A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL

Işık, Sevginaz

A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL

Sevginaz IŞIK (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Bursa, Türkiye)

Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi

2 0

Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 0 Sayı: 55 Sayfa Aralığı: 21 - 34 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 05-12-2020

A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL

Öz:

Perhaps the only assumption that all economists have accepted is that human needs are endless but natural resources are scarce. Mainstream economics assumes that this problem can be solved by price mechanisms without considering the ecological effects. Therefore, they continue to promote economic growth. On the contrary, ecological economics oppose the promotion of economic growth because it has ecological effects such as pollution, ecological degradation, climate change, global warming, etc. So, they call attention to economic degrowth.In this paper, the aim is to briefly present the focus of ecological economics, to set forth the similarities and differences between ecological and environmental economics, to put forward economic degrowth discussions and to fill a certain gap in the literature. Circular flow model which is one of the main pillars of economics is illustrated with a more realistic consideration and a broader view and named as “Ecological Circular Flow”. This broader version, inspired by relevant primary studies, is essentially a simple ecological version of the mainstream’s circular flow model and has a crucial role to reconsider today’s economic activities and their consequences.

Anahtar Kelime:

EKOLOJİK İKTİSAT ÜZERİNE BETİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME VE EKOLOJİK DEVRİ AKIMLAR MODELİNIN TAKDİMİ EKOLOJİK İKTİSAT ÜZERİNE BETİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME VE EKOLOJİK DEVRİ AKIMLAR MODELİNIN TAKDİMİ

Öz:

Belki de bütün iktisatçıların kabul ettiği tek varsayım, insan ihtiyaçlarının sınırsız olup doğal kaynakların kıt olmasıdır. Anaakım iktisat ekolojik etkileri göz önünde bulundurmadan bu sorunun fiyat mekanizmalarıyla çözülebileceğini varsayar. Bu nedenle, ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etmeye devam etmektedirler. Bunun aksine, ekolojik iktisat ise, kirlenme, ekolojik tahribat, iklim değişikliği, küresel ısınma vb. ekolojik etkilere sebep olduğu için ekonomik büyümenin teşvik edilmesine karşı çıkmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla, ekolojik sorunlara önem veren ekolojik iktisatçılar, bu sorunlara bir çözüm olarak ekonomik küçülmeyi savunmaktadırlar.Bu çalışmadaki amaç, ekolojik iktisadın odağını kısaca sunmak, ekolojik iktisat ile çevre ekonomisi arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya koymak, ekonomik küçülme tartışmalarını iletmek ve literatürdeki belli bir boşluğu doldurmaktır: Ekonominin ana sütunlarından biri olan devri akım modeli, daha gerçekçi ve daha geniş bir bakış açısıyla ele alınarak “Ekolojik Devri Akım” olarak adlandırılmıştır. İlgili öncü çalışmalardan esinlenen bu daha geniş versiyon, temel olarak, ana akım iktisadın devri akım modelinin basit bir ekolojik versiyonu olup günümüzdeki ekonomik faaliyet ve sonuçlarını tekrardan değerlendirmek için çok önemli bir role sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Barnett, H. J., and Morse, C. (1963). Scarcity and growth: The economics of natural resource availability. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Costanza, R. (1989). What is ecological economics?, Ecological Economics, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(89)90020-7
Costanza, R., Alperovitz, G., Daly, H. E., Farley, J., Franco, C., Jackson, T., … Victor, P. (2012). Building a sustainable and desirable economy-insociety-in-nature. New York: United Nations Division for Sustainable Development.
Costanza, R., and Daly, H. E. (1992). Natural capital and sustainable development, Conservation Biology, 6(1), 37–46.
Gibson-Graham, J. K., and Miller, E. (2015). Economy as ecological livelihood. In K. Gibson, D. B. Rose, and R. Fincher (Eds.), Manifesto for Living in the Anthropocene (pp. 7–16). Brooklyn: NewYork: Puncum Books.
Harris, J. M. (2008). Ecological macroeconomics: Consumption, investment and climate change, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University. Working Paper No: 08–02.
Harris, J. M., and Codur, A. (2004). Macroeconomics and the environment, Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.015
Harte, M. J. (1995). Ecology, sustainability, and environment as capital, Ecological Economics, 15(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/09218009(95)00043-7
Hutchinson, F., Mellor, M., & Olsen, W. (2002). The politics of money: Towards sustainability and economic democracy. London and Sterling, Virginia: Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2005.976_10.x
IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1256/004316502320517344
IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.
Klitgaard, K. A., and Krall, L. (2012). Ecological economics, degrowth, and institutional change, Ecological Economics, 84(2012), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.008
Krishnan, R., Harris, J. M., & Goodwin, N. R. (1995). A survey of ecological economics. ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment. Washington D.C.: Island Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Latouche, S. (2004). Why less should be so much more: Degrowth economics, Le Monde Diplomatique. Available at http://www.hartfordhwp.com/archives/25/126.html
Latouche, S. (2009). Farewell to growth. (Translated by David Macey, Ed.) (First Edit). Cambridge: Polity Press. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3
Liodakis, G. (2017). Capital, economic growth, and socio-ecological crisis: A critique of de-growth, International Critical Thought, 8(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1357487
Matthews, H. D., and Caldeira, K. (2008). Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions, Geophysical Research Letters, 35(4), L04705. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032388 Meadows, D. H.,
Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., and Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth: A report for the club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind. New York: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(73)90029-3
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L. and Randers, J. (1992). Beyond the limits: Confronting global collapse, envisioning a sustainable future. Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. (Limits II)
Nordhaus, W. D., & Boyer, J. (2000). Warming the world - economic models of global warming. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1038/432677a
Paavola, J., & Fraser, E. D. G. (2011). Ecological economics and environmental history, Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1266–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.008
Research and Degrowth. (2010). Degrowth declaration of the Paris 2008 conference. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(6), 523–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.012
Schneider, F., Kallis, G., and Martinez-Alier, J. (2010). Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(6), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014
Siebert, H. (1982). Nature as a life support system. Renewable resources and environmental disruption, Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 42(2), 133142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01293355
Stern, D. I. (2012). Ecological economics, Crawford School Research Paper, No: 17. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2066195
Stuart, D., Gunderson, R., and Petersen, B. (2017). Climate change and the Polanyian counter-movement: Carbon markets or degrowth?, New Political Economy, 3467, https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2017.1417364 1–14.
Ulucak R. and Erdem E. (2017). Ekonomik büyüme modellerinde çevre: Ekolojik ayak izini esas alan bir uygulama, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35 (4) , 115-147. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.372407
Ulucak R. (2018). İktisatta çevreci dönüşüm: Ekolojik makro iktisat, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 51, 127-149. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.402928
Ulucak R., Yücel A.G. and Koçak E. (2019). The Process of Sustainability: From Past to Present, In book: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) A Manual, Chapter: 5. (p. 37-53). Amsterdam: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816797-7.00005-9

APA	Işık S (2020). A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. , 21 - 34.
Chicago	Işık Sevginaz A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. (2020): 21 - 34.
MLA	Işık Sevginaz A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. , 2020, ss.21 - 34.
AMA	Işık S A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. . 2020; 21 - 34.
Vancouver	Işık S A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. . 2020; 21 - 34.
IEEE	Işık S "A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL." , ss.21 - 34, 2020.
ISNAD	Işık, Sevginaz. "A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL". (2020), 21-34.

APA	Işık S (2020). A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0(55), 21 - 34.
Chicago	Işık Sevginaz A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 0, no.55 (2020): 21 - 34.
MLA	Işık Sevginaz A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.0, no.55, 2020, ss.21 - 34.
AMA	Işık S A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 0(55): 21 - 34.
Vancouver	Işık S A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 0(55): 21 - 34.
IEEE	Işık S "A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL." Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0, ss.21 - 34, 2020.
ISNAD	Işık, Sevginaz. "A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW ON ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND AN INTRODUCTION OF ECOLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL". Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 55 (2020), 21-34.