Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 216 - 222 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625 İndeks Tarihi: 26-12-2020

Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified

Öz:
Aim: The study aimed to compare the levels of iron and ferritin in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and AttentionDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (ADHD-NOS) and to assess the relationship between ADHD symptom severity andanxiety symptom severity with iron and ferritin levels.Materials and Methods: This study was planned as a cross-sectional, retrospective study. The study was performed by scanning the records ofpatients who applied to our clinic between January 2012 and January 2013. Accordingly, 205 ADHD and ADHD-NOS case records were evaluated.Patients were diagnosed clinically according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)criteria. ADHD symptom severity was assessed by the Turgay DSM-IV-TR-Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Ratingscale. Anxiety symptom severity was assessed by The Screen for Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders.Results: Among the whole sample, 99 (48.3%) patients had ADHD and 106 (51.7%) had ADHD-NOS. In the ADHD group, the average age ofthe children was 10.88±3.02 years, while that of the children in the ADHD-NOS group was 9.93±2.49 years. Iron and ferritin were measured in81 of the 205 patients participating in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of iron orferritin levels (p>0.05). Statistically significant negative correlations between ADHD hyperactivity symptom severity and iron levels, and ADHDattention deficit symptom severity and ferritin levels were found. Ferritin levels correlated statistically with the total number of psychiatricdiagnoses in the children.Conclusion: Iron and ferritin levels may be differentially affected in children with ADHD. The results we obtained from our study should besupported by studies with larger samples.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. American Psychiatric Association. ‘Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Pres, 2013.
  • 2. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005; 66:237-48.
  • 3. Ersan EE, Dogan O, Dogan S, Sümer H. The distribution of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in school age children in Turkey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 13:354-61.
  • 4. American Psychiatric Association. ‘Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Pres, 2000.
  • 5. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, et al. Diagnosing adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Are late onset and subthreshold diagnoses valid? Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1720-29.
  • 6. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1215-20.
  • 7. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1313-23.
  • 8. Voeller KKS. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol 2004; 19:798-814.
  • 9. Thapar A, Cooper M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2016; 387:1240-50.
  • 10. Beard JL, Connor JR. Iron status and neural functioning. Annu Rev Nutr 2003; 23:41-58.
  • 11. Beard J. Recent evidence from human and animal studies regarding iron status and infant development. J Nutr 2007; 137:524-30.
  • 12. Yu GS, Steinkirchner TM, Rao GA, Larkin EC. Effect of prenatal iron deficiency on myelination in rat pups. Am J Pathol 1986; 125:620-4.
  • 13. Connor JR, Menzies SL. Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia 1996; 17:83-93.
  • 14. de Andraca I, Castillo M, Walter T. Psychomotor development and behavior in iron-deficient anemic infants. Nutr Rev 1997; 55:125-32.
  • 15. Youdim MB and Yehuda S. The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate system. Send to Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-legrand) 2000; 46:491-500.
  • 16. Rucklidge JJ, Johnstone J, Kaplan BJ. Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:461-76.
  • 17. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Pereira RR, Buitelaar JK. A randomised controlled trial into the effects of food on ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18:12-9.
  • 18. Sinn N. Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr Rev 2008; 66:558-68.
  • 19. Cortese S, Azoulay R, Castellanos FX. Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot MRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:223-31.
  • 20. Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A. Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology 1997; 35:178-80.
  • 21. Cortese S, Angriman M, Lecendreux M, Konofal A. Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:1227-40.
  • 22. Lozoff B, De Andraca I, Castillo M et al. Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics 2003; 112:846-54.
  • 23. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in nonanaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet 1996; 348:992-6.
  • 24. Felt BT, Beard JL, Schallert T, et al. Persistent neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities in adulthood despite early iron supplementation for perinatal iron deficiency anemia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2006; 171:261-70.
  • 25. Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron and mechanisms of emotional behavior. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1101-07.
  • 26. Turgay A. The DSM-IV Based child and adolescent behavior rating scale. Ontario, Integrative Therapy Institute, Canada, 1995. Unpublished data.
  • 27. Ercan ES, Amado S, Somer O, Çikoğlu S. Development of a test battery for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Turk J Chıld Adolesc Ment Health 2001; 8:132-44.
  • 28. Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:545-53.
  • 29. Cakmakci FK. The reliability and validity study of the screen for child anxiety relatedemotional disorders (SCARED). Unpublished Expertise Thesis, Department of child and adolescent psychiatry, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, 2004.
  • 30. Guy W. Clinical global impression scale. The ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology-revised. volume DHEW Publ No ADM 1976; 338:218-22.
  • 31. Donfrancesco R, Parisi P, Vanacore N, Martines F, Sargentini V, Cortese S. Iron and ADHD: time to move beyond serum ferritin levels. J Atten Disord 2013; 17:347-57.
  • 32. Menegassi M, Mello ED, Guimara ˜es LR, et al. Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2010; 32:132-8.
  • 33. Kwon HJ, Lim MH, Ha M, et al. Transferrin in korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:366-71.
  • 34. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158:1113-5.
  • 35. Konofal E, Cortese S, Marchand M, Mouren MC, Arnulf I, Lecendreux M. Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Sleep Med 2007; 8:711-5.
  • 36. Juneja M, Jain R, Singh V, Mallika V. Iron deficiency in Indian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian Pediatr 2010; 47:955-8.
  • 37. Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM. Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ital J Pediatr 2011; 37:60.
  • 38. Wang Y, Huang L, Zhang L, et al. Iron status in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperacitivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017;12.
  • 39. Percinel I, Yazici KU, Ustundag B. Iron deficiency parameters in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:259-69.
  • 40. Oner P, Oner O, Azik FM, Cop E, Munir KM. Ferritin and hyperactivity ratings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int 2012; 54:688-92.
  • 41. Oner O, Oner P, Bozkurt OH, et al. Effects of zinc and ferritin levels on parent and teacher reported symptom scores in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2010; 41:441-7.
  • 42. Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Barbara F, Georgieff M, Schallert T. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev 2006; 64:34-43.
  • 43. Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutr Rev 2011; 69;43-8.
APA ÖZTÜRK Y, Hangül Z, Demir N, TUFAN A (2020). Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. , 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
Chicago ÖZTÜRK Yusuf,Hangül Zehra,Demir Nuran,TUFAN ALİ EVREN Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. (2020): 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
MLA ÖZTÜRK Yusuf,Hangül Zehra,Demir Nuran,TUFAN ALİ EVREN Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. , 2020, ss.216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
AMA ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. . 2020; 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
Vancouver ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. . 2020; 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
IEEE ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A "Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified." , ss.216 - 222, 2020. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
ISNAD ÖZTÜRK, Yusuf vd. "Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified". (2020), 216-222. https://doi.org/10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
APA ÖZTÜRK Y, Hangül Z, Demir N, TUFAN A (2020). Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The Journal of Pediatric Research, 7(3), 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
Chicago ÖZTÜRK Yusuf,Hangül Zehra,Demir Nuran,TUFAN ALİ EVREN Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The Journal of Pediatric Research 7, no.3 (2020): 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
MLA ÖZTÜRK Yusuf,Hangül Zehra,Demir Nuran,TUFAN ALİ EVREN Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The Journal of Pediatric Research, vol.7, no.3, 2020, ss.216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
AMA ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The Journal of Pediatric Research. 2020; 7(3): 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
Vancouver ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. The Journal of Pediatric Research. 2020; 7(3): 216 - 222. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
IEEE ÖZTÜRK Y,Hangül Z,Demir N,TUFAN A "Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified." The Journal of Pediatric Research, 7, ss.216 - 222, 2020. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625
ISNAD ÖZTÜRK, Yusuf vd. "Iron and Ferritin Levels of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified". The Journal of Pediatric Research 7/3 (2020), 216-222. https://doi.org/10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.57625