Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 235 - 241 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 İndeks Tarihi: 27-11-2020
Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk
Öz: Synthetic cathinones are new designer drugs that possess hallucinogenic and psychostimulant properties, and are designed to mimic the effectsof illegal substances such as cocaine, amphetamines, and 3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and to produce rewarding effects,circumventing existing laws and penalties. Synthetic cathinones, also referred to as ‘bath salts’, have become popular particularly among youngpeople since the mid-2000s. Similar to other psychomotor stimulants, synthetic cathinones have the potential to increase monoamine concentrationin the synaptic cleft by targeting the plasma membrane transporters of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Because of their structuralsimilarities to amphetamines, it has been suggested that synthetic cathinones may have a neurotoxicity profile similar to that of their amphetaminecongeners. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that synthetic cathinones may induce neurotoxicity on monoamine nerve endings in the striatum,hippocampus, and cortex. To date, with regard to synthetic cathinone neurotoxicity, parameters such as monoamine depletion, biosynthetic enzymeinhibition, cytotoxicity, generation of reactive oxygen species, pro-oxidation status, and the ability to induce neuroinflammation were investigatedin both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies. Compared with amphetamines, synthetic cathinones appear to have more moderate effects thantheir amphetamine congeners in terms of neurotoxic effects. However, many synthetic cathinone users take these substances simultaneously withother substances such as benzodiazepines, amphetamines, ecstasy, tetrahydrocannabinol, and ethanol and this abuse can modify their neurotoxiceffects. Hence, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of early neurotoxic effects in case of polysubstance use. In this review, weaimed to present up-to-date information on the abuse potential of synthetic cathinones, their legal status, mechanism of action, and particularlytheir neurotoxic effects.
Anahtar Kelime: Psikoaktif Banyo Tuzları ve Nörotoksisite Riski
Öz: Sentetik katinonlar, mevcut yasa ve cezaları atlatabilmek amacıyla, kokain, amfetamin ve 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin (ekstazi) gibi yasadışı maddelerin etkilerini taklit etmek ve benzer ödüllendirici etkiler yaratmak üzere geliştirilmiş halüsinojenik ve psikostimülan özellikte yeni tasarlanmış yasadışı maddelerdir. Banyo tuzları olarak da bilinen sentetik katinonlar, 2000’li yılların ortalarından itibaren özellikle genç bireyler arasında popüler hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Diğer psikomotor uyarıcılara benzer şekilde, sentetik katinonlarda, dopamin, norepinefrin ve serotoninin plazma membran taşıyıcılarını hedef alarak sinaptik aralıktaki monoamin konsantrasyonunu arttırmaktadır. Amfetaminlere olan yapısal benzerlikleri nedeniyle, sentetik katinonların amfetamin homologları ile benzer nörotoksisite profiline sahip olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Bu nedenle, sentetik katinonların striatum, hipokampus ve kortekste monoamin sinir uçları üzerinde nörotoksisiteyi indükleyebileceği hipotezi öne sürülmüştür. Şimdiye dek sentetik katinonların nörotoksisitesi ile ilgili olarak yapılan in vitro-in vivo deneysel çalışmalarda, monoamin deplesyonu, biyosentetik enzim inhibisyonu, sitotoksisite, reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumu, pro-oksidasyon durumu ve nöroenflamasyon indükleme yeteneği gibi parametreler incelenmiştir. Sentetik katinonların nörotoksik etkiler açısından amfetamin homologlarından daha ılımlı olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, pek çok sentetik katinon kullanıcısının bu maddeleri benzodiazepinler, amfetaminler, ekstazi, tetrahidrokannabinol ve etanol gibi diğer yasal olmayan ilaç veya bağımlılık yapıcı maddelerbirlikte almaktadır. Çünkü bu maddelerin nörotoksik etkileri değil, bu maddeler, sentetik katinonların nörotoksik etkilerini modifiye edebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, çoklu madde maruziyeti durumundaki erken nörotoksik etkilerin altında yatan mekanizmaların anlaşılması önemlidir. Bu derlemede, sentetik katinonların suistimal potansiyeli, yasal durumları, etki mekanizmaları ve özellikle nörotoksik etkileri hakkında güncel bilgi sunulması amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
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| APA | Altun B, COK I (2020). Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. , 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| Chicago | Altun Beril,COK ISMET Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. (2020): 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| MLA | Altun Beril,COK ISMET Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. , 2020, ss.235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| AMA | Altun B,COK I Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. . 2020; 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| Vancouver | Altun B,COK I Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. . 2020; 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| IEEE | Altun B,COK I "Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk." , ss.235 - 241, 2020. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| ISNAD | Altun, Beril - COK, ISMET. "Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk". (2020), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| APA | Altun B, COK I (2020). Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17(2), 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| Chicago | Altun Beril,COK ISMET Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no.2 (2020): 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| MLA | Altun Beril,COK ISMET Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.17, no.2, 2020, ss.235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| AMA | Altun B,COK I Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 17(2): 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| Vancouver | Altun B,COK I Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 17(2): 235 - 241. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| IEEE | Altun B,COK I "Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk." Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17, ss.235 - 241, 2020. 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
| ISNAD | Altun, Beril - COK, ISMET. "Psychoactive Bath Salts and Neurotoxicity Risk". Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17/2 (2020), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.40820 |
