İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler

Unal, Gunes; Ayhan, İnci

doi:10.7816/nesne-08-17-08

İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler

Güneş ÜNAL, (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)

İnci AYHAN (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)

Nesne Dergisi

6 4

Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17 Sayfa Aralığı: 270 - 283 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08 İndeks Tarihi: 20-06-2021

İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler

Öz:

Bilişsel psikoloji ve sinirbilimin temel kuramlarından biri olan işlevsel özelleşme, beyin yapılarının belirli duyusal, duygusal, bilişsel ve motor görevleri yerine getirmek üzere oluştuğunu belirtir. Buna göre serebellum beynimizin hassas motor koordinasyon, basal ganglia istemsel hareket ve motivasyon, hipokampus ise deklaratif bellek ve mekânsal yön bulma merkezidir. Genel hatlarıyla geçerliliğini koruyan bu yaklaşım, her bir beyin yapısının katkı sunduğu diğer işlevler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda eksik kalmaktadır. Sinirbilimde özellikle son yıllarda, beyin bölgelerinin kendilerine atfedilen esas görevleri dışındaki işlevlerini ortaya çıkaran detaylı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Klasik işlevsel özelleşme anlayışının ötesine geçen bu çalışmalar ile beyin bölgeleri, birden çok işlevde rol alabilmelerini sağlayan hesaplama kabiliyetleri üzerinden değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu anlayışa göre, esasen bir dizilim üreteci olan beynimizdeki birçok yapı, farklı zihinsel ve davranışsal süreçlere katkı sunabilen birer zamansal düzenleme makinesi veya nöronal saat olarak çalışır. Bu derleme, sinirbilime gittikçe egemen olan bu yeni paradigmanın tarihsel gelişimini ve temel çalışma ilkelerini incelemektedir. Nöronal saat olgusunun temelinde yatan beyin salınımları, nöronal hesaplamalara sağladıkları zamansal çerçeve bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Farklı frekans bantlarında beyin salınımlarının egemen olduğu serebellum, basal ganglia ve hipokampus, farklı zamansal çözünürlük gerektiren çeşitli işlevler için genel çözümler üreten nöronal saatler olarak incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelime:

A New Look At Functional Specialization: Neuronal Clocks

Öz:

Functional specialization, a core theory in neuroscience, states that brain structures have emerged to carry outspecific sensory, affective, cognitive and motor functions. For instance, the cerebellum, basal ganglia andhippocampus respectively regulate fine motor coordination, voluntary action and motivation, and declarativememory and navigation. This generally-accepted approach provides only a partial explanation when we consider allthe other functions that require these brain structures. Neuroscientific research has growingly focused on these otherfunctions of individual brain regions in recent years. Going beyond a classical understanding of functionalspecialization, brain regions are now studied concerning their computational capabilities that allow them tocontribute to several different tasks. According to this view, subregions of the brain constitute temporal organizationmachines, or neuronal clocks, that contribute to various cognitive and behavioral processes. This review portrays thehistorical foundations and working principles of this new paradigm increasingly dominating contemporaryneuroscience. Brain oscillations that underlie the concept of neuronal clock are studied with regards to the temporalframework they provide for neuronal computations. The cerebellum, basal ganglia and hippocampus, dominated byoscillations at different frequency ranges, are examined as neuronal clocks that provide generic solutions for variousfunctions requiring different temporal resolutions.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

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APA	Unal G, Ayhan İ (2020). İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. , 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
Chicago	Unal Gunes,Ayhan İnci İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. (2020): 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
MLA	Unal Gunes,Ayhan İnci İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. , 2020, ss.270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
AMA	Unal G,Ayhan İ İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. . 2020; 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
Vancouver	Unal G,Ayhan İ İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. . 2020; 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
IEEE	Unal G,Ayhan İ "İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler." , ss.270 - 283, 2020. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
ISNAD	Unal, Gunes - Ayhan, İnci. "İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler". (2020), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-08

APA	Unal G, Ayhan İ (2020). İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. Nesne Dergisi, 8(17), 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
Chicago	Unal Gunes,Ayhan İnci İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. Nesne Dergisi 8, no.17 (2020): 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
MLA	Unal Gunes,Ayhan İnci İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. Nesne Dergisi, vol.8, no.17, 2020, ss.270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
AMA	Unal G,Ayhan İ İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. Nesne Dergisi. 2020; 8(17): 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
Vancouver	Unal G,Ayhan İ İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler. Nesne Dergisi. 2020; 8(17): 270 - 283. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
IEEE	Unal G,Ayhan İ "İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler." Nesne Dergisi, 8, ss.270 - 283, 2020. 10.7816/nesne-08-17-08
ISNAD	Unal, Gunes - Ayhan, İnci. "İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler". Nesne Dergisi 8/17 (2020), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-17-08