Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 150 - 175 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011 İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları

Öz:
Bu araştırmanın temel amacı Rye ve diğerleri (2001) tarafından geliştirilen Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği (BAÖ) ile Wohl, DeShea ve Wahkinney (2008) tarafından geliştirilen Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni (KAÖ) Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve bu ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirliklerini incelemektir. Araştırmada yer alan katılımcılar, bir kamu üniversitesinin çeşitli fakültelerinin lisans düzeyinde öğrenim gören 730 (500 kadın, 230 erkek) üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeklerin yapı geçerliklerini sınamak üzere doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre BAÖ’nün olumsuz düşünce ve davranış, olumlu düşünce ve davranış ile duygular olarak adlandırılan üç faktörlü bir yapı sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları KAÖ’nün ise duygular ve davranışlar, olumlu inançlar ve olumsuz inançlar olarak tanımlanan yine üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ölçeklerin Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı ile hesaplanan iç tutarlıklarına ait değerler de BAÖ (α=0,75) ve KAÖ’nün (α=0,87) yeterli düzeyde güvenirliklerinin bulunduğuna işaret etmiştir. Dolayısıyla, gerçekleştirilen geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri sonucunda her iki ölçeğin de üniversite öğrencileri odağında kullanılabilecek psikometrik özellikleri taşıdıkları belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Turkish Adaptation Studies of the Rye Forgiveness Scale and the State Self-Forgiveness Scale

Öz:
The primary purpose of the current research is to adapt to Turkish both the Rye Forgiveness Scale (RFS) developed byRye et al. (2001) and the State Self-Forgiveness Scale (SSFS) developed by Wohl, DeShea, and Wahkinney (2008). Thecurrent research likewise seeks to examine the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the scales. Theparticipants of the study were 730 undergraduate students (500 female, 230 male) from a state university in Turkey.The construct validity of both scales was explored using confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the analyses for thefinal measurement models of the scales revealed that the RFS was composed of three factors: negative thoughts andbehaviors, positive thoughts and behaviors, and emotions. The results likewise indicated that the SSFS consisted of threefactors: emotions and behaviors, positive beliefs, and negative beliefs. The internal consistency coefficients of both theRFS (α=0.75) and the SSFS (α=0.87) were also satisfactory, as estimated by Cronbach’s alpha. Furthermore, this studysignified that the Turkish version of the RFS and the SSFS appear to have sufficient psychometric properties. Thus, thesescales may be used to assess forgiveness among university students.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Akın, A., Akın, U., & Gediksiz, E. (2012, May). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Forgivingness Scale. Paper presented at the International Counseling and Education Conference (ICEC 2012), İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Alford, C. F. (2014). Trauma and forgiveness: Consequences and communities. New York: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref]
  • Allemand, M., Hill, P. L., Ghaemmaghami, P., & Martin, M. (2012). Forgivingness and subjective well-being in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 32-39. [Crossref]
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. [Crossref]
  • Asıcı, E. ve Karaca, R. (2018). Ergenler için affetme ölçeği (EAÖ): Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Turkish Studies, 13(11), 205-228. [Crossref]
  • Aşçıoğlu Önal, A. & Yalçın, İ. (2017). Forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness: The predictive role of cognitive distortions, empathy, and rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 68, 97-120. [Crossref]
  • Baker, J. C., Williams, J. K., Witvliet, C. V., & Hill, P. C. (2017). Positive reappraisals after an offense: Event-related potentials and emotional effects of benefit-finding and compassion. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 373-384. [Crossref]
  • Balcı Çelik, S. ve Öztürk Serter, G. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde affetmenin öznel iyi oluşları üzerindeki rolü. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3990-4001. [Crossref]
  • Bast, D. F., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2015). Developing the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) as a measure of self-forgiveness related to failing and succeeding behaviors. The Psychological Record, 65(1), 189-201. [Crossref]
  • Bast, D. F., Linares, I. M. P., Gomes, C., Kovac, R., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2016). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of self-forgiveness: The impact of a training history in clinical behavior analysis. The Psychological Record, 66(1), 177-190. [Crossref]
  • Bell, C. M., Davis, D. E., Griffin, B. J., Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2017). The promotion of selfforgiveness, responsibility, and willingness to make reparations through a workbook intervention. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 571-578. [Crossref]
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr., E. L., O’Connor, L., Parrott, L. III, & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 183-225. [Crossref]
  • Braithwaite, S. R., Mitchell, C. M., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2016). Trait forgiveness and enduring vulnerabilities: Neuroticism and catastrophizing influence relationship satisfaction via less forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 237-246. [Crossref]
  • Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Forgiveness and relationship satisfaction: Mediating mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 551-559. [Crossref]
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931. [Crossref]
  • Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2012). Affetme artırılabilir mi?: Affetmeyi geliştirme grubu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
  • Cavalcanti, T. M., de Holanda Coelho, G. L., Rezende, A. T., Vione, K. C., & Gouveia, V. V. (2018). Decisional and emotional forgiveness scales: Psychometric validity and correlates with personality and vengeance. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14(5), 1247-1264. [Crossref]
  • Chung, M. S. (2016). Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: The moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 573-585. [Crossref]
  • Cornish, M. A., & Wade, N. G. (2015). Working through past wrongdoing: Examination of a selfforgiveness counseling intervention. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 521-528. [Crossref]
  • da Silva, S. P., vanOyen Witvliet, C., & Riek, B. (2017). Self-forgiveness and forgiveness-seeking in response to rumination: Cardiac and emotional responses of transgressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 362-372. [Crossref]
  • Dat, M. C., & Okimoto, T. G. (2018). Exploring new directions in self-forgiveness research: Integrating self and other perspectives on moral repair. Social Justice Research, 31(2), 206-217. [Crossref]
  • Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., … Westbrook, C.
  • J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329-335. [Crossref]
  • Davis, J. R., & Gold, G. J. (2011). An examination of emotional empathy, attributions of stability, and the link between remorse and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 392-397. [Crossref]
  • DeShea, L. (2008). Measuring forgiveness. In W. Malcolm, N. DeCourville, & K. Belicki (Eds.), Women’s reflections on the complexities of forgiveness (pp. 21-38). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counseling & Values, 40(2), 107- 126. [Crossref]
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association. [Crossref]
  • Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Çankaya, Z. C. ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(164), 94-107.
  • Ersanlı, K., & Vural Batık, M. (2015). Development of the forgiveness scale: A study of reliability and validity. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(7), 19-32. [Crossref]
  • Exline, J. J., Root, B. L., Yakavalli, S., Martin, A. M., & Fisher, M. L. (2011). Reparative behaviors and self-forgiveness: Effects of a laboratory-based exercise. Self and Identity, 10, 101-126. [Crossref]
  • Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: a meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 894-914. [Crossref]
  • Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy, 23(4), 629-633. [Crossref]
  • Forster, D. E., Billingsley, J., Russell, V. M., McCauley, T. G., Smith, A., Burnette, J. L., … McCullough, M. E. (2019). Forgiveness takes place on an attitudinal continuum from hostility to friendliness: Toward a closer union of forgiveness theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(4), 861-880. [Crossref]
  • Freedman, S., & Chang, W. C. (2010). An analysis of a sample of the general population’s understanding of forgiveness: Implications for mental health counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(1), 5-34. [Crossref]
  • Furr, M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd. [Crossref]
  • Gençoğlu, C., Şahin, E., & Topkaya, N. (2018). General self-efficacy and forgiveness of self, others and situations as predictors of depression, anxiety and stress in university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18(3), 605-626.
  • Graham, K. L., Morse, J. L., O’Donnell, M. B., & Steger, M. F. (2017). Repairing meaning, resolving rumination, and moving toward self-forgiveness. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Forgiveness (pp.59-72). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. [Crossref]
  • Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Lavelock, C. R., Wade, N. G., & Hoyt, W. T. (2015). Forgiveness and mental health. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington Jr., & D. R. Williams (Eds.), Forgiveness and Health: Scientific Evidence and Theories Relating Forgiveness to Better Health (pp. 77-90). New
  • York, NY: Springer. [Crossref] Gull, M., & Rana, S. A. (2013). Manifestation of forgiveness, subjective well-being and quality of life. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23(2), 17-36.
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637. [Crossref]
  • Hampes, W. (2016). The relationship between humor styles and forgiveness. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 338-347. [Crossref]
  • Hargrave, T. D., & Sells, J. N. (1997). The development of a forgiveness scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23(1), 41-62. [Crossref]
  • Harper, Q., Worthington Jr, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Lavelock, C. R., Hook, J. N., Vrana, S. R., & Greer, C. L. (2014). Efficacy of a workbook to promote forgiveness: A randomized controlled trial with university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(12), 1158-1169. [Crossref]
  • Hill, E. W. (2010). Discovering forgiveness through empathy: implications for couple and family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 32(2),169-185. [Crossref]
  • Hill, E. W., Hasty, C., & Moore, C. J. (2011). Differentiation of self and the process of forgiveness: A clinical perspective for couple and family therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 32(1), 43-57. [Crossref]
  • Hill, P. L., & Allemand, M. (2010). Forgivingness and adult patterns of individual differences in environmental mastery and personal growth. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 245-250. [Crossref]
  • Hirsch, J. K., Webb, J. R., & Jeglic, E. L. (2011). Forgiveness, depression, and suicidal behavior among a diverse sample of college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 896-906. [Crossref]
  • Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Utsey, S. O., Davis, D. E., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., … Dueck, A. (2012). Does forgiveness require interpersonal interactions? Individual differences in conceptualization of forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 687-692. [Crossref]
  • Hourigan, K. L. (2016). Homicide survivors’ definitions of forgiveness: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal orientations. Violence and Victims, 31(5), 869-887. [Crossref]
  • İnak, S. (2010). The Turkish translation, reliability and validity study of Enright Forgiveness Inventory (Unpublished master’s thesis). Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC.
  • Johnson, H. D., Wernli, M. A., & LaVoie, J. C. (2013). Situational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal characteristic associations with adolescent conflict forgiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 174(3), 291-315. [Crossref]
  • Kimmes, J. G., & Durtschi, J. A. (2016). Forgiveness in romantic relationships: The roles of attachment, empathy, and attributions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(4), 645-658. [Crossref]
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Krause, H., & Hayward, R. D. (2013). Self-forgiveness and mortality in late life. Social Indicators Research, 111, 361-373. [Crossref]
  • Lavelock, C. R., Snipes, D. J., Griffin, B. J. Worthington, E .L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., … Ritter, J. (2015). A conceptual model of forgiveness and health. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington Jr., & D. R. Williams (Eds.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 29-42). New York, NY: Springer. [Crossref]
  • Lichtenfeld, S., Buechner, V. L., Maier, M. A., & Fernández-Capo, M. (2015). Forgive and forget: Differences between decisional and emotional forgiveness. PloS ONE, 10(5). [Crossref]
  • Macaskill, A. (2012). Differentiating dispositional self-forgiveness from other-forgiveness: Associations with mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 28-50. [Crossref]
  • Menahem, S., & Love, M. (2013). Forgiveness in psychotherapy: The key to healing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 829-835. [Crossref]
  • Merolla, A. J., Zhang, S., & Sun, S. (2013). Forgiveness in the United States and China: Antecedents, consequences, and communication style comparisons. Communication Research, 40(5), 595-622. [Crossref]
  • Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2011). Forgiveness: A cognitive-motivational anatomy. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(3), 260-290. [Crossref]
  • Noreen, S., Bierman, R. N., & MacLeod, M. D. (2014). Forgiving you is hard, but forgetting seems easy: Can forgiveness facilitate forgetting? Psychological Science, 25(7), 1295-1302. [Crossref]
  • Nsamenang, S. A., Webb, J. R., Cukrowick, K. C., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013). Depressive symptoms and interpersonal needs as mediators of forgiveness and suicidal behavior among rural primary care patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 282-290. [Crossref]
  • Palanski, M. E. (2012). Forgiveness and reconciliation in the workplace: A multi-level perspective and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(3), 275-287. [Crossref]
  • Ramírez, E., Ortega, A. R., Chamorro, A., & Colmenero, J. M. (2014). A program of positive intervention in the elderly: Memories, gratitude and forgiveness. Aging & Mental Health, 18(4), 463-470. [Crossref]
  • Riek, B. M., & Mania, E. W. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 304-325. [Crossref]
  • Richards, N. (1988). Forgiveness. Ethics, 99(1), 77-97. [Crossref]
  • Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260-277. [Crossref]
  • Sandage, S., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2010). Comparison of two group interventions to promote forgiveness: Empathy as a mediator of change. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(1), 35-57. [Crossref]
  • Sarıçam, H. ve Akın, A. (2013). Affedicilik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 37-46.
  • Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin affetme, intikam, sosyal bağlılık ve öznel iyi oluşları: Farklı yapısal modellerin denenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Scheidle, L. E. (2011). Forgiveness and gratitude as predictors of elderly subjective well-being (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Regent University, Virginia, United States). Retrieved from https:// search.proquest.com/docview/750172966?pq-origsite=gscholar.
  • Scherer, M., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. N., & Campana, K. L. (2011). Forgiveness and the bottle: Promoting self-forgiveness in individuals who abuse alcohol. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30, 382-395. [Crossref]
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Schumann, K. (2012). Does love mean never having to say you’re sorry? Associations between relationship satisfaction, perceived apology sincerity, and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(7), 997-1010. [Crossref]
  • Sheldon, P., Gilchrist-Petty, E., & Lessley, J. A. (2014). You did what? The relationship between forgiveness tendency, communication of forgiveness, and relationship satisfaction in married and dating couples. Communication Reports, 27(2), 78-90. [Crossref]
  • Smallen, D. (2019). Practicing forgiveness: A framework for a routine forgiveness practice. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 6(4), 219-228. [Crossref]
  • Sternthal, M. J., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Buck, A. C. (2010). Depression, anxiety, and religious life: A search for mediators. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 51, 343-359. [Crossref]
  • Strelan, P. (2017). The measurement of dispositional self-forgiveness. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of forgiveness (pp. 75- 86). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. [Crossref]
  • Strelan, P., McKee, I., Calic, D., Cook, L., & Shaw, L. (2013). For whom do we forgive? A functional analysis of forgiveness. Personal Relationships, 20, 124-139. [Crossref]
  • Strelan, P., & Van Prooijen, J. W. (2016). Tough love: The behavior control justice motive facilitates forgiveness in valued relationships. Personal Relationships, 23(3), 536-553. [Crossref]
  • Subkoviak, M. J., Enright, R. D., Wu, C. R., Gassin, E. A., Freedman, S., Olson, L. M., & Sarinopoulos, I. (1995). Measuring interpersonal forgiveness in late adolescence and middle adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 18(6), 641-655. [Crossref]
  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., … Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359. [Crossref]
  • Topbaşoğlu Altan, T. ve Çivitci, A. (2017). Öfke ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide affetmenin düzenleyici rolü. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 308-327.
  • Toussaint, L., Barry, M., Bornfriend, L., & Markman, M. (2014). Restore: The journey toward selfforgiveness: A randomized trial of patient education on self-forgiveness in cancer patients and caregivers. Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy, 20(2), 54-74. [Crossref]
  • Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: How stress degrades and forgiveness protects health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1004-1014. [Crossref]
  • Toussaint, L. L., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Forgiveness, stress, and health: A 5-week dynamic parallel process study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 727-735. [Crossref]
  • Toussaint, L. T., Webb, J. R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Self-forgiveness and health: A stress-andcoping model. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of forgiveness (pp. 87-99). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. [Crossref]
  • Toussaint, L. L., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health. New York, NY: Springer. [Crossref]
  • Tucker, J. R., Bitman, R. L., Wade, N. G., & Cornish, M. A. (2015). Defining forgiveness: Historical roots, contemporary research, and key considerations for health outcomes. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington Jr., & D. R. Williams (Eds), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 13-28). New York, NY: Springer. [Crossref]
  • Van der Wal, R. C., Karremans, J. C., & Cillessen, A. H. (2017). Causes and consequences of children’s forgiveness. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 97-101. [Crossref]
  • Yalçın, İ., & Malkoç, A. (2015). The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 915-929. [Crossref]
  • Yao, S., Chen, J., Yu, X., & Sang, J. (2017). Mediator roles of interpersonal forgiveness and selfforgiveness between self-esteem and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 36(3), 585-592. [Crossref]
  • Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2014). Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154-170. [Crossref]
  • Waldron, V. R., & Kelley, D. L. (2008). Communicating forgiveness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [Crossref]
  • Watkins, D. A., Hui, E. K., Luo, W., Regmi, M., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. N., & Davis, D. E. (2011). Forgiveness and interpersonal relationships: A Nepalese investigation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(2), 150-161. [Crossref]
  • Webb, J. R., Dula, C. S., & Brewer, K. (2012). Forgiveness and aggression among college students. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 14(1), 38-58. [Crossref]
  • Webb, J. R., Hirsch, J. K., Visser, P. L. & Brewer, K. G. (2013). Forgiveness and health: Assessing the mediating effect of health behavior, social support, and interpersonal functioning. The Journal of Psychology, 147(5), 391-414. [Crossref]
  • Webb, J. R., Phillips, T. D., Bumgarner, D., & Conway-Williams, E. (2013). Forgiveness, mindfulness, and health. Mindfulness, 4(3), 235-245. [Crossref]
  • Webb, J. R., Toussaint, L. & Conway-Williams, E. (2012). Forgiveness and health: Psycho-spiritual integration and the promotion of better healthcare. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 18(1- 2), 57-73. [Crossref]
  • Witvliet, C. V. O., & Root Luna, L. M. (2018). Forgiveness and well-being. In D. S. Dunn (Ed.), Positive psychology: Established and emerging issues (pp. 131-152). New York, NY: Routledge. [Crossref]
  • Wohl, M. J., DeShea, L., & Wahkinney, R. L. (2008). Looking within: Measuring state self-forgiveness and its relationship to psychological well-being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 40(1), 1-10. [Crossref]
  • Woodyatt, L., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Wenzel, M., & Griffin, B. J. (2017). Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. [Crossref]
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Lavelock, C., van Oyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J. A., & Toussaint, L. (2014). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofkse, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474-502). Oxford, UK: Academic Press. [Crossref]
APA Havare A, GİZİR C (2020). Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. , 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
Chicago Havare Ales Öykü,GİZİR CEM ALİ Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. (2020): 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
MLA Havare Ales Öykü,GİZİR CEM ALİ Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. , 2020, ss.150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
AMA Havare A,GİZİR C Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. . 2020; 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
Vancouver Havare A,GİZİR C Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. . 2020; 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
IEEE Havare A,GİZİR C "Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları." , ss.150 - 175, 2020. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
ISNAD Havare, Ales Öykü - GİZİR, CEM ALİ. "Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları". (2020), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
APA Havare A, GİZİR C (2020). Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. Hayef:journal of education (Online), 17(2), 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
Chicago Havare Ales Öykü,GİZİR CEM ALİ Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. Hayef:journal of education (Online) 17, no.2 (2020): 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
MLA Havare Ales Öykü,GİZİR CEM ALİ Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. Hayef:journal of education (Online), vol.17, no.2, 2020, ss.150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
AMA Havare A,GİZİR C Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. Hayef:journal of education (Online). 2020; 17(2): 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
Vancouver Havare A,GİZİR C Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları. Hayef:journal of education (Online). 2020; 17(2): 150 - 175. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
IEEE Havare A,GİZİR C "Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları." Hayef:journal of education (Online), 17, ss.150 - 175, 2020. 10.5152/hayef.2020.20011
ISNAD Havare, Ales Öykü - GİZİR, CEM ALİ. "Başkalarını Affetme Ölçeği ve Kendini Affetme Ölçeği’ni Türkçe’yeUyarlama Çalışmaları". Hayef:journal of education (Online) 17/2 (2020), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.5152/hayef.2020.20011