Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi
Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 14 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.21121/eab.2019148771 İndeks Tarihi: 25-12-2020
Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi
Öz: Kültürler arası araştırmalarda bireycilik vetoplulukçuluk (IND-COL) konusunun en çok çalışılankavram olması ve bireysel düzeyi de dikkatealabilmesi nedeniyle IND-COL Türkiye’nin kültürlerarası yönetim yazınında önemli bir yer teşkiletmektedir. Ancak geçmiş çalışmalardan anlaşıldığıüzere IND-COL kavramının hem içerik hem de ölçümanlamında problemli olduğu noktalar bulunmaktadır.Dolayısıyla bu çalışma bu tür problemleri çözmekiçin tekrar düzenlenen yeni IND-COL ölçeğiniTürkçe’ye kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir. Oyserman,Coon ve Kemmelmeier’ın (2002) meta analizindenesinlenerek geliştirilen Türkçe IND-COL ölçeğini(Oyserman, 2005) geçerlemek için iki farklı çalışmatasarlanmıştır. 440 kişilik örneklemi dikkate alanbirinci çalışma IND-COL’un çok boyutlu faktöryapısını (IND: başarıya önem vermek, özgürlüğeönem vermek, özgünlüğe önem vermek. COL:aile, grup içi kadercilik, kişilerarası ilişkiler) testetmiştir. 107 kişilik örneklemi dikkate alan ikinciçalışma ise aynı ölçeğin yakınsama ve ayırt edicigeçerliliğini test etmiştir. Yeni IND-COL ölçeği kısmengeçerlenmiş ve ölçeğin yakınsama ve ayırt edicigeçerliliği gösterilmiştir. Bu bulgular bireyciliğinve toplulukçuluğun birbirinden ayrı kavramlarolduğunu ve IND-COL’un alt boyutlarının INDCOL’u belirli alanlarda daha iyi anlamaya yaradığınıgöstermiştir. Ancak yapısal bütünlüğün kısmendüşük olması IND-COL’un çok boyutlu yapısalgüvenirliğinin iyileştirilmesi gerektiğini de ortayaçıkmıştır. Bu bulguların teorik önemi ve etkilerigeçmiş yazın ışığında tartışılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: Validation of Individualism-Collectivism Scale in Turkish Context
Öz: Since individualism and collectivism (IND-COL) construct is the most studied concept in cross cultural studies and can take individual-level issues into account, it constitutes an important part of Turkish cross-cultural management literature. However, previous studies indicate that the construct is problematic from both conceptual and methodological aspects. Therefore, this study aims to validate the new INDCOL scale which is designated to solve these problems. We conducted two studies in order to validate Oyserman’s (2005) scale inspired from Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier’s (2002) meta-analysis. The first study which was composed of 440 participants tested the factor structure of INDCOL (IND: success, uniqueness, freedom. COL: family, with-in group destiny, interpersonal relations). The second study which was composed of 107 participants tested the discriminant and convergent validity of the scale. The new IND-COL scale’s factor structure was partly confirmed, and the scale showed convergent and discriminant validity. The results indicated that individualism and collectivism were separate constructs and specific sub-fields of IND-COL contributed to better understanding of the construct. However multidimensional structure of the scale had to be improved due to low structural integrity. In the light of these findings, theoretical implications are discussed.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Aldemir, C. M., Arbak, Y., & Özmen, N. T. Ö. (2003). “Türkiye’de İşgörme Anlayışı: Tanımı ve Boyutları” Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 5–28.
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. (1988). “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach” Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.103.3.411
- Baltacı, A. (2014)”Değerlendirme farklılıklarının ve atfın nedenselliğinin açıklayıcısı olarak kültür” Uluslararası Sosyal Araşırmalar Dergisi, 7(31): 720–727.
- Bond, M. H. (2002). “Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede’s ecological analysis--a 20-year odyssey: comment on Oyserman et al. (2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 73–77. https://doi. org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.73
- Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2014). “The Ecological Fallacy in National Culture Research” Organization Studies, 35(7): 1063–1086. https://doi. org/10.1177/0170840613517602
- Briley, D. A., & Wyer, R. S. (2001). “Transitory Determinants of Values and Decisions: The Utility (or Nonutility) of Individualism and Collectivism in Understanding Cultural Differences” Social Cognition, 19(3):197–227. https://doi.org/10.1521/ soco.19.3.197.21474
- Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi. org/10.1177/135910457000100301
- Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: Guilford Press.
- Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). “A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life” Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2): 189–225.
- Chew, K. (1996). Beyond individualism-collectivism: Additional constructs to consider. University of Oregon, Eugene.
- Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). “The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4): 791–808.
- Cukur, C. S., de Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). “Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: a study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines” The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6): 613–634. https://doi. org/10.3200/SOCP.144.6.613-634
- Erkuş, A., & Banai, M. (2011). “Attitudes towards questionable negotiation tactics in Turkey” International Journal of Conflict Management, 22(3): 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444061111152955
- Eysenbach, G. (2004).”Improving the quality of web surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)” Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6(3): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2196/ jmir.6.3.e34
- Fiske, A. P. (2002). “Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures--a critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: comment on Oyserman et al.(2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.78
- Freeman, M. A., & Bordia, P. (2001). “Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis” European Journal of Personality, 15(2): 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/ per.398
- Green, E. G. T., Deschamps, J.-C., & Paez, D. (2005). “Variation of Individualism and Collectivism within and between 20 Countries: A Typological Analysis” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(3): 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104273654
- Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). “The Influence of Cultural Individualism-Collectivism, Self Construals, and Individual Values on Communication Styles Across Cultures” Human Communication Research, 22(4): 510–543. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x
- Hawkins, R., & Teng Sze Wei, S. (2017). “Child Sexual Abuse Attributions Among Undergraduate Psychology Students in Singapore” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(7): 839–852. https://doi.org/10.10 80/10538712.2017.1360430
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Newbury Park,CA: Sage Publications.
- Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). “Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Cross-Cultural Researchers” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(2): 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017002006
- Hui, C. H., & Yee, C. (1994). “The Shortened lndividualism-Collectivism Scale: Its Relationship to Demographic and Work-Related Variables” Journal of Research in Personality, 28(4): 409–424. https://doi. org/10.1006/jrpe.1994.1029
- Jackson, D. D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). “Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations” Psychological Methods, 14(1): 6–23. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0014694
- Jason, L. A., Luna, R. D., Alvarez, J., & Stevens, E. (2016). “Collectivism and individualism in Latino recovery homes” Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2640(March): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332 640.2016.1138267
- Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). “The Autonomous-Relational Self : A New Synthesis” European Psychologist, 1(3): 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016- 9040.1.3.180
- Kemmelmeier, M., Burnstein, E., Krumov, K., Genkova, P., Kanagawa, C., Hirshberg, M. S., … Noels, K. A. (2003). Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(3), 304–322. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0022022103034003005
- Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Third Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
- Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). “Olumlu Sosyal Davranışların İlişkisel , Kültürel, Bilişsel ve Duyuşsal Bazı Değişkenlerle İlişkisi” Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54): 109–125.
- Kurtuldu, G. (2016). “Tüketicilerin Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi Hakkında Bir Ölçek Geçerlemesi” Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1): 100–117.
- Lance, C. E., Dawson, B., Birkelbach, D., & Hoffman, B. J. (2010). “Method effects, measurement error, and substantive conclusions” Organizational Research Methods, 13(3): 435–455. https://doi. org/10.1177/1094428109352528
- Li, F., & Aksoy, L. (2007). “Dimensionality of individualism-collectivism and measurement equivalence of Triandis and Gelfand’s scale” Journal of Business and Psychology, 21(3): 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10869-006-9031-8
- Lilleoja, L., Dobewall, H., Aavik, T., Strack, M., & Verkasalo, M. (2016). “Measurement equivalence of Schwartz’s refined value structure across countries and modes of data collection: New evidence from Estonia, Finland, and Ethiopia” Personality and Individual Differences, 102: 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2016.07.009
- MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). “Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research” Annual Review of Psychology, 51: 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201
- MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). “Model Modifications in Covariance Structure Analysis: The Problem of Capitalization on Chance” Psychological Bulletin, 111(3): 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490
- Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation” Psychological Review, 98(2): 224–253.
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). “In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) Findings” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(3): 320–341. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
- Merkle, E. C., You, D., & Preacher, K. J. (2016). “Testing nonnested structural equation models” Psychological Methods, 21(2): 151–163. https://doi. org/10.1037/met0000038
- Nayir, D. Z., & Herzig, C. (2012). “Value Orientations as Determinants of Preference for External and Anonymous Whistleblowing” Journal of Business Ethics, 107(2): 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10551-011-1033-4
- Owe, E., Vignoles, V. L., Becker, M., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Lee, S. W. S., … Jalal, B. (2012). “Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism: Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1): 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111430255
- Oyserman, D. (1993). “The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5): 993– 1009. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.993
- Oyserman, D. (2005). Individualism and collectivism measures. Retrieved from https://dornsife.usc.edu/ daphna-oyserman/measures/ (31.12.2017)
- Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). “Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 3–72. https://doi. org/10.1037//0033-2909.128.1.3
- Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. (2007). “Priming “Culture”: Culture as Situated Cognition” In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology (s. 255–279). New York: Guilford Press.
- Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008). “Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism” Psychological Bulletin, 134(2): 311–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.134.2.311
- Öztürk, E. B., Kılıçaslan, S., & Karagonlar, G. (2015). “İlişkisel Benlik Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi” DEÜ İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2): 49–70.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies” Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.88.5.879
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). “Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it” Annual Review of Psychology, 63: 539–69. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
- Raykov, T. (2001). “Estimation of congeneric scale reliability using covariance structure analysis with nonlinear constraints” British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54(2), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711001159582
- Sakal, O. ve Yıldız, S. (2015). Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Değerleri, Kariyer Çapaları ve Kariyer Tatmini İlişkisi. Journal of Yaşar University, 10(40), 6612-6623.
- Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2005). “Individualism: a valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1): 17–31. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_2
- Sharma, P. (2010). “Measuring personal cultural orientations: Scale development and validation” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(6): 787–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0184-7
- Singelis, T. M. (1994). “The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5): 580–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205014
- Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). ““Examining the impact of Culture’s Consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions”: Correction to Taras, Kirkman, and Steel (2010)” Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5): 888–888. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0020939
- Taras, V., Sarala, R., Muchinsky, P., Kemmelmeier, M., Singelis, T. M., Avsec, A., … Sinclair, H. C. (2014). “Opposite Ends of the Same Stick? Multi-Method Test of the Dimensionality of Individualism and Collectivism” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2): 213– 245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509132
- Torelli, C. J., & Kaikati, A. M. (2009). “Values as predictors of judgments and behaviors: The role of abstract and concrete mindsets” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1): 231–247. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0013836
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & Collectivism. London: Westview Press.
- Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). “”Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2)” 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.2.323
- Triandis, H. C., Chan, D. K. ‐., Bhawuk, D. P. S., Iwao, S., & Sinha, J. B. P. (1995). “Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism”. International Journal of Psychology, 30(4): 461–480. https://doi. org/10.1080/00207599508246580
- Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). “Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1): 118–128. https://doi. org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.118
- Wasti, S. A., & Erdil, S. E. (2007). “Bireycilik Ve Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1–2): 39–66.
- Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. a. (2006). “Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices”. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6): 806–838. https://doi. org/10.1177/0011000006288127
| APA | Öztürk E, Kilicaslan S, İNAN N (2019). Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. , 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| Chicago | Öztürk Engin Bağış,Kilicaslan Selcen,İNAN Nihan KÜTAHNECİOĞLU Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. (2019): 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| MLA | Öztürk Engin Bağış,Kilicaslan Selcen,İNAN Nihan KÜTAHNECİOĞLU Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. , 2019, ss.1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| AMA | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. . 2019; 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| Vancouver | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. . 2019; 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| IEEE | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N "Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi." , ss.1 - 14, 2019. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| ISNAD | Öztürk, Engin Bağış vd. "Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi". (2019), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| APA | Öztürk E, Kilicaslan S, İNAN N (2019). Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 19(1), 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| Chicago | Öztürk Engin Bağış,Kilicaslan Selcen,İNAN Nihan KÜTAHNECİOĞLU Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Ege Akademik Bakış 19, no.1 (2019): 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| MLA | Öztürk Engin Bağış,Kilicaslan Selcen,İNAN Nihan KÜTAHNECİOĞLU Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Ege Akademik Bakış, vol.19, no.1, 2019, ss.1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| AMA | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Ege Akademik Bakış. 2019; 19(1): 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| Vancouver | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Ege Akademik Bakış. 2019; 19(1): 1 - 14. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| IEEE | Öztürk E,Kilicaslan S,İNAN N "Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi." Ege Akademik Bakış, 19, ss.1 - 14, 2019. 10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
| ISNAD | Öztürk, Engin Bağış vd. "Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi". Ege Akademik Bakış 19/1 (2019), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2019148771 |
