Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 58 - 75 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.19128/turje.814621 İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic

Öz:
The aim of the present study was to examine the levels of anxiety, depression and coping of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was carried out with 3058 students (2080 females, 978 males) who are continuing their secondary and high school educations at Şahinbey District of Gaziantep. Personal Information Form, The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Child Version and Coping Scale for Children and Adolescents were used for data collection. Independent Samples t-Test and One-Way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Based on the results of the study; the ratios of adolescents with high depression, anxiety as well as depression and anxiety were 45.6%, 48.6% and 47.12% respectively in the present study. It was determined that women, adolescents at high school, those with parents having low education level, individuals with separated parents, those with increased social media use and adolescents with number of siblings greater than three have higher anxiety and depression levels. Adolescents with high levels of depression and anxiety were found to use more avoidant and negative coping strategies. It can be stated that the prevalence of mental health problems of adolescents during the epidemic process is high and that studies in the field of mental health of adolescents are needed.
Anahtar Kelime: Covid-19 Coping Depression Anxiety Adolescents

Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde ergenlerin depresyon-anksiyete düzeyleri ve başa çıkma stratejileri

Öz:
Bu araştırmanın amacı; Covid-19 salgını sürecinde ergenlerin anksiyete, depresyon ve başa çıkma düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma Gaziantep’in Şahinbey ilçesinde ortaokul ve lisede eğitim gören 3058 öğrenciyle (2080 kız, 978 erkek) yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Çocuklarda Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Yenilenmiş-Çocuk Formu ve Çocuk ve Ergenler için Başa Çıkma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde İlişkisiz Örneklemler İçin t-Testi ve İlişkisiz Örneklemler İçin Tek Yönlü ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre; araştırmaya katılan ergenlerden yüksek düzeyde depresyon, anksiyete ve depresyon ve anksiyete birlikte sahip olanların oranı sırasıyla; %45,6, %48,6 ve %47,12’dir. Kadınların, lisede okuyan ergenlerin, anne ve babası düşük eğitim seviyesine sahip olanların, anne ve babası ayrı olanların, sosyal medya kullanımında artış olanların ve kardeş sayısı üçten fazla olan ergenlerin daha yüksek anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyine sahip oldukları saptanmıştır. Depresyon ve anksiyete düzeyi yüksek ergenlerin kaçınma ve olumsuz başa çıkma stratejilerini daha fazla kullandığı saptanmıştır. Salgın sürecinde ergenlerin ruh sağlığı problemlerinin yaygınlığının yüksek olduğu ve bu konuda ergenlerin ruh sağlığı alanındaki çalışmalara gereksinim olduğu ifade edilebilir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Bedel, A., Işık, E., & Hamarta, E. (2014). Validity and reliability study of the coping scale for adolescents. Education and Science, 39(176). http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3501
  • Bedel, A. & Ulubey, E. (2015). The role of cognitive flexibility on explanation adolescent’s coping strategies. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14(55), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.91623
  • Boekaerts, M. (1996). Coping with stress in childhood and adolescence. In M. Zeidner & N. S. Endler (Eds.), The handbook of coping (pp. 452–484). Wiley.
  • Brooks, J. E. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: Maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/28.2.69
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models, 154, 136. SAGE.
  • Bülbül, A. (2014). Ergenlerin algılanan anne baba tutumları ile yakın ilişkilerindeki psikolojik eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between perceived parental attitudes of adolescents and their psychological tendencies in their close relationships] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Halic University, Social Sciences Institute.
  • Cantekin, D., & Akduman, G. G. (2020). Annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumları ile çocuklarının duygularını yönetme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [The relationship between mothers’ attitudes towards child rearing and their children’s emotion management skills]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.47631
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Cheng, S. T., & Chan, A. C. (2003). Factorial structure of the Kidcope in Hong Kong adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164(3), 261-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320309597982
  • Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(8), 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8
  • Çuhadaroğlu-Çetin, F. (2006). Ergenlikte psikososyal gelişim özellikleri [Psychosocial development features in adolescence]. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler-Özel Konular, 2(7), 6-8.
  • Demiriz, S., & Öğretir, A. D. (2007). Alt ve üst sosyo-ekonomik düzeydeki 10 yaş çocuklarının anne tutumlarının incelenmesi [A study of the attitudes of mothers of 10-years-oldchildren in lower and upper socio-economic status]. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 105-122.
  • de Miranda, D. M., da Silva Athanasio, B., de Sena Oliveira, A. C., & Silva, A. C. S. (2020). How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 101845.
  • Dvorsky, M. R., Breaux, R., & Becker, S. P. (2020). Finding ordinary magic in extraordinary times: child and adolescent resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01583-8
  • Ercan, E. S., Polanczyk, G., Akyol Ardıc, U., Yuce, D., Karacetın, G., Tufan, A. E., ... & Başgül, S. (2019). The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 73(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1574892
  • Ercan, E. S., Rodopman-Arman, A., İnal-Emiroğlu, N., Öztop D. B. & Yalçın, Ö. (2020) Türkiye çocuk ve genç psikiyatrisi derneği Covid-19 (korona) virüs salgını sırasında aile, çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik psikososyal ve ruhsal destek rehberi [Turkey association of child and adolescent psychiatry the family, children and psychosocial support, and spiritual guide for adolescentsduring Covid-19 (corona) virus epidemic]. https://www.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/03/cogepdercovid-19rehberi30mart2020.pdf.pdf
  • Erikson, E. H., Üstün, T. B., & Şar, V. (1984). İnsanın sekiz çağı [Eight ages of man]. Birey ve Toplum Yayıncılık.
  • Erkuş, A., & Selvi, H. (2019). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme III: Ölçek uyarlama ve "norm" geliştirme. Pegem Akademi.
  • Gormez, V., Kılınçaslan, A., Orengul, A. C., Ebesutani, C., Kaya, I., Ceri, V., ... & Chorpita, B. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Child Version in a clinical sample. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(1), 84-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1297494
  • Göker, M. E. & Turan, Ş. (2020). Problematic technology use in the COVID-19 pandemic. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal, 5(COVID-19 Special Issue), 108-114.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cheng, Z. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
  • Kaya, A. (2010). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin anne-babalarının çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının kişilik özelliklerine göre değişkenliğinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the variability of primary school students 'parents' parenting attitudes according to their personality traits] (Unpublished master's thesis). Maltepe University, Social Sciences Institute.
  • Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2020). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home‐quarantine during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, e12406.
  • Larsen, B., & Luna, B. (2018). Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 94, 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005.
  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
  • Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7
  • Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R. ...& Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
  • Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford Press.
  • Masten, A.S., & Reed, M. (2002). Resilience in development. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford University Press.
  • Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C., & Espada, J. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. PsyArXiv 2020, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720001841
  • Özyürek, A., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2005). 5-6 yaş grubunda çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin tutumlarının incelenmesi [Examining the attitudes of parents who have children at the age of 5-6]. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 19-34.
  • Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
  • Rice, K. G., Herman, M. A., & Petersen, A. C. (1993). Coping with change in adolescence: A conceptual model and psycho-educational intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 235–251.
  • Scheffe, H. (1953). A method for judging all contrasts in the analysis of variance. Biometrika, 40(1/2), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333100
  • Singh, S., Roy, M. D., Sinha, C. P. T. M. K., Parveen, C. P. T. M. S., Sharma, C. P. T. G., & Joshi, C. P. T. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
  • Spirito, A., Stark, L. J., & Williams, C. (1988). Development of a brief coping checklist for use with pediatric populations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 13(4), 555-574. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/13.4.555
  • Subaşı, D., & Özçelik, A. D. Ö. (2019). Ergenlerin algıladıkları anne baba tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigation of parental attitudes perceived by adolescents in terms of different variables]. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Karatekin Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 25-47.
  • Sungur, M. Z. (2020). Belirsizlikle Barışmak Kaygı ve Endişeyi Yönetmek-Korona Günlükleri [Making Peace with Uncertainty Managing Anxiety and Worry - The Corona Diaries]. Büyükada.
  • Şanlı, D., & Öztürk, C. (2007). Annelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarını etkileyen etmenlerin incelenmesi [An analysis of the factors affecting the child rearing attitudes of mothers]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (32), 31-48.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • The Wellness Society. (2020). Koronavirüs anksiyetesi çalışma kitabı [Managing Coronavirüs anxiety workbook]. https://thewellnesssociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Managing-Coronavirus-Anxiety-Workbook-Turkish.pdf
  • Tunc, E., & Beşaltı, M. (2014). Okul yaşam kalitesinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi [Study of school life quality based on certain variables]. Turkish Journal of Education, 3(4), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.181090
  • Vigna, J. F., Hernandez, B. C., Kelley, M. L., & Gresham, F. M. (2010). Coping behavior in hurricane-affected African American youth: Psychometric properties of the Kidcope. Journal of Black Psychology, 36(1), 98-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798408329948
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • Williams, K., & McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A. (1999). Coping strategies in adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(4), 537-549.
  • World Health Organization. (2020, October 16). Weekly Operational Update on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-update-on-covid-19---16-october-2020.
  • Yektaş, Ç. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health. In E. S. Ercan, Ç. Yektaş, A. E. Tufan & Ö. Bilaç (Eds.), COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of children and adolescents (pp.13-18). Turkey Clinics.
  • Zhang, C., Ye, M., Fu, Y., Yang, M., Luo, F., Yuan, J., & Tao, Q. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers in China. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(6), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.026
  • Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., ... & Chen, J. X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4
  • Zolkoski, S. M., & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2295-2303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.009
APA TURK F, Kul A, Kılınç E (2021). Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. , 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
Chicago TURK FULYA,Kul Aykut,Kılınç Erdal Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. (2021): 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
MLA TURK FULYA,Kul Aykut,Kılınç Erdal Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. , 2021, ss.58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
AMA TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. . 2021; 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
Vancouver TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. . 2021; 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
IEEE TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E "Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic." , ss.58 - 75, 2021. 10.19128/turje.814621
ISNAD TURK, FULYA vd. "Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic". (2021), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.814621
APA TURK F, Kul A, Kılınç E (2021). Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Education, 10(2), 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
Chicago TURK FULYA,Kul Aykut,Kılınç Erdal Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Education 10, no.2 (2021): 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
MLA TURK FULYA,Kul Aykut,Kılınç Erdal Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Education, vol.10, no.2, 2021, ss.58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
AMA TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Education. 2021; 10(2): 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
Vancouver TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Education. 2021; 10(2): 58 - 75. 10.19128/turje.814621
IEEE TURK F,Kul A,Kılınç E "Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic." Turkish Journal of Education, 10, ss.58 - 75, 2021. 10.19128/turje.814621
ISNAD TURK, FULYA vd. "Depression-anxiety and coping strategies of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic". Turkish Journal of Education 10/2 (2021), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.814621