There are various, sometimes contradictory, perceptions about definitions orboundaries of Jewishness. For some, Judaism is a nationality or a cultural identitywhile for others it represents a religious tradition. There is also a commonassumption that Judaism was born as a religion, then, gradually grew into abroad formation including culture and nationality. This article is an inquiry intothe ways in which we can understand constructions of Jewish traditions andmultiple versions of Judaism. I argue that religious texts, practices, law, andthought of Judaism have been produced through and in relation to variousstructures of power, whether these structures are institutional, cultural, materialor discursive. In order to illuminate the inter-articulation of Judaism and formsof power in particular contexts, I employ a Foucauldian conceptualization ofpower. This post-structural conceptualization of power enables us to illustratethe ways in which practices, thoughts, and perception within religious traditionsare constituted in relation to dominant structures within a particular time andplace. Based on this post-structuralist thinking, I examine two concepts in twodifferent periods of Jewish history, gender in Roman Period Judaism and Zionismin Europe. Through examinations of these concepts in different time and places,I articulate the ways in which Judaism or Jewishness have been formed inrelation to hybrid social constructions during its encounter with variouscivilizations, cultures, and authorities. Therefore, I argue that a study of Judaismmust be attentive to forms of constitutive and regulative forces in a particularera.