E. M., & Feinberg, M. E. (2018). The trajectory of coparenting relationship quality across early adolescence: Family, community, and parent gender influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 599-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ fam0000426
  • Roberson, P. N., Nalbone, D. P., Hecker, L. H. ve Miller, J. A. (2010). Adult attachment style as a predictor of coparent relationships postdivorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 51(3), 185-207.
  • Roberson, P. N., Sabo, M. ve Wickel, K. (2011). Internal working models of attachment and postdivorce coparent relationships. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(3), 187-201.
  • Rodgers, R. H. ve Conrad, L. M. (1986). Courtship for remarriage: Influences on family reorganization after divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(4), 767-775.
  • Rohde-Brown, J. ve Rudestam, K. E. (2011). The role of forgiveness in divorce adjustment and the impact of affect. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(2), 109–124. doi:10.1080/10502556.2011.546233
  • Rowntree, G. (1955). Early childhood in broken families. Population Studies, 8(3), 247-263.
  • Russell, L. T., Beckmeyer, J. J., Coleman, M. ve Ganong, L. (2016). Perceived barriers to postdivorce coparenting: Differences between men and women and associations with coparenting behaviors. Family Relations, 65(3), 450-461.
  • Schum, L. ve Stolberg, A. L. (2007). Standardization of the co-parenting behavior questionnaire. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 47(3-4), 103–132. doi:10.1300/J087v47n03_06
  • Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Beaman, J. ve Conger, R. D. (1994). The impact of mothers’ parenting, involvement by nonresidential fathers, and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(2), 356374.
  • Sobolewski, J. M. ve Amato, P. R. (2007). Parents’ discord and divorce, parent-child relationships and subjective well-being in early adulthood: Is feeling close to two parents always better than feeling close to one? Social Forces, 85(3), 1105-1124.
  • Sobolewski, J. M. ve King, V. (2005). The importance of the coparental relationship for nonresident fathers’ ties to children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1196–1212. doi:10.1111/j.17413737.2005.00210.x
  • Starnes, C. L. (2012). Lovers, parents, and partners: disentangling spousal and co-parenting commitments. Ariz. L. Rev., 54, 197-239.
  • Stright, A. D. ve Bales, S. S. (2003). Coparenting quality: contributions of child and parent characteristics. Family Relations, 52(3), 232–240.
  • Stright, A. D. ve Neitzel, C. (2003). Beyond parenting: Coparenting and children’s classroom adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(1), 31–40. doi:10.1080/01650250143000580
  • Symoens, S., Bastaits, K., Mortelmans, D. ve Bracke, P. (2013). Breaking up, breaking hearts? Characteristics of the divorce process and well-being after divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54(3), 177-196.
  • Teubert, D. ve Pinquart, M. (2010). The association between coparenting and child adjustment: A meta-analysis. Parenting, 10(4), 286–307. doi:10.108 0/15295192.2010.492040
  • Thornton, A. (1985). Changing attitudes toward separation and divorce: Causes and consequences. American Journal of Sociology, 90(4), 856-872.
  • Trombetta, D. ve Lebbos, B. W. (2005). Co-parenting: Everyone’s best interest. Family Court Review, 17(3), 13–26. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.1979. tb00803.x
  • Umemura, T., Christopher, C., Mann, T., Jacobvitz, D. ve Hazen, N. (2015). Coparenting problems with toddlers predict children’s symptoms of psychological problems at age 7. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(6), 981-996.
  • Van Krieken, R. (2005). The ‘best interests of the child’ and parental separation: On the “civilizing of parents.” The Modern Law Review, 68(1), 25–48.
  • Vanderkool, L. ve Pearson, J. (1983). Mediating divorce disputes: Mediator behaviors, styles and roles. Family Relations, 32(4), 557-566.
  • Visher, E. B. ve Visher, J. S. (1989). Parenting coalitions after remarriage: Dynamics and therapeutic guidelines. Family Relations, 38(1), 65–70.
  • Vosler, N. R. ve Robertson, J. G. (1998). Nonmarital co-parenting: Knowledge building for practice. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 79(2), 149-159.
  • Walker, J. (1993). Co-operative parenting post-divorce: possibility or pipedream? Journal of Family Therapy, 15(3), 273–293. doi:10.1111/j.14676427.1993.00759.x
  • Whisman, M. A. (2001) The association between depression and marital dissatisfaction. In S. R. H. Beach (Ed.), Marital and family processes in depression: A scientific foundation for clinical practice (pp. 3–24). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Whiteside, M. F. (1998). The parental alliance following divorce: An overview. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 24(1), 3-24.
  • Whiteside, M. F. ve Becker, B. J. (2000). Parental factors and the young child’s postdivorce adjustment: A meta-analysis with implications for parenting arrangements. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 5–26. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.5
  • Wilson, G. B. (2008). Conflict and co-parenting: The constructs of nonresident fathers. Family Court Review, 46(4), 609–621. doi:10.1111/j.17441617.2008.00227.x
  • Young, M., Riggs, S. ve Kaminski, P. (2017). Role of Marital Adjustment in Associations Between Romantic Attachment and Coparenting. Family Relations, 66(2), 331-345.
APA GÜRMEN M (2019). Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. , 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
Chicago GÜRMEN M. Selenga Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. (2019): 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
MLA GÜRMEN M. Selenga Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. , 2019, ss.15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
AMA GÜRMEN M Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. . 2019; 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
Vancouver GÜRMEN M Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. . 2019; 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
IEEE GÜRMEN M "Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik." , ss.15 - 31, 2019. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
ISNAD GÜRMEN, M. Selenga. "Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik". (2019), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
APA GÜRMEN M (2019). Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22(44), 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
Chicago GÜRMEN M. Selenga Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 22, no.44 (2019): 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
MLA GÜRMEN M. Selenga Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, vol.22, no.44, 2019, ss.15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
AMA GÜRMEN M Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2019; 22(44): 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
Vancouver GÜRMEN M Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2019; 22(44): 15 - 31. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
IEEE GÜRMEN M "Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik." Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22, ss.15 - 31, 2019. 10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
ISNAD GÜRMEN, M. Selenga. "Çocukla Gelen ve Hiç Bitmeyen İlişki: Ortak Ebeveynlik". Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 22/44 (2019), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120181126m000010
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
17-04-2024 14:11

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları