Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 64 - 84 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.3906/yer-1906-14 İndeks Tarihi: 05-05-2020
Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)
Öz: The Lower Oligocene succession of the İhsaniye Formation, exposed at Karaburun on the Turkish (Thrace) coast of the BlackSea, provides insights into potential hydrocarbon source rock extent in the southwestern part of the Black Sea Basin. Presently, nodetailed study of the İhsaniye Formation exists with regards to organic matter content and type. We analyzed 78 fine-grained samplesfrom a c. 70-m-thick section near Karaburun. Relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (average 1.45 wt.%) are present inthe lower part of the İhsaniye Formation; the hydrogen index values reach a maximum of 252 mg HC/g TOC, indicating the presence oftype III–II kerogen, and the organic matter is thermally immature (Tmax 418 °C). The presence of foraminifera and TOC/S ratios below2.8 confirm a fully marine environment. Elevated TOC contents and very low pristane/phytane ratios indicate an oxygen-depletedenvironment during deposition of the lower part of the İhsaniye Formation. The quartz/clay minerals ratio suggests a deepening trend inthe lower part of the succession and a shallowing trend in the upper part. Peculiarly, the low salinity “Solenovian Event” (in nannofossilzone NP23) is not developed although Sr isotope ratios indicate that the basin was only connected to the Mediterranean for shortperiods during deposition of the İhsaniye Formation.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Akartuna M (1953). Geology of Çatalca-Karacaköy Region. University of İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakülesi Monografileri 13: 88 (in Turkish).
- Bailey TR, McArthur JM, Prince H, Thirlwall MF (2000). Dissolution methods for strontium isotope stratigraphy: whole rock analysis. Chemical Geology 167 (3-4): 313-319. doi: 10.1016/ s0009-2541(99)00235-1
- Barker S, Greaves M, Elderfield H (2003). A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4 (9): 1-20. doi: 10.1029/2003gc000559
- Bechtel A, Gratzer R, Sachsenhofer RF, Gusterhuber J, Lücke A et al. (2008). Biomarker and carbon isotope variation in coal and fossil wood of Central Europe through the Cenozoic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262 (3-4): 166-175. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.005
- Bray EE, Evans ED (1961). Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 22 (1): 2-15. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(61)90069-2
- Burkan K (1992). Geochemical evaluation of the Thrace Basin. Proceedings of the 9th Petroleum Congress of Turkey 48: 34.
- Chatalov GA (1988). Recent developments in the geology of the Strandzha Zone in Bulgaria. Bulletin of the Technical University of İstanbul 41: 433-465.
- Cheshitev G, Kancev I (1989). Geological map of People`s Republic of Bulgaria. 1:500.000. Committee of Geology, Department of Geophysical Prospecting and Geological Mapping, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Demaison G, Huizinga BJ (1994). Genetic classification of petroleum systems using three factors: charge, migration and entrapment. AAPG Memoirs 60: 73-92.
- Didyk BM, Simoneit BR, Brassell ST, Eglinton G (1978). Organic geochemical indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature 272 (5650): 216-222. doi: 10.1038/272216a0
- Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967). Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156 (3780): 1322-1335. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3780.1322
- Ficken KJ, Li B, Swain DL, Eglinton G (2000). An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry 31 (7-8): 745- 749. doi: 10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00081-4
- Flecker R, De Villiers S, Ellam RM (2002). Modelling the effect of evaporation on the salinity - 87Sr/86Sr relationship in modern and ancient marginal-marine systems: the Mediterranean Messinian Salinity Crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203 (1): 221-233. doi: 10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00848-8
- Flecker R, Ellam RM (2006). Identifying Late Miocene episodes of connection and isolation in the Mediterranean-Paratethyan realm using Sr isotopes. Sedimentary Geology 188-189: 189- 203. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.005
- Flügel E (2004). Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science and Business Media. doi: 10.5860/choice.42-3437
- Gedik İ, Timur E, Umut M, Bilgin AZ, Pehlivan Ş et al. (2014). Geological Maps of Turkey, 1:50.000 scale İstanbul F21-a sheet and explanatory notes. Ankara, Turkey: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
- Gürgey K (1999). Geochemical characteristic and thermal maturity of oils from the Thrace basin (western Turkey) and western Turkmenistan. Journal of Petroleum Geology 22 (2): 167-189. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1999.tb00466.x
- Gürgey K (2009). Geochemical overview and undiscovered gas resources generated from Hamitabat petroleum system in the Thrace Basin, Turkey. Marine and Petroleum Geology 26 (7): 1240-1254. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.08.007
- Gürgey K, Batı Z (2018). Palynological and petroleum geochemical assessment of the Lower Oligocene Mezardere Formation, Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal Earth Sciences 27 (5): 349-383. doi: 10.3906/yer-1710-24
- Gürgey K, Philp RP, Emiroglu H, Siyako M, Uygur E et al. (2003). Geochemical characterization of natural gas; n-alkane carbon isotope approach and its implication to source, maturity, migration, and mixing deductions. Proceedings of the 14th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, pp. 174.
- Gürgey K, Philp RP, Emiroglu H, Siyako M, Uygur E et al. (2005). Geochemical and isotopic approach to maturity/source/ mixing estimations for natural gas and associated condensates in the Thrace basin, Turkey. Applied Geochemistry 20 (11): 2017-2037. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.012
- Hans U, Kleine T, Bourdon B (2013). Rb-Sr chronology of volatile depletion in differentiated protoplanets: BABI, ADOR and ALL revisited. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 374: 204- 214. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.029
- Horwitz Philip E, Chiarizia R, Dietz ML (1992). A novel strontium-selective extraction chromatographic resin. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 10 (2): 313-336. doi: 10.1080/07366299208918107
- Horwitz Philip E, Dietz ML, Fisher DE (1991). Separation and preconcentration of strontium from biological, environmental, and nuclear waste samples by extraction chromatography using a crown ether. Analytical Chemistry 63 (5): 522-525. doi: 10.1021/ac00005a027
- Hoșgörmez H, Yalçın MN, Cramer B, Gerling P, Mann U (2005). Molecular and isotopic composition of gas occurrences in the Thrace basin (Turkey): origin of the gases and characteristics of possible source rocks. Chemical Geology 214 (1-2): 179-191. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.09.004
- Huvaz O, Karahanoglu N, Ediger V (2007). The thermal gradient history of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey: correlation with basin evolution process. Journal of Petroleum Geology 30 (1): 3-24. doi:10.1111/j.1747-5457.2007.00003.x
- İslamoğlu Y, Harzhauser M, Gross M, Jiménez-Moreno G, Ćorić S et al. (2010). From Tethys to Eastern Paratethys: Oligocene depositional environments, paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Thrace Basin (NW Turkey). International Journal of Earth Science 99 (1): 183-200. doi: 10.1007/s00531-008-0378-0
- Lafargue E, Marquis F, Pillot D (1998). Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production, and soil contamination studies. Revue de l’institut français du pétrole 53 (4): 421-437. doi: 10.2516/ogst:1998036
- Less G, Özcan E, Okay AI (2011). Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20 (6): 793-845. doi: 10.3906/yer-1010-53
- Major CO, Goldstein SL, Ryan WBF, Lericolais G, Piotrowski AM et al (2006). The co-evolution of Black Sea level and composition through the last deglaciation and its paleoclimatic significance. Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (17-18): 2031-2047. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.032
- Major CO, Ryan WBF, Lericolais G, Hajdas I (2002). Constraints on Black Sea outflow to the Sea of Marmara during the last glacial-interglacial transition. Marine Geology 190 (1-2): 19-34. doi:10.1016/s0025-3227(02)00340-7
- Mattinson JM (1972). Preparation of hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids at ultralow lead levels. Analytical Chemistry 44 (9): 1715-1716. doi: 10.1021/ac60317a032
- Mayer J, Rupprecht BJ, Sachsenhofer RF, Tari G, Bechtel A et al. (2018). Source potential and depositional environment of Oligocene and Miocene rocks offshore Bulgaria. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464 (1): 307-328. doi: 10.1144/sp464.2
- McArthur JM, Howarth RJ, Shields GA (2012). Strontium isotope stratigraphy. In: Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz M, Ogg G (editors). The Geologic Time Scale. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 127-144. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444- 59425-9.00007-x
- Moldowan MJ, Wolfgang K (1985). Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. AAPG Bulletin 69 (8): 1255. doi: 10.1306/ad462bc8- 16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d
- Moore LJ, Murphy TJ, Barnes IL, Paulsen PJ (1982). Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and atomic weight of a reference sample of strontium. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 87 (1): 1. doi: 10.6028/jres.087.001
- Natal’in B, Say AG (2015). Eocene - Oligocene stratigraphy and structural history of the Karaburun area, southwestern Black Sea coast, Turkey: transition from extension to compression. Geological Magazine 152: 1104-1122. doi:10.1017/ s0016756815000229
- Nevesskaja LA, Goncharova IA, Iljina LB, Paramonova NP, Popov SV et al. (1987). History of the Paratethys. Ann Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici 70: 337-342.
- Nier AO (1938). The isotopic constitution of strontium, barium, bismuth, thallium and mercury. Physical Review 54 (4): 275- 278. doi: 10.1103/physrev.54.275
- Okay A, Özcan E, Hakyemez A, Siyako M, Sunal G et al. (2019). The Thrace Basin and the Black Sea: the Eocene-Oligocene marine connection. Geological Magazine 156 (23): 39-61. doi: 10.1017/S0016756817000772
- Okay A, Şengör AM, Görür N (1994). Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology 22 (3): 267-270. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0267:KHOTOO>2.3.CO;2
- Okay AL, Satır M, Tüysüz O, Akyüz S, Chen F (2001). The tectonics of the Strandja Massif: late-Variscan and mid-Mesozoic deformation and metamorphism in the northern Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90 (2): 217-233
- Oktay F, Eren RH, Sakınç M (1992). Sedimentary geology of eastern Thrace Oligocene Basin around Karaburun-Yeniköy. In Proceedings of the 9th Petroleum Congress of Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists 92-101 (in Turkish).
- Ourisson G, Albrecht P, Rohmer M (1979). The Hopanoids: palaeochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural products. Pure and Applied Chemistry 51 (4): 709-729. doi: 10.1351/pac197951040709
- Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan JM (2005). The Biomarker Guide Volume 1: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/s0016756806212056
- Pin C, Briot D, Bassin C, Poitrasson F (1994). Concomitant separation of strontium and samarium-neodymium for isotopic analysis in silicate samples, based on specific extraction chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta 298 (2): 209-217. doi: 10.1016/0003- 2670(94)00274-6
- Popov SV, Iliana LB, Nikolayeva YA (1985). Molluscs and ostracods from the Oligocene Solenovian horizon of the Eastern Paratethys. Paleontological Journal 1: 28-41 (in Russian).
- Popov SV, Rögl F, Rozanov AY, Steininger FF, Shcherba IG et al. (2004). Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys - 10 maps Late Eocene to Pliocene. Stuttgart, Germany: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
- Popov SV, Voronina AA, Gontscharova IA (1993). Stratigraphy and bivalves of the Oligocene-Lower Miocene of the Eastern Paratethys. Moscow, Russia: Publications of the Paleontological Institute, 256, Russian Academy of Sciences, (in Russian).
- Pupp M, Bechtel A, Ćorić S, Gratzer R, Rustamov J et al. (2018). Eocene and Oligo-Miocene Source Rocks in the Rioni and Kura basins of Georgia: depositional environment and petroleum potential. Journal of Petroleum Geology 41 (3): 367-392. doi: 10.1111/jpg.12708
- Radke M, Willsch H, Welte DH (1980). Preparative hydrocarbon group type determination by automated medium pressure liquid chromatography. Analytical Chemistry 52 (3): 406-411. doi: 10.1021/ac50053a009
- Rusu A (1999). Rupelian mollusk fauna of Solenovian type found in Eastern Carpathians (Romania). Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 2: 449-452.
- Sachsenhofer RF, Popov SV, Bechtel A, Ćorić S, Francu J et al. (2018a). Oligocene and Lower Miocene source rocks in the Paratethys: palaeogeographic and stratigraphic controls. In: Simmons M (editor). Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea. Geological Society Special Publication 464 (1): 267-306. doi: 10.1144/sp464.1
- Sachsenhofer RF, Popov SV, Ćorić, S, Mayer J, Misch D et al. (2018b). Paratethyan petroleum source rocks: an overview. Journal of Petroleum Geology 41: 219-245. doi: 10.1111/jpg.12702
- Sachsenhofer RF, Stummer B, Georgiev G, Dellmour R, Bechtel A et al. (2009). Depositional environment and hydrocarbon source potential of the Oligocene Ruslar Formation (Kamchia Depression; Western Black Sea). Marine and Petroleum Geology 26 (1): 57-84. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.08.004
- Sakınç M (1994). Karaburun (B İstanbul) denizel oligoseninin stratigrafisi ve paleontolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 116: 9-14.
- Sancay HR, Batı Z. (2020). Late Eocene to Early Oligocene palynostratigraphy of the Western Black Sea, Eastern Paratethys. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 115-138.
- Sarı A, Savan AK (2008). Organic Geochemical Investigations of the Tertiary Units in the Thrace Basin (Edirne, Turkey). Petroleum Science and Technology 6 (3): 322-345. doi: 10.1080/10916460600809485
- Schultz LG (1964). Quantitative interpretation of mineralogical composition from X-ray and chemical data for the Pierre Shale, United States. Geological Survey Professional Paper. doi: 10.3133/pp391c
- Sedat I, Yalçın MN (1997). Evolution of the thermal maturity in the Thrace Basin: revisited. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 6: 21- 31.
- Seifert WK, Moldowan JM (1980). The effect of thermal stress on source-rock quality as measured by hopane stereochemistry. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 12: 229-237. doi: 10.1016/0079-1946(79)90107-1
- Şen Ş (2011). Petroleum Source Rock Assessment of the Southwestern Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 33 (11): 1005-1017. doi:1 0.1080/15567036.2010.485177
- Simmons MD, Bidgood MD, Connel PG, Ćorić S, Okay AI et al. (2020). Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Oligocene succession (İhsaniye formation) at Karaburun (NW Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 28-63.
- Simmons MD, Tari GC, Okay AI (2018). Petroleum geology of the Black Sea: introduction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 464 (1): 1-18. doi: 10.1144/sp464.15
- Simoneit BRT, Grimalt JO, Wang TG, Cox RE, Hatcher PG et al. (1986). Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals. Organic Geochemistry 10 (4-6): 877-889. doi: 10.1016/s0146-6380(86)80025-0
- Steiger RH, Jäger E (1977). Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36 (3): 359-362. doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(77)90060-7
- Taylor GH, Teichmüller M, Davis A, Diessel CFK, Littke R et al. (1998). Organic Petrology. Berlin, Germany: Gebrüder Borntaeger.
- Topper RPM, Flecker R, Meijer PT, Wortel MJR (2011). A box model of the Late Miocene Mediterranean Sea: implications from combined 87Sr/86Sr and salinity data. Paleoceanography 26 (3) PA. doi: 10.1029/2010pa002063
- Voronina AA, Popov SV (1984). Solenovian horizon from Eastern Paratethys. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser Geology 9: 41-53 (in Russian).
- Yücel AO, Özcan E, Erbil Ü. (2020). Latest Priabonian larger benthic foraminiferal assemblages at the demise of the Soğucak Carbonate Platform (Thrace Basin and Black Sea shelf, NW Turkey): implications for shallow marine biostratigraphy. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 85-114.
- Yurtsever A, Çağlayan A (2002). Geological maps of Turkey, 1:100.000 scale, İstanbul F21 and G21 sheet and explanatory text. Ankara, Turkey: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
| APA | TULAN E, SACHSENHOFER R, TARI G, FLECKER R, FAIRBANK V, PUPP M, ICKERT R (2020). Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). , 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| Chicago | TULAN Emilia,SACHSENHOFER Reinhard F.,TARI Gabor,FLECKER Rachel,FAIRBANK Vanessa,PUPP Magdalena,ICKERT Ryan B. Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). (2020): 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| MLA | TULAN Emilia,SACHSENHOFER Reinhard F.,TARI Gabor,FLECKER Rachel,FAIRBANK Vanessa,PUPP Magdalena,ICKERT Ryan B. Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). , 2020, ss.64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| AMA | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). . 2020; 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| Vancouver | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). . 2020; 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| IEEE | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R "Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)." , ss.64 - 84, 2020. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| ISNAD | TULAN, Emilia vd. "Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)". (2020), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| APA | TULAN E, SACHSENHOFER R, TARI G, FLECKER R, FAIRBANK V, PUPP M, ICKERT R (2020). Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 29(1), 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| Chicago | TULAN Emilia,SACHSENHOFER Reinhard F.,TARI Gabor,FLECKER Rachel,FAIRBANK Vanessa,PUPP Magdalena,ICKERT Ryan B. Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no.1 (2020): 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| MLA | TULAN Emilia,SACHSENHOFER Reinhard F.,TARI Gabor,FLECKER Rachel,FAIRBANK Vanessa,PUPP Magdalena,ICKERT Ryan B. Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.29, no.1, 2020, ss.64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| AMA | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2020; 29(1): 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| Vancouver | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2020; 29(1): 64 - 84. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| IEEE | TULAN E,SACHSENHOFER R,TARI G,FLECKER R,FAIRBANK V,PUPP M,ICKERT R "Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 29, ss.64 - 84, 2020. 10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
| ISNAD | TULAN, Emilia vd. "Source rock potential and depositional environment of the Lower Oligocene İhsaniye Formation in NW Turkey (Thrace, Karaburun)". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 29/1 (2020), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1906-14 |
