Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri

ESMERAY, Ertugrul; Armutcu, Cevat

doi:10.29130/dubited.586453

Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri

Ertuğrul ESMERAY, (Karabük Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Karabük, Türkiye)

Cevat ARMUTCU (Karabük Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Karabük, Türkiye)

Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi

14 6

Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 839 - 868 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.29130/dubited.586453 İndeks Tarihi: 08-01-2021

Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri

Öz:

Plastikler, günlük yaşantımızda birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. İnsanlar şimdiye kadar 9 milyar tonun üzerindeplastik üretmişlerdir. 2050 yılına kadar neredeyse 38 milyar ton plastik üretilecek ve bunun 13 milyar tonu atıkolacaktır. Atık plastikler zamanla bozunarak mikroplastikleri (ikincil mikroplastikleri)(İMP) oluşturacak, ayrıcakozmetik, ilaç gibi sektörlerde kullanılmak üzere kasıtlı üretilen mikroplastiklerde (birincilmikroplastikler)(BMP) çevreye salınmış olacaktır. Mikroplastiklerin okyanuslardaki dağılımı; 1 metreküpte 1milyondan fazla parça bulunabileceği gibi 100 metreküpte 1 parçadan daha az da bulunabilmektedir. Çevremikroplastik birikimine ve taşınımına katkıda bulunmakta, ayrıca mikroplastikler absorpsiyon nedeniyle ortamdabulunan mikro kirleticileri ve bazı ağır metalleri bünyesinde tutarak yayılmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu damikroplastiklerin katlanarak tehlike oluşturduğu anlamına gelmektedir.Mikroplastikler, hem suda yaşayan canlılar için hem de insanlar için büyük tehdit oluştururlar. Dolayısıylaokyanus, deniz gibi ortamlara atılan plastik atıklardan dolayı mikroplastik kaynaklı kirlilik günden güneartmaktadır. Günümüzde mikroplastiklerin çeşitli yollarla insan bünyesine alınmasının, insan sağlığı üzerindeoluşturabileceği olumsuz etkiler hakkında bilgiler hala yeterli değildir. Bunun sonucu olarak, çevre ve insanınnasıl bir tehdit ile karşı karşıya kaldığının, tam olarak anlaşılabilmesi de mümkün değildir. Bu olumsuz verilerışığında mikroplastiklerin insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerindeki risklerinin acil olarak araştırılmaya ihtiyacı vardır.Bu çalışmada, mikroplastiklerin, çevre-insan sağlığına olan potansiyel etkilerini ve analiz yöntemleriincelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Microplastics, Environmental - Human Health Effects and Analysis Methods

Öz:

Plastics are used in many areas in our daily lives. So far, humans have produced over 9 billion tons of plastics. By 2050, almost 38 billion tons of plastics will be produced, of which 13 billion tons will be waste. Waste plastics will decompose over time to form microplastics (secondary microplastics), and will also be released to the environment in intentionally produced microplastics (primary microplastics) for use in cosmetics andpharmaceutical industries. The distribution of microplastics in the oceans can be found in more than 1 million parts per 1 cubic meter or less than 1 part per 100 cubic meter.The environment contributes to the accumulation and transport of microplasts, as well as the absorption of microplastics due to the absorption of micro-pollutants and some heavy metals in the environment causes the spread. This means that microplastics are exponentially dangerous. Microplastics pose a big threat to both aquatic creatures and humans. Therefore, microplastic pollution is increasing from day to day due to plastic waste thrown into environments such as the ocean and the sea. Nowadays, information about the negative effects that microplastics can have on human health is still not sufficient. As a result, it is not possible to understand exactly what kind of threat the environment and man beings face. In light of these negative data, the risks of microplastics on human and environmental health need to be investigated urgently. In this study, the potential effects of microplastics on environmental - human health and analysis methods were studied.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

[1] Yurtsever M, “Mikroplastikler’e Genel Bir Bakış”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 17, s. 50, ss. 68-83, 2015.
[2] T. de Scisciolo, E. N. Mijts, T. Becker ve M. B. Eppinga, “Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, no. 106, pp. 49-57, 2016.
[3] R. C. Thompson, Y. Olsen, R. P. Mitchell, A. Davis, S. J. Rowland, A. W. John , D. McGonigle ve A. E. Russell , “Lost at Sea: Where is all the Plastic?”, Science, vol. 304, pp. 838, 2004.
[4] J. Wang, Z. Tan, J. Peng, Q. Qiu ve M. Li, “The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment”, Marine Environment Resarch, vol. 113, pp. 7-17, 2016.
[5] C. J. Moore, “Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat”, Environmental Research, vol.108, no. 2, pp. 131-139, 2008.
[6] Q. Qiu, Z. Tan, J. Wang, J. Peng, M. Li ve Z. Zhan, “Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment”, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 176, pp. 102-109, 2016.
[7] J. Talvitie, A. Mikola, A. Koistinen ve O. Set€al€a, “Solutions to microplastic pollution – Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies”, Water Research, vol. 401, pp. 123, 2017.
[8] P. Farrel ve K. Nelson , “Trophic Level Transfer of Microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 177, pp. 1-3, 2013.
[9] M. A. Browne, A. Dissanayake , T. S. Galloway , D. M. Lowe ve R. C. Thompson, “Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 42, pp. 5026-5031, 2008.
[10] M. Cole , P. Lindeque, E. Fileman , C. Halsband , R. Goodhead , J. Moger ve T. S. Galloway , “Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 6646-6655, 2013,
[11] A. Ballent , S. Pando , A. Purser , M. F. Juliano ve L. Thomsen , “Modelled Transport of Benthic Marine Microplastic Pollution in the Nazaré Canyon”, Biogeosciences, vol. 10, pp. 7957-7970, 2013.
[12] S. A. Carr, J. Liu ve A. G. Tesoro, “Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants”, Water Research, vol. 91, pp. 174-182, 2016.
[13] S. A. Mason , D. Garneau , R. Sutton , Y. Chu , K. Ehmann , J. Barnes , D. Papazissimos ve D. L. Rogers, “Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 218, pp. 1045-1054, 2016,
[14] M. Revel, A. Châtel ve C. Mouneyrac, “Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health?”, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, vol. 1, pp. 17-23, 2017.
[15] L. Van Cauwenberghe, M. Claessens , M. B. Vandegehuchte ve C. R. Janssen , “Microplastics are taken up by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and lugworms (Arenicola marina) living in natural habitats”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 199, pp. 10-17, 2015.
[16] A. H. Abu-Hilal ve T. H. Al-Najjar , “Plastic Pellets on the Beaches of the Northern Gulf of Aqaba”, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, vol. 12, pp. 461-470, 2009.
[17] M. Browne, P. Crump, S. Niven, E. Teuten , A. Tonkin, T. Galloway ve R. Thompson, “Accumulations of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide: Sources and Sinks”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 45, p. 9175−9179, 2011.
[18] M. J. Doyle MJ, W. Watson , N. M. Bowlin ve S. B. Sheavly , “Plastic Particles in Coastal Pelagic Ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean”, Marine Environment Resarch, vol. 71, pp. 41-52, 2011.
[19] A. B. Silva, S. B. Ana, I. J. Celine, J. P. Costa, A. C. Duarte ve T. A. Rocha-Santos, “Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry”, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 1017, pp. 1-19, 2018.
[20] V. Hidalgo-Ruz, L. Gutow, R. C. Thompson ve M. Thiel , “Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods used for Identification and Quantification”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 46, pp. 3060-3075, 2012.
[21] S. L. Wright , R. C. Thompson ve T. S. Galloway , “The Physical Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms: A Review”, Environmental Pollution, vol.178, pp. 483-492, 2013.
[22] E. Besseling, A. Wegner , E. M. Foekema , M. J. Van den Heuvel-Greve ve A. A. Koelmans , “Effects of Microplastic on Fitness and PCB Bioaccumulation by the Lugworm Arenicola marina”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 593-600, 2012.
[23] Y. Mato, T. Isobe , H. Takada , H. Kanehiro , C. Ohtake ve T. Kaminuma , “Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment”, Environmental Science&Technology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 318-324, 2001.
[24] M. Eriksen , S. Mason , S. Wilson, C. Box, A. Zellers A, W. Edwards ve S. Amato , “Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 177-182, 2013.
[25] O. Güven, K. Gökdag , B. Jovanovic ve A. E. Kõdeys, “Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 223, pp. 286-294, 2017.
[26] K. Jabeen, L. Su , J. Li , D. Yang , C. Tong , J. Mu ve H. Shi , “Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 221, pp. 141-149, 2017.
[27] L. Van Cauwenberghe ve C. R. Janssen, “Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption”, Environmental Pollution, vol.193, pp. 65-70, 2014.
[28] A. Mathalon ve P. Hill, “Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 69-79, 2014.
[29] G. Liebezeit ve E. Liebezeit , “Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar”, Food Additives & Contaminants, vol. 30, pp. 2136-2140, 2013.
[30] G. Liebezeit ve E. Liebezeit , “Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers”, Food Additives & Contaminants, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1574-1578, 2014.
[31] A. Karami, A. Golieskardi, C. Keong Choo, V. Larat, T. S. Galloway ve B. Salamatinia, “The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries”, Scientific Reports, 2017.
[32] M. E. Iñiguez, J. A. Conesa ve A. Fullana, “Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt”, Scientific Reports, vol. 7, pp. 8620, 2017.
[33] L. M. Hernandez , N. Yousefi ve N. Tufenkji , “Are There Nanoplastics in Your Personal Care Products?”, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 280-285, 2017.
[34] E. A. Sykes , Q. Dai , K. M. Tsoi , D. M. Hwang ve W. W. Chan, “Nanoparticle exposure in animals can be visualized in the skin and analysed via skin biopsy”, Nature Communications, vol. 5, no. 3796, 2014.
[35] M. Revel, A. Châtel ve C. Mouneyrac, “Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health?”, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, vol. 1, pp. 17-23, 2018.
[36] R. Dris, J. Gasperi, M. Saad, C. Mirande ve B. Tassin, “Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment?”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 104, no. 1-2, pp. 290-293, 2016.
[37] A. A. Horton , A. Walton , D. J. Spurgeon , E. Lahive ve C. Svendsen , “Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 586, pp. 127-141, 2017.
[38] L. Lu, . T. Luo, . Y. Zhao, C. Cai, Z. Fu ve . Y. Jin, “Interaction between microplastics and microorganism as well as gut microbiota: A consideration on environmental animal and human health”, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 667, pp. 94-100, 2019.
[39] S. Sharma ve S. Chatterjee, “Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, no. 27, p. 21530–21547, 2017.
[40] Y. Deng, Y. Zhang, B. Lemos ve H. Ren, “Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure”, Scientific Reports, 2017.
[41] A. Nel, “Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel”, Science, vol. 311, no. 5761, pp. 622- 627, 2007.
[42] M. Smith, D. C. Love, C. M. Rochman ve R. A. Neff, “Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health”, Food, Health, and the Environment , vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 375- 386, 2018.
[43] S. L. Wright ve F. J. Kelly, “Plastic and human health: a micro issue?”, Environment Science Tecnology, vol. 51, no. 12, p. 6634e6647, 2017.
[44] J. L. Pauly, S. J. Stegmeier, H. A. Allaart, R. T. Cheney, P. J. Zhang ve A. G. Mayer, “Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tissue”, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 419-428, 1998.
[45] R. Dris, J. Gasperi, V. Rocher, M. Saad, N. Renault ve B. Tassin, “Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris”, Environmental Chemistry, vol. 12, pp. 592-599, 2015.
[46] J. Gasperi, R. Dris, C. Mirande-Bret, C. Mandin, V. Langlois ve B. Tassin, “First overview of microplastics in indoor and outdoor air” , 15th EuCheMS International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment , Leipzig, Germany, 2015.
[47] J. C. Prata, “Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health?”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 234, pp. 115-126, 2018.
[48] C. Chang, “The immune effects of naturally occurring and synthetic nanoparticles”, Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 234-246, 2010.
[49] P. A. Borm, “Particle Toxicology: From Coal Mining To Nanotechnology”, Inhalation Toxicology , vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 311-324, 2002.
[50] A. D. Vethaak ve H. A. Leslie, “Plastic Debris Is a Human Health Issue”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 13, pp. 6825-6826, 2016.
[51] J. P. Harrison, M. Sapp, M. Schratzberger ve A. M. Osborn, “Interactions Between Microorganisms and Marine Microplastics: A Call for Research”, Marine Technology Society, vol. 45, pp. 12-20, 2011.
[52] A. McCormick, T. J. Hoellein, S. A. Mason, J. Schluep ve J. J. Kelly, “Microplastic is an Abundant and Distinct Microbial Habitat in an Urban River”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 48, pp. 11863-11871, 2014.
[53] Y. X. Jin, J. Z. Xia, Z. H. Pan, J. J. Yang, W. C. Wang ve Z. W. Fu, “Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 235, p. 322–329., 2018.
[54] L. Lu, Z. Q. Wan, T. Luo, Z. W. Fu ve Y. X. Jin, “Polystyrene microplastics induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in mice”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 1, no.631-632, pp. 449-458, 2018.
[55] Y. Jin , L. Lua, W. Tu , T. Luoa ve Z. Fua, “Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice”, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 649, pp. 308-317, 2019.
[56] A. L. Andrady, “The plastic in microplastics: A review”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2017.
[57] A. A. Koelmans, M. Kooi, K. L. Law ve E. van Sebille, “All is not lost: deriving a top-down mass budget of plastic at sea”, Environmental Research Letters, vol. 12, p. 114028, 2017.
[58] C. G. Avio , S. Gorbi , M. Milan, M. Benedetti , D. Fattorini , G. d’Errico , M. Pauletto , L. Bargelloni ve F. Regoli , “Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 198, pp. 211-222, 2015.
[59] N. Hussain, V. Jaitley ve A. T. Florence, “Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics”, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 107-142, 2001.
[60] S. B. Sjollema, P. Redondo-Hasselerharm, H. A. Leslie, M. S. Kraak ve A. D. Vethaak, “Do plastic particles affect microalgal photosynthesis and growth”, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.170, pp. 259-261, 2016.
[61] E. Besseling, A. Wegner, E. M. Foekema ve M. J. van den Heuvel-Greve, “Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the lugworm Arenicola marina”, Environmental Science Tecnology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 593-600, 2013.
[62] A. L. Andrady , “Microplastics in the Marine Environment”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, cilt 62, p. 1596–1605, 2011.
[63] A. Churg ve M. Brauer, “Ambient atmospheric particles in the airways of human lungs”, Ultrastruct Pathol, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 353-361, 2000.
[64] C. Perrino, “Atmospheric particulate matter”, Proc. CISB Symp, pp. 35-43, 2010.
[65] J. P. Desforges , M. Galbraith ve P. S. Ross, “Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean”, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 320-330, 2015.
[66] L. A. Barboza, L. R. Vieira, V. Branco, N. Figueiredo, F. Carvalho, C. Carvalho ve L. Guilhermino, “Microplastics cause neurotoxicity, oxidative damage and energy-related changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)”, Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 195, pp. 49-57, 2018.
[67] D. Peixotoa , C. Pinheiroa , J. Amorima, L. Oliva-Telesa, L. Guilherminoa ve M. . N. Vieiraa, “Microplastic pollution in commercial salt for human consumption: A review”, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 219, pp. 161-168, 2019.
[68] D. Yang, H. Shi, L. Li, J. Li, K. Jabeen ve P. Kolandhasamy, “Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, p. 13622–13627, 2015.
[69] M. Renzi ve A. Blašković, “Litter & microplastics features in table salts from marine origin: Italian versus Croatian brands”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 135, p. 62–68, 2018.
[70] R. M. Rocha, D. F. Costa, M. L. Filho, R. M. Bezerra, D. H. Medeiros, A. A. Silva, C. N. Araújo ve L. X. Filho, “Brazilian solar saltworks - ancient uses and future possibilities”, Aquatic Biosystems, vol. 8, no. 8, 2012.
[71] J. Kim, H. Lee, S. Kim ve H. Kim, “Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution”, Environmental Science & Technology,vol. 52, no. 21, p. 12819–12828, 2018.
[72] R. Serrano, J. Nácher-Mestre, T. Portolés, F. Amat ve F. Hernández, “Non-target screening of organic contaminants in marine salts by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-offlight mass spectrometry”, Talanta, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 877-884, 2011.
[73] S. Rist, B. Carney Almroth, N. B. Hartmann ve T. M. Karlsson, “A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 626, p. 720–726, 2018.
[74] P. Westerhoff, P. Prapaipong, E. Shock ve A. Hillaireau, “Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water”, Water Research, vol. 42, p. 551– 556, 2008.
[75] D. Brennecke, B. Duarte, F. Paiva, I. Caçador ve J. Canning-Clode, “Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment”, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 178, pp. 189-195, 2016.
[76] H. Bouwmeester, P. H. Hollman ve R. B. Peters, “Potential Health Impact of Environmentally Released Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Human Food Production Chain: Experiences from Nanotoxicology”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 15, p. 8932–8947, 2015.
[77] J. B. Derraik, “The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 44, p. 842–852, 2002.
[78] Z. Wang, X. Li, H. Shi, M. Sun, T. Ding ve C. Wang, “Effects of residual plastic film on soil hydrodynamic parameters and soil structure”, Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, vol. 46, no. 140, pp. 101-106 , 2015.
[79] L. E. Huerta, H. Gertsen, H. Gooren, P. Peters, T. Salanki, M. van der Ploeg, E. Besseling, A. A. Koelmans ve V. Geissen, “Microplastics in the Terrestrial Ecosystem: Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, pp. 2685-2691, 2016.
[80] M. T. Rose, T. R. Cavagnaro, C. A. Scanlan, T. J. Rose, T. Vancov, S. Kimber, I. R. Kennedy, R. S. Kookana ve L. Van Zwieten, “Impact of Herbicides on Soil Biology and Function”, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 136, pp. 133-220, 2016.
[81] X. Yang, . C. . P. Bento , H. Chen, H. Zhang, S. Xue, E. . H. Lwanga, P. Zomer, C. . J. Ritsema ve V. Geissen, “Influence of microplastic addition on glyphosate decay and soil microbial activities in Chinese loess soil”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 242, pp. 338-347, 2018.
[82] C. . B. Crawford ve B. Quinn, “Microplastic Collection Techniques, Microplastic pollutants” ,Elsevier, pp. 179-202, 2017.
[83] W. Wang ve J. Wang, “Investigation of microplastics in aquatic environments: An overview of the methods used, from field sampling to laboratory analysis”, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 108, pp. 195-202, 2018.
[84] L. Mai, L. J. Bao, L. Shi, C. S. Wong ve E. Y. Zeng, “A review of methods for measuring microplastics in aquatic environments”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 12, pp. 11319-11332, 2018.
[85] M. B. Zobkov ve E. E. Esiukova, “Microplastics in a Marine Environment: Review of Methods for Sampling, Processing, and Analyzing Microplastics in Water, Bottom Sediments, and Coastal Deposits”, Oceanology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 137-143, 2018.
[86] M.-T. Nuelle, J. H. Dekiff, D. Remy ve E. Fries, “A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 184, pp. 161-169, 2014.
[87] L. Cauwenberghe, A. Vanreusel, J. Mees ve C. R. Janssen, “Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments” Environmental Pollution, vol. 182, pp. 495-499, 2013.
[88] M. Löder ve G. Gerdts, “Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal”, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, pp. 201-227, 2015.
[89] H. K. Imhof, J. Schmid, . R. Niessner, . N. P. Ivleva ve . C. Laforsch, “A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments”, Limnology and oceanography, methods, vol. 10, pp. 524-537, 2012.
[90] S. Huppertsberg ve T. P. Knepper, “Instrumental analysis of microplastics-benefits and challenges”, Anal Bioanal Chem, vol. 25, pp. 6343-6352, 2018.
[91] M. Claessens, L. Van Cauwenberghe, M. B. Vandegehuchte ve C. R. Janssen, “New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 70, pp. 227-233, 2013.
[92] E. M. Foekema , C. De Gruijter , M. T. Mergia, J. A. van Franeker, A. J. Murk ve A. A. Koelmans , “Plastic in north sea fish”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 47, no. 15, pp. 8818-8824, 2013.
[93] C. M. Rochman , A. Tahir , S. L. Williams SL, D. V. Baxa, R. Lam , J. T. Miller, F. C. Teh , S. Werorilangi ve S. J. Teh, “Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption.”, Scientific Reports, vol. 5, p. 14330, 2015.
[94] F. Collard , B. Gilbert , P. Compère , G. Eppe, K. Das, T. Jauniaux ve E. Parmentier , “Microplastics in livers of European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.)”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 229, pp. 1000-1005, 2017.
[95] F. Gusmão , M. D. Domenico , A. Z. Amaral , A. Martínez , B. C. Gonzalez, K. Worsaae , J. A. Ivar do Sul ve P. D. Cunha Lana , “In situ ingestion of microfibres by meiofauna from sandy beaches”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 216, pp. 584-590, 2016.
[96] J. S. Hanvey, . P. J. Lewis, J. L. Lavers, . N. D. Crosbie, K. Pozode ve . B. O. Clarke, “A review of analytical techniques for quantifying microplastics in sediments”, Analytical Methods, vol. 9, p. 1369, 2017.
[97] W. Wang, A. W. Ndungu , Z. Li ve J. Wang , “Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China.”, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 575, pp. 1369-1374, 2017.
[98] Y. . K. Song, S. . H. Hong, M. Jang, G. . M. Han, M. Rania, J. Lee ve W. . J. Shim, “A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 93, no. 1-2, pp. 202- 209, 2015.
[99] K. Zhang, J. Su, X. Xiong, X. Wu, C. Wu ve J. Liu, “Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau, China”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 219, pp. 450-455, 2016.
[100] E. Fries, J. H. Dekiff, J. Willmeyer, M.-T. Nuelle, . M. Ebert ve D. Remy, “Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis-GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy”, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, vol. 10, pp. 1946- 1956, 2013.
[101] W. . J. Shim , S. . H. Hongab ve S. . E. Eo, “Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review”, Analytical Methods, vol. 9, pp. 1384-1391, 2017.
[102] A. S. Tagg, M. Sapp, J. P. Harrison ve J. J. Ojeda, “Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Wastewater Using Focal Plane Array-Based Reflectance Micro-FT-IR Imaging”, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 6032-6040, 2015.
[103] A. M. Elert, R. Becker, E. Duemichen, P. Eisentraut, J. Falkenhagen, H. Sturm ve U. Braun, “Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurements matters?”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 231, pp. 1256-1264, 2017.
[104] C. F. Araujo, M. M. Nolasco, A. M. Ribeiro ve P. J. Ribeiro-Claro, “Identification of microplastics using Raman spectroscopy: Latest developments and future prospects”, Water Research, vol. 142, pp. 426-440, 2018.
[105] A. Käppler, D. Fischer, S. Oberbeckmann, G. Schernewski, M. Labrenz, K.-J. Eichhorn ve B. Voit, “Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or both?”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 408, no. 29, p. 8377–8391, 2016.
[106] A. Kappler, M. Fischer, B. M. Scholz-Bottcher, S. Oberbeckmann, M. Labrenz, D. Fischer, K. J. Eichhorn ve B. Voit, “Comparison of μ-ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and py-GCMS as identification tools for microplastic particles and fibers isolated from river sediments”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 410, no. 21, p. 5313–5327, 2018.
[107] E. Dumichen, P. Eisentraut, C. G. Bannick, A. K. Barthel, R. Senz ve U. Braun, “Fast identification of microplastics in complex environmental samples by a thermal degradation method”, Chemosphere,vol. 174, pp. 572-584, 2017.
[108] J. H. Dekiff, D. Remy, J. Klasmeier ve E. Fries, “Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney”, Environmental Pollution, vol.186, pp. 248-256, 2014.
[109] J. Gabrys, G. Hawkins ve M. Michael, “The Material Politics of Plastic”, UK: Routledge, 2013.
[110] O. Setälä , V. Fleming-Lehtinen ve M. Lehtiniemi , “Ingestion and Transfer of Microplastics in the Planktonic Food Web”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 185, pp. 77-78, 2014.

APA	ESMERAY E, Armutcu C (2020). Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. , 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
Chicago	ESMERAY Ertugrul,Armutcu Cevat Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. (2020): 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
MLA	ESMERAY Ertugrul,Armutcu Cevat Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. , 2020, ss.839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
AMA	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. . 2020; 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
Vancouver	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. . 2020; 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
IEEE	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C "Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri." , ss.839 - 868, 2020. 10.29130/dubited.586453
ISNAD	ESMERAY, Ertugrul - Armutcu, Cevat. "Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri". (2020), 839-868. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.586453

APA	ESMERAY E, Armutcu C (2020). Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
Chicago	ESMERAY Ertugrul,Armutcu Cevat Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8, no.1 (2020): 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
MLA	ESMERAY Ertugrul,Armutcu Cevat Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol.8, no.1, 2020, ss.839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
AMA	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2020; 8(1): 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
Vancouver	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2020; 8(1): 839 - 868. 10.29130/dubited.586453
IEEE	ESMERAY E,Armutcu C "Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri." Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8, ss.839 - 868, 2020. 10.29130/dubited.586453
ISNAD	ESMERAY, Ertugrul - Armutcu, Cevat. "Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Analiz Yöntemleri". Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8/1 (2020), 839-868. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.586453