Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 44 Sayfa Aralığı: 52 - 76 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014 İndeks Tarihi: 03-05-2020

“Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları

Öz:
Bu makalenin amacı yazında erkeksilik, erkeklik ve erkeklik stresi adı altında yapılan araştırmaları kalıpyargılar, tutumlar ve ayrımcılık ana başlıkları altında sosyal psikolojik açıdan sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak, toplumsal cinsiyet kalıpyargıları çerçevesinde erkeksilik ve erkeksi kalıpyargılar hakkındaki çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. İkinci olarak, tutum seviyesinde ele alınan erkeklik ve erkeklik ideolojisi konusundaki çalışmalar, özellikle uluslararası yazında erkeksilik/erkeklikle ilgili tutumları farklı yaklaşımlarla ölçen ölçekler, bağlamında sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, erkeklik rollerine ve normlarına uy(a)mamanın yarattığı çelişki, stres ve gerginlik konusundaki ölçek çalışmalarına da değinilmiştir. Yazındaki bu tür korelasyonel çalışmalar, nitel çalışmalar ve ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarının yanı sıra erkeklik kavramını deneysel çalışmalarla test eden kırılgan erkeklik kuramı da sunulmuştur. Üçüncü olarak, erkekliğin, hem birey olarak erkeklere hem de diğerlerine verdiği zararlar ayrımcılık kapsamında bir araya toplanmıştır. Son olarak, Türkiye yazınında, özellikle sosyal psikoloji çalışmalarına odaklanılarak, erkeklik konusunu farklı bakış açılarıyla ele alan çalışmalar sunulmuş ve gelecek çalışmalar için önerilere yer verilmiştir. Ele alınan araştırmalara göre, betimsel erkeksi kalıpyargılar bir taraftan bilişsel kolaylıklar sunarken diğer yandan özellikle buyurgan ve yasaklayıcı kalıpyargılara uymayanlar cezalandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca, statü, kadınsılıktan uzak durma, sertlik, başarılı olma, duygularını saklama vb. gibi normatif özelliklerle ölçülen erkeklik normları, erkekler üzerinde bireysel baskılar ve problemler yaratmakta; erkekliklerine tehdit algıladıklarında (örn., kadınsı olduklarının belirtilmesi durumunda) erkekler kendilerine veya diğerlerine (örn., kadınlar ve geyler) zararlı olabilecek riskli davranışlar, şiddet ve öfke göstermektedirler. Tüm bu çalışmalar, erkek olmanın inşasındaki dinamikleri ve olumsuz toplumsal ve bireysel sonuçları açıklar niteliktedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Psikoloji

To Be or Not to Be “Man”: Masculinity/Manhood Studies from Social Psychological Perspective

Öz:
The purpose of the current review is to present studies on masculinity, manhood, and masculine gender role stress under the main subtitles of gender stereotypes, attitudes, and discrimination from social psychological perspectives. First of all, from gender stereotype perspective, studies on masculinity and gender role stereotypes are presented. Secondly, masculine ideologies which have been examined at the attitudes and attitude measurement level, especially attitude scales measuring male role, masculine ideology or men are covered. Further, the scales about gender role stress are included. Then, precarious manhood theory, which tests manhood issues with experimental method, is explained. Thirdly, reflecting discrimination, destructive outputs of masculinity and manhood on men and others (such as women and gay men) are presented. Lastly, studies, especially social psychological research, on masculinity and manhood conducted in Turkey are introduced, and some future suggestions are given. According to the studies, prescriptive and proscriptive stereotypes have some backlash effect for those who transgress them while descriptive masculine stereotypes serve cognitive functions. Also, masculine norms and masculinity ideology which reflect the importance of status, antifemininity, toughness, non-emotionality, and achievement etc. create some individual and interpersonal problems. Men who feel that their masculinities are threatened may present risky, violent and aggressive behaviors towards themselves and others. All these studies show that the construction of masculinity/manhood may create some societal problems.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Psikoloji
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
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APA SAKALLI N, TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B (2019). “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. , 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
Chicago SAKALLI Nuray,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL BERİL “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. (2019): 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
MLA SAKALLI Nuray,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL BERİL “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. , 2019, ss.52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
AMA SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. . 2019; 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
Vancouver SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. . 2019; 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
IEEE SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B "“Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları." , ss.52 - 76, 2019. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
ISNAD SAKALLI, Nuray - TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL, BERİL. "“Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları". (2019), 52-76. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
APA SAKALLI N, TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B (2019). “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22(44), 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
Chicago SAKALLI Nuray,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL BERİL “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 22, no.44 (2019): 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
MLA SAKALLI Nuray,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL BERİL “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, vol.22, no.44, 2019, ss.52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
AMA SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2019; 22(44): 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
Vancouver SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B “Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2019; 22(44): 52 - 76. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
IEEE SAKALLI N,TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL B "“Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları." Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22, ss.52 - 76, 2019. 10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
ISNAD SAKALLI, Nuray - TÜRKOĞLU DEMİREL, BERİL. "“Erkek” Olmak ya da Olmamak: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Erkeksilik/Erkeklik Çalışmaları". Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 22/44 (2019), 52-76. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014