Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 7 Sayfa Aralığı: 1448 - 1462 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278 İndeks Tarihi: 10-12-2020

The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential

Öz:
Syria is a middle-income developing country with an economy that heavily depends on the food and agricultural sectors. However, with the recent Syria crisis/war, which started in March 2011, Syria’s food and agricultural industries have badly been affected. While the most of the processing factories and agricultural facilities such as industrial zones, food plants, greenhouses, irrigation canals and pumps have been damaged in the conflict areas, this resulted in a huge recession in the food and agricultural productivity of Syria. It is estimated that this will impact the country to meet the future food requirements as well. In this study, the agricultural and food potential of Syria was analysed based on agricultural area, available lands, irrigation, food sectors etc. for the future planning food policies.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Abbas B, Procházka P. 2010. The effect of trade liberalisation on Syrian agriculture. Acta Universitatis Agriculture et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 58: 665–672.
  • Akem C, Bellar M. 1999. Survey of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Diseases in the Main Faba Bean-Growing Regions of Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 17 (2): 113-116.
  • Al Ashkar H. 2006. Olive Oil Comparative Advantages. Working Paper No: 19. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Alammouri N. 2008. Agricultural Commodity Outlook of Syrian Potato. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC). Damascus, Syria.
  • Al-Ashram M. 1990. Agricultural Labor and Technological Change in the Syrian Arab Republic. In: Tully D (editors). Labor and Rainfed Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Al-Hamwi B. 2005. Agricultural Exports in Syria. Policy Brief No: 6. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Al-Hamwi B. 2006. Tomatoes Perspectives in Syria. Commodity Brief No: 3. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Al-Khatib S. 2013. Syria to Remain No. 2 Olive Producer in Arab World. Available from: http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/ economy/9680-syria-to-remain-no-2-olive-producer-in-arab-world [Accessed 25 March 2018]
  • Almadani MIN. 2014. Risk attitude, risk perceptions and risk management strategies: an empirical analysis of Syrian wheat-cotton and pistachio farmers. PhD Dissertation. Agricultural Sciences in Göttingen (IPAG) at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
  • Al-Shareef M. 2008. Comparative Advantages of Syrian Barley. Working Paper: 39. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Amnesty International. 2013. Growing Restrictions, Tough Conditions: The Plight of Those Fleeing Syria to Jordan. Available from: https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/ mde160032013en.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2018]
  • AQUASTAT. 2018. Data: Total Renewable Water Resources. Available from: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/ query/index.html [Accessed 5 April 2018]
  • Asmael NM, Dupuy A, Huneau F, Hamid S, Le Coustumer P. 2015. Groundwater Modeling as an Alternative Approach to Limited Data in the Northeastern Part of Mt. Hermon (Syria), to Develop a Preliminary. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3390/w7073978
  • Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS), MapAction. 2013. Impact of the Conflict on Syrian Economy and Livelihoods. Syria Needs Analysis Project Report.
  • Aw-hassan A, Rida F, Telleria R, Bruggeman A. 2014. The impact of food and agricultural policies on groundwater use in Syria. Journal of Hydrology, 513: 204–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.043
  • Babili M, Al Somaya K, Badro B. 2016. Measuring Syria’s Exported Tomato Competitiveness in Iraqi and Russian Markets by Using Composite Competitiveness Indicator (CCI). Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Bader A, Jouni N, Shideed K. 2008. Impact of Supplemental Irrigation and the Adoption of the New Irrigation Technologies on Wheat-Based System. Water Benchmark project final report, IWLM Program, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
  • Baghasa H. 2006a. Sheep Trade in Syria. Commodity Brief No: 4. (February). Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Baghasa H. 2006b. Table Grape Trade in Syria. Commodity Brief No: 5. June. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC). Syria.
  • Baysan N. 2001. Agricultural development strategies and southeastern Anatolia project regional development activities in the GAP region. In: Ak BE (editor). XI GREMPA Seminar on Pistachios and Almonds. Zaragoza: CIHEAM. pp. 23-28. (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 56).
  • Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010. Islamic Finance: Instruments and Markets.
  • Cafiero C, Atiya B, Grad S, Al-Ashkar H, Sadiddin A. 2009. Study on Supply and Demand Prospects for the Major Syrian Agricultural Products. doi: 10.13140/2.1.4708.1287.
  • Çakmak C, Ustaoğlu M. 2015. Post-Conflict Syrian State and Nation Building: Economic and Political Development. doi: 10.1057/9781137538857.0001
  • CBSS, 2017. Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria. Data of Production and Yield of crops, Distribution of Irrigated areas. Available from: http://www.cbssyr.sy/index-EN.htm [Accessed 15 July 2018]
  • Chapman C. 2014. Syrian Agriculture: Historical and Environmental Context. United States, USAID Knowledge Services Center (KSC). Available from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/ pdf_docs/PBAAC901.pdf [Accessed 29 May 2018]
  • Commins DD. 2004. Historical Dictionary of Syria. Second Edition. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No: 50. ISBN-13 978-0810849341.
  • Cummins G. 2000. Livestock Sub-Sector. Final Report. FAO, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (MAAR) and Italian Cooperation. Project GCP/SYR/006/ITA Assistance in Institutional Strengthening and Agricultural Policy. Damascus, Syria. October.
  • Dost M, Goodbody S, Niang M, Husain A, Bauer J-M. 2015. FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the Syrian Arab Rebublic. 25 July 2015.
  • El Ibrahem A, Abdine M, Dragotta A. 2007. The olive oil sector in Syria. In: Di Terlizzi B, Dragotta A, Jamal M (editors). Syrian national strategic plan for olive oil quality: final report. Bari: CIHEAM. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens. n. 73.
  • Erian W, Katlan B, Babah O. 2010. Drought vulnerability in the Arab region: Special case study: Syria. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1108/09653560810887275
  • European Commission. 2011. Exploring the Potential of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Mediterranean Sea. Country Reports. Syria. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/ maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/docs/body/syria_01_en.pdf [Accessed 17 July 2018]
  • FAO, 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Fertilizer Use by Crop in the Syrian Arab Republic. Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service. Land and Water Development Division. FAO. Rome.
  • FAO, 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Syrian Arab Republic Nutrition Profile-Food and Nutrition Division.
  • FAO, 2006. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Syrian Arab Republic. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets. Text by Krouma I. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (Online). Rome. Updated 28 January 2006.
  • FAO, 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fishery Country Profile. October 2007. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/ FI_CP_SY.pdf [Accessed 5 April 2018]
  • FAO, 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey. FAO Water Reports: 34. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/pdf/012/i0936e/i0936e00.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2018]
  • FAO, 2016a. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Plan of Action for Syria: Towards Resilient Livelihoods for Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition. 2016-2017. Cairo, Egypt.
  • FAO, 2016b. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Situation Report (September).
  • FAO, 2017a. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Syrian Arab Republic Situation Report (May).
  • FAO, 2017b. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Syria Humanitarian Response Plan. Available from: https://ops.unocha.org/ViewReport.aspx [Accessed 5 May 2018]
  • FAO, 2017c. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “FAO: Conflicts Impose $16 Billion Losses to Syrian Agricultural Sector”. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ iran/news/detail-events/en/c/878612/ [Accessed 5 May 2018]
  • FAO, 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/#data/ [Accessed 10 June 2018]
  • Feldman N. 2007. It’s the Economy, Syria. Strategic Assessment, 10(3).
  • Fiorillo C, Vercueil J. 2003. Syrian agriculture at the crossroads. Agricultural Policy and Economic Development Series No: 8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome.
  • Frenken K. 2009. Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey-2008. FAO Land and Water Division.
  • Gobat J, Kostial K. 2016. Syria’s Conflict Economy. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper: WP/16/213.
  • GOSM, 2007. General Organization for Seed Multiplication. GOSM on the Technical Level. Available from: http://www.gosm.gov.sy/en/about_us.html [Accessed 15 April 2018]
  • Hassan N, Krepl V. 2014. Farming Systems in Syria: its Constraints and Strategies for Improvement. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 1(4): 189–194.
  • Hinnebusch R, El Hindi A, Khaddam M, Ababsa M. 2011. Agriculture and reform in Syria. St Andrews papers on contemporary Syria. University of St Andrews Centre for Syrian Studies. Fife, Scotland, UK. Available from: https://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/syria/article/view/716/620 [Accessed 10 August 2018]
  • Holodny E. 2016. Syria's civil war has destroyed its economy 'for years to come'. Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-economy-destroyed-2016-6 [Accessed 6 August 2018]
  • Hosni W, Lancon F. 2011. Apple Value Chain Analysis. Working Paper No: 48. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC). Damascus, Syria.
  • IBP, 2015. International Business Publications. Syria: Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook. Volume 1. Strategic Information and Basic Laws. World Business and Investment Library, USA. ISBN-10: 1329076818.
  • IFAD, 2012. The International Fund for Agricultural Development. Syrian Arab Republic Integrated Livestock Development Project, Final Project Design Report. Report No: 3525-SY.
  • International Olive Council. 2012. General Description of Olive Growing in Syria. 1-10. Available from: http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/documents/viewfile/6776-syria [Accessed 10 May 2018]
  • Işıklı E, Yercan M. 2007. Market and Trade Policies for Mediterranean Agriculture: The Case of Fruits/Vegetable and Olive-oil- EU Sixth Framework Programme.
  • Jaafar HH, Zurayk R, King C, Ahmad F, Al-outa R. 2015. Impact of the Syrian conflict on irrigated agriculture in the Orontes Basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 31(3): 436–449.
  • Kaisi A, Al Chayeb R, Al Zoughbi S. 2006. Water Resources in Syria: Management, Development and Women Role. 3rd Arab Water Regional Conference: Research Advancement in Managing Limited Water Resources. 9-11 December 2006. Cairo, Egypt.
  • Karkout M, Lancon F. 2011. Assessment of the Competitiveness of the Syrian Agriculture: an Application to Selected Representative Value Chains. “Durum Wheat”. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC). Working Paper No: 49.
  • Kelley CP, Mohtadi S, Cane MA, Seager R, Kushnir Y. 2015. Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11): 3241-3246.
  • Kharseh M, Nordell B. 2008. Sustainable H/C Systems for Chicken Farms in Syria.
  • Khoury G. 2011. Assessment of Small Scale Dairy Sector in Syria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Kummu M, Ward PJ, De Moel H, Varis O. 2010. Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia. Environmental Research Letter.
  • Leigh K. 2014. How Food Price Hikes Are Impacting Syrian Families. Available from: https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/articles/2014/03/18/how-food-price-hikes-are-impacting-syrian-families [Accessed 13 February 2018]
  • Mansour F. 2007. Syrian Citrus. Qutlook No: 5. November. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Masri A. 2006. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Syrian Arab Republic. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • Mawlawi B, Tawil MW. 1990. The Role of Legumes in the Farming Systems of Syria. In: The Role of Legumes in the Farming Systems of the Mediterranean Areas. Osman AE, Ibrahim MH and Jones MA. 1990. 38. Proceedings of a Workshop on the Role of Legumes in the Farming Systems of the Mediterranean Areas UNDP/ICARDA, Tunis. 20–24 June 1988. pp. 105-114.
  • Mazid A, Amegbeto K, Shideed K, Malhotra R. 2009. Impact of crop improvement and man-agement: winter-sown chickpea in Syria. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
  • Melhem R, Higano Y. 2001. Policy measures for river water management in Barada Basin, Syria. doi:10.2457/srs.32.3_1.
  • Mohammed N. 1986. The Development of the Seed Multiplication Program in Syria. In: Seed Production Technology. Srivastava JP and Simarski LT (editors). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
  • Mohsen AS. 2015. Effects of Exports and Imports on the Economic Growth of Syria. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(4): 253-261. ISSN: 2310-4929 (online).
  • Mohsen AS, Chua SY, Sab CNC. 2016. Trade Liberalization, Exports and Imports in Syria. Foreign Trade Review. XX(X). 1–12.
  • Mourad KA, Berndtsson R. 2012a. Water Status in the Syrian Water Basins. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 2: 15–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmh.2012.21003
  • Mourad KA, Berndtsson R. 2012b. Analysis of Agricultural Production in Syria from a Virtual Water Flow Perspective. Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications (JASA), 1(3): 60-66. doi: 10.14511/jasa.2012.010301
  • Mustafa Y, Grando S, Ceccarelli S. 2006. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Participatory Conventional Barley Breeding Programs in Syria. ICARDA Report for a Study Supported by the International Development Research Centre.
  • Nasser R, Mehchy Z, Abu Ismail K. 2013. Socioeconomic roots and impact of the Syrian Crisis. (January). The Syrian Center for Policy Research.
  • OCHA, 2014. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Syrian Arab Republic Governorates Profile (June).
  • Omar AMS. 2002. Focus on Seed Programs. General Organization for Seed Multiplication.
  • Pala M, Ryan J, Mazid A, Abdallah O, Nachit M. 2003. Wheat farming in Syria: An approach to economic transformation and sustainability. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 19(1): 30-34. doi: 10.1079/RAFS200356
  • Peters KJ, Kijora C, Venkataronappa MA, Achu C, Mencari G, Sa K, De Asi MF, Binh NT, Nuchmorn N, Rebai E, Vanderhasselt R. 2008. Livestock-Water Interaction in Middle East Countries: A Case Study in Syria. Winter Semester (2007-2008).
  • Rafei R. 2009. Stock Exchange Opening Marks Syrian Economic Shift. Tribune Newspapers: Los Angeles Times. Chicago Tribune. March 15, 2009. Available from: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-15/business/0903130288_1_investment-market-stock-exchange-syrian [Accessed 5 May 2018]
  • Raphaeli N. 2007. The Political Economy of Syria Under Bashar Al-Assad. Inquiry and Analysis Series No: 343. The Middle East Media Research Institute. Available from: https://www.memri.org/reports/political-economy-syria-under-bashar-al-assad [Accessed 5 May 2018]
  • Regional Food Security Analysis Network (RFSAN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The Institute for Measurement, Methodology, Analysis and Policy (iMMAP), the Food Security Cluster. 2016. Food Security and Livelihood Assessment (October). Syria.
  • Reuters. 2018. Over 500,000 Dead in Seven Years of Syrian War, Monitor Says. March 12, 2018. Available from: https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/over-500-000-dead-in-seven-years-of-syrian-war-monitor-says-1.5892068 [Accessed 13 February 2019]
  • RFSAN, 2016. Regional Food Security Analysis Network. Syria Agricultural Production and Cross-Border Trade Study Roundtable Policy Discussions Report (February 25).
  • Sadiddin A, Atiya B. 2009. Analysis of Agricultural Production for Selected Crops: Wheat, Cotton and Barley. Working Paper: 44. Damascus, Syria.
  • Saker SE, Othman S, Hamzeh W, Al-Rifai AH, Nassour G, Santucci FM. 2001. Agricultural Research and Extension in Syria: Present Situation and Policy Recommendations. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC). Working Paper No: 2.
  • Salman M, Mualla W. 2004. The Utilization of Water Resources for Agriculture in Syria: Analysis of Current Situation and Future Challenges. doi: 10.1142/9789812702753_0031
  • Sarris A. 2001. Agricultural Development Strategy for Syria. Assistance in Institutional Strengthening and Agricultural Policy. Project GCP/SYR/006/ITA. Damascus, Syria.
  • Shalaby AA, Haj Kassem AA, Rezk AA, Soliman AM, Youssef SA. 2007. Detection of the most important potato viruses using ELISA, RT-PCR and nucleic acid hybridization in Egypt and Syria. African Potato Association Conference Proceedings. 7. Alexandria, Egypt. pp. 228-237.
  • Shapland G. 1997 Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East.
  • Sheheilah F. 2012. Identification of Export Opportunities for Syrian Citrus Growers to the EU: A Supply Chain Perspective. Dissertation at the Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Göttingen.
  • Shhaideh A, Nahas B, Shihadeh W, Tobeh N, Kiwan N, Mousa N, Corsi A. 2000. Territorial and Structural Differentiation of Syrian Agriculture: A Case Study. Working Paper No:3. National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).
  • Shomo F, Ahmed M, Shideed K, Aw-Hassan A, Erkan O. 2010. Sources of technical efficiency of sheep production systems in dry areas in Syria. Small Ruminant Research, 91: 160-169.
  • Sleman A, Farfour S, Babili M. 2012. The Impact of Syria’s Accession to the WTO on Agricultural Sector. Working Papers 125176. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, National Agricultural Policy Center, Syria.
  • Stokes E. 2016. The Drought That Preceded Syria's Civil War Was Likely the Worst in 900 Years. Available from: https://news.vice.com/article/the-drought-that-preceded-syrias-civil-war-was-likely-the-worst-in-900-years [Accessed 13 February 2019]
  • Subuh AM. 2008. Poultry sector country review: The Structure and Importance of the Commercial and Village based Poultry Systems in Syria. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Syria Independent Monitoring (SIM) Team. 2018. Understanding Market Drivers in Syria. January.
  • Syrian Economic Forum, Syrian Economic Task Force. 2017. Economic Map of New Syria: Agriculture, The Rehabilitation of the Agricultural Sector.
  • Tadesse W, Solh M, Braun H-J, Oweis T, Baum M. 2016. Approaches and Strategies for Sustainable Wheat Production. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).
  • The World Bank. 1987. Syria: Agricultural Sector Survey. Washington, DC. Report No: 6166-SYR.
  • The World Bank. 2001. Syrian Arab Republic Irrigation Sector Report: Rural Development, Water, and Environment Group, Middle East and North Africa Region. Report No: 22602-SYR.
  • The World Bank. 2008. Agriculture in Syria: Towards the Social Market. Agriculture Sector Note and Technical Note on Agricultural Subsidies.
  • The World Bank. 2018. Data: Syrian Arab Republic Total Population. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2015&locations=SY&start=1960&view=chart [Accessed 27 February 2018]
  • Trading Economics. 2017. Syria GDP Chart. Available from: https://tradingeconomics.com/syria/gdp [Accessed 15 March 2018]
  • Tull K. 2017. Agriculture in Syria. K4D Helpdesk Report 133. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
  • Tutwiler RN. 1995. The Great Chickpea Challenge: Introducing Winter Sowing in the Mediterranean Region. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) Social Science Papers No: 4. ISSN:1024-8005.
  • Ulman A, Saad A, Zylich K, Pauly D, Zeller D. 2015. Reconstruction of Syria’s fisheries catches from 1950–2010: Signs of overexploitation. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 45(3): 259–272.
  • UNDP, 2014. United Nations Development Programme. Reviving Tomato Farming: Farmer’s livelihoods restored with the help of UNDP. Available from: http://www.sy.undp.org/content/syria/en/home/ourwork/povertyreduction/successstories/reviving-tomato-farming-.html [Accessed 5 May 2018] UNW-AIS, 2008.
  • UN-Water Activity Information System. Syria National Report on: The Actual Statues of Wastewater and Reuse for Agriculture in Syria. Available from: http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/356/mod_page/content/111/Syria%20Reusing%20Sewage%20and%20treated%20Water%20for%20Irrigation%20and%20its%20Effects.pdf [Accessed 17 July 2018]
  • Varela-Ortega C, Sagardoy JA. 2003. Analysis of Irrigation Water Policies in Syria: Current Developments and Future Options. (January). Based on the FAO project: The Utilization of Water Resources for Agriculture in Syria: Analysis of the Current Regime and Policy.
  • Westlake M. 2000. Citrus Sector. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Assistance in Institutional Strengthening and Agricultural Policy Project. Final Report.
  • World Bank Group. 2017. The Toll of War: The Economic and Social Consequences of the Conflict in Syria. Available from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/syria/publication/ the-toll-of-war-the-economic-and-social-consequences-of-the-conflict-in-syria [Accessed 10 June 2018]
APA Bayram M, Gök Y (2020). The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. , 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
Chicago Bayram Mustafa,Gök Yasemin The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. (2020): 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
MLA Bayram Mustafa,Gök Yasemin The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. , 2020, ss.1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
AMA Bayram M,Gök Y The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. . 2020; 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
Vancouver Bayram M,Gök Y The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. . 2020; 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
IEEE Bayram M,Gök Y "The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential." , ss.1448 - 1462, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
ISNAD Bayram, Mustafa - Gök, Yasemin. "The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential". (2020), 1448-1462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
APA Bayram M, Gök Y (2020). The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, 8(7), 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
Chicago Bayram Mustafa,Gök Yasemin The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi 8, no.7 (2020): 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
MLA Bayram Mustafa,Gök Yasemin The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, vol.8, no.7, 2020, ss.1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
AMA Bayram M,Gök Y The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi. 2020; 8(7): 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
Vancouver Bayram M,Gök Y The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi. 2020; 8(7): 1448 - 1462. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
IEEE Bayram M,Gök Y "The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential." Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, 8, ss.1448 - 1462, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278
ISNAD Bayram, Mustafa - Gök, Yasemin. "The effects of the War on the Syrian Agricultural Food Industry Potential". Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi 8/7 (2020), 1448-1462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1448-1462.3278