Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 109 - 128 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 İndeks Tarihi: 11-06-2021
Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey
Öz: The aim of this study is to analyze the changing nature of water security and affiliated conflicts within the scope ofsecurity conceptualization at individual and state levels between the years 2000-2019. It was set out that water conflictsand water insecurity in Iraq, Syria and Turkey in the 20-year period after 2000 were caused by attacks to water resourcesand infrastructure at micro and mezzo levels, other than natural disasters such as climate change and reduced waterresources. This research focuses on the water conflicts that have arisen in recent years, with some exceptions, notbetween states but by groups operating at regional levels. It has also been observed in recent years that terrorisminducedattacks have focused on waterways and threatens water security. The study focused on the conflicts occurring inIraq, Syria and Turkey and the causes of these conflicts within the framework of comparative analysis method.
Anahtar Kelime: 2000-2019 Yılları Arasında Su Güvenliği ve Çatışmalar Üzerinden Değişen Güvenliğin Analizi: Irak, Suriye ve Türkiye Örnekleri
Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı; 2000-2019 yılları arasında su güvenliği ve su çatışmalarının birey ve devlet güvenliği kapsamında değişen niteliğinin analizini yapmaktır. Bu çalışmada; iklim değişimi ve azalan su kaynakları dışında; 2000 sonrası 20 yıllık dönemde Irak, Suriye ve Türkiye’deki su kaynaklarına ve altyapısına yapılan saldırıları konu edinmektedir. Bu kapsamda su güvensizliğinin mikro ve mezo seviyede su kaynaklarını ve altyapısını hedef alan saldırılardan kaynaklandığı ortaya konmuştur. Su çatışmaları, son yıllarda, bazı istisnalar hariç, devletler arasında değil bölgesel nitelikte faaliyet gösteren gruplar tarafından yürütülmektedir. Bu çerçevede son yıllarda terörizm kaynaklı saldırıların su yolları üzerine yoğunlaştığı ve su güvenliğini tehdit ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma; Irak, Suriye ve Türkiye’de meydana gelen su odaklı çatışmalara ve bu çatışmaların nedenlerine odaklanarak karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi çerçevesinde incelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Altunbaş, İ. (2013). Ortadoğu’da Yeni Bir Senaryo: Su Savaşları. Minerva Dergisi, vol.? (12), 1-7. https://www. academia.edu/4779386/Ortado%C4%9Fuda_Yeni_Bir_Senaryo_Su_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1, Accesed date:: 04.04.2019
- Aydın, M. (2004, Eylül). Uluslararası İlişkilerin “Gerçekçi” Teorisi: Kökeni, Kapsamı, Kritiği. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(1), s. 33-60. https://www.uidergisi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Uluslararasi- Iliskilerin-Gercekci-Teorisi.pdf , Accesed date:: 15.10.2019
- Aytaç, G. B. (2018, Haziran). Feminist Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde İnsan Güvenliği: Sivil Toplum Gözüyle Irak Örneği. Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), s. 9-23. doi:DOI: 10.26695/mukatcad.2018.12
- Baran, T., & Macar, E. (2017). Değişen Güvenlik Yaklaşımları Örneğinde Kopenhag Okulu’nun Toplumsal Güvenlik Yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(54), 252-259.
- BBC News. (2012, September 08). Aleppo water supply cut as Syria fighting rages. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-19533112, Erişim tarihi:18.12.2019
- Buzan, B. (1983). People, States, and Fear: National Security Problem in International Relations (Cilt 8). Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
- CNN Türk. (2012, October 01). PKK baraj inşaatını bastı. cnnturk.com: https://www.cnnturk.com/2012/ turkiye/10/01/pkk.baraj.insaatini.basti/678742.0/index.html; Accesed date: 02.02.2020
- Coles, I. (2014, April 11). Iraq insurgents use water as weapon after seizing dam. Reuters: http://reut.rs/ TnvUH6, Accesed date: 22.12.2019
- Dikmen, Ç. (2004). Enerji ve Çevre Ekseninde Ulusal Güvenlik. Görüş, 31-32. http://www.maden.org.tr/ resimler/ekler/43de7cf7ba769c7_ek.pdf Accesed date: 22.11.2019
- Gleick , P., & Heberger, M. (2013). Water and Conflict: Events, Trends, and Analysis (2011–2012). The World’s Water, 8, 159-171. http://worldwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/www8-water-conflict-events-trendsanalysis. pdf
- Hammer, J. (2013, June). Is a Lack of Water to Blame for the Conflict in Syria? Smithsonian.com: https://www. smithsonianmag.com/innovation/is-a-lack-of-water-to-blame-for-the-conflict-in-syria-72513729/
- Hubbard, B. (2017, January 05). A New Casualty of Syria’s War: Drinking Water in Damascus. The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/world/middleeast/a-new-casualty-of-syrias-war-drinkingwater- in-damascus.html
- Hurriyet Daily News. (2014, October 27). Turkish gov’t toughens Kurdish bid stance after attack. www. hurriyetdailynews.com: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-govt-toughens-kurdish-bid-stanceafter- attack-73495
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2009). Water and War:The ICRC Response . www.icrc.org: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0969.pdf
- Keele, G. (2003, March 19). UNICEF, The Situation of Children in Iraq. www.unicef.org: https://www.unicef. org/media/media_7609.html
- Koçer, G. (2005). Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Uluslararası Güvenlik Ortamı ve Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenliği. Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(5), 287-304.
- Lovelle, M. (2016). The Future Beyond Conflict: Food and Water Security in Syria. Future Directions International, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/future-beyond-conflict-food-water-securitysyria/
- Miles, T. (2015, December 01). U.N. condemns air strike that cut water supplies to Syria’s Aleppo. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-aleppo-water-idUSKBN0TK4F020151201.
- Mroue, B. (2012, November 26). Activists: Syrian rebels seize major dam in north. Associated Press: http:// www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Nov-26/196180-activists-syrian-rebels-seize-major-damin- north.ashx
- Myers, N. (1993). Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. London: W. W. Norton & Company. https://www.amazon.com/Ultimate-Security-Environmental-Political-Stability/dp/0393336212
- O’Hara, G. (2017). The Politics of Water in Post-War Britain. London: Springer Nature.
- Omara, J. O. (2017, February 03). Report: Water pipeline to ISIL stronghold Raqqa destroyed. November 22, 2019 tarihinde USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/02/03/report-water-pipelineisil- stronghold-raqqa-destroyed/97436786/
- Pacific Institute. (2021, March 16). Water Conflict Chronology. http://www.worldwater.org/: http://www. worldwater.org/conflict/map/ RAND Database of Worldwide Terrisom Incidents (RDWTI). (2019). National Security Research Division. www.rand.org: https://www.rand.org/nsrd/projects/terrorism-incidents/download.html.
- Reznicck, A. (2016, January 04). Weaponizing Syria’s Water. bostonreview: http://www.bostonreview.net/ world/syria-water-alisa-reznick
- Schwartzstein, P. (2014, November 05). Amid Terror Attacks, Iraq Faces Water Crisis. National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/141104-iraq-water-crisis-turkey-iran-isis
- Sancak, K. (2013). Güvenlik Kavramı Etrafındaki Tartışmalar ve Uluslararası Güvenliğin Dönüşümü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, http://acikerisim.ktu.edu.tr/jspui/handle/123456789/182 vol.6, 124-134.
- Sancak, K. (2013). Güvenlik Kavramı Etrafındaki Tartışmalar Ve Uluslararası Güvenliğin Dönüşümü. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(6), 124-134. http://www.ktu.edu.tr/dosyalar/sbedergisi_69519. pdf
- Singer, D. (1971). A general systems taxonomy for political science. New York: General Learning Press .
- Tawfeeq, M., & Abdelaziz, S. (2016, November 30). ISIS uses water as weapon in Mosul fight. CNN World: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/30/middleeast/mosul-water-isis/
- Terrorism Analysis Platform (TAP), 2021. Database of Terrorist Attacks, https://tap-data.com/analysis, accesed 18 March 2021.
- The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). (2019, November 21). Conflict analysis and crisis mapping. acleddata.com: https://www.acleddata.com/data/
- The Economist. (2019, November 18). Whatever happened to the water wars? economist.com: https://www. economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/18/whatever-happened-to-the-water-wars
- The Global Terrorism Database (GTD). (2019, November). National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
- The Jordan Times. (2015, August 23). PKK kills Turkish soldier, abducts customs officials army. jordantimes. com: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/pkk-kills-turkish-soldier-abducts-customs-officials- %E2%80%94-army
- The Wilson Center. (2019, October 28). Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State. https://www. wilsoncenter.org/article/timeline-the-rise-spread-and-fall-the-islamic-state; Accesed date: 08.01.2020
- Tierney, J., & Worth, R. (2003, August 18). Attacks in Iraq Might Be Signs Of New Tactics. November 21, 2019 tarihinde New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/18/world/attacks-in-iraq-might-be-signs-ofnew- tactics.html
- TRY World. (2017, March 08). Regime forces capture Aleppo’s main water supply plant. November 22, 2019 tarihinde trtworld.com: https://www.trtworld.com/mea/regime-forces-capture-key-aleppo-water-supplyplant- 312745
- Ullman, R. H. (1983). Redefi ning Security. International Security, 8(01), 129-153.
- UN Security Council. (2017, March 08). Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructure Against Terrorist Attacks. UN Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED): https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/news/ document/cted-trends-report-wednesday-8-march-2017-physical-protection-critical-infrastructure-terroristattacks/
- US Agency for International Development. (2019, August 09). Syria – Complex Emergency. ReliefWeb.int: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/08.09.19%20-%20USG%20Syria%20Complex%20 Emergency%20Fact%20Sheet%20%238.pdf
- Uzgel, İ., & Bedirhanoğlu, N. (2016, Haziran). Eleştirel Bir Literatür Değerlendirmesi: Dışlamadan Sınırlı Tanımaya, Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramları ve Marksizm. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12(46), s. 105-130. https://www.uidergisi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/46-6.pdf
- Wolfers, A. (1952). National Security as an Ambigous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly, 67(4), 481-502.
- Yanık, L. K. (2016, Hazşran). Liberalizm: Bir Yazın Değerlendirmesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12(46), s. 35-55. https://www.uidergisi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/46-3.pdf; Accesed date: 10.01.2020
| APA | Aslan M, OZBEK C (2021). Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. , 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| Chicago | Aslan Murat,OZBEK CUMA ALI Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. (2021): 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| MLA | Aslan Murat,OZBEK CUMA ALI Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. , 2021, ss.109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| AMA | Aslan M,OZBEK C Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. . 2021; 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| Vancouver | Aslan M,OZBEK C Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. . 2021; 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| IEEE | Aslan M,OZBEK C "Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey." , ss.109 - 128, 2021. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| ISNAD | Aslan, Murat - OZBEK, CUMA ALI. "Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey". (2021), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| APA | Aslan M, OZBEK C (2021). Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) , 30(1), 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| Chicago | Aslan Murat,OZBEK CUMA ALI Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) 30, no.1 (2021): 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| MLA | Aslan Murat,OZBEK CUMA ALI Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) , vol.30, no.1, 2021, ss.109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| AMA | Aslan M,OZBEK C Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) . 2021; 30(1): 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| Vancouver | Aslan M,OZBEK C Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) . 2021; 30(1): 109 - 128. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| IEEE | Aslan M,OZBEK C "Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey." Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) , 30, ss.109 - 128, 2021. 10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
| ISNAD | Aslan, Murat - OZBEK, CUMA ALI. "Analysis of Transforming Security Through the Water Resources and Affiliated Conflicts Between 2000 and 2019: Case of Iraq, Syria and Turkey". Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences (Online) 30/1 (2021), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2021.30.1.862827 |
