The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 44 - 50 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.30616/ajb.873328 İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022
The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)
Öz: Deciduous forests face many disturbance factors. Grazing and cutting are the leading factors in this disturbance. Thestudy area's vegetation was analyzed using numerical methods to identify plant communities and determine the relationshipbetween environmental gradients and disturbance factors. The species diversity was calculated using alpha and beta diversityindexes. As a result, four different communities were identified in the study area. One of the communities was under grazingpressure while the other community was under cutting pressure. No disturbance factors were found in the remaining twocommunities. Elevation and soil moisture were found to be important in the distribution of plant communities. pH, soil moisture,soil % N content and canopy factors were found to be important. The highest Shannon-Wienner diversity index values were found innon-cutting and non-grazing forest communities. The lowest Shannon-Wienner diversity index values were found in grazing andcutting forest communities. Unlike the Shannon-Wienner diversity index, the highest beta index values were found in grazingand cutting forest communities. The lowest beta index values were found in non-cutting and non-grazing forest communities.
Anahtar Kelime: Ilıman yaprak döken ormanlarda (Amasya/Türkiye) tahribat ve çevresel faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler
Öz: Yaprak döken ormanlar birçok tahribat faktörüyle karşı karşıyadır. Özellikle otlatma ve ağaç kesimi bu faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Çalışma alanının vejetasyonu, bitki komünitelerinin tespiti ve çevresel faktörler ile tahribat faktörleri arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için nümerik metotlar kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Tür çeşitililiği alfa ve beta çeşitlilik indeksleri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, çalışma alanında 4 farklı komünite tespit edilmiştir. Bu komünitelerden biri otlatma baskısı altındayken diğer komünite ağaç kesimi baskısı altındadır. Diğer komüntelerde ise tahribat faktörleri bulunmamıştır. Rakım ve toprak neminin bitki komünitelerinin dağılımında önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. pH, toprak nemi, toprak N içeriği ve kanopi faktörleri önemli bulunmuştur. En yüksek Shannon-Wienner indeks değerleri ağaç kesimi ve otlatma olmayan orman komünitelerinde bulunmuştur. En düşük Shannon-Wienner çeşitlilik değerleri ise otlatma ve ağaç kesimi olan orman komüntelerinde bulunmuştur. Shannon-Wienner çeşitlilik indekslerinin aksine, en yüksek beta çeşitlilik indeks değerleri otlatma ve ağaç kesimi olan orman komünitelerinde bulunmuştur. En düşük beta index değerleri ağaç kesimi ve otlatma olmayan orman komünitelerinde bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Augusto L, Dupouey JL, Ranger J (2003). Effects of tree species on understory vegetation and environmental conditions in temperate forests. Annals of Forest Science 60: 823-831.
- Barbier S, Gosselin F, Balandier P (2008). Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved – a critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 254: 1-15.
- Bayrakli F (1987). Plant and soil analysis. Samsun: OMU Faculty of Agriculture.
- Bergmeier E, Petermann J, Schroder E(2010). Geobotanical survey of wood-pasture habitats in Europe: Diversity, threats and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 2995-3014.
- Borchsenius F, Nielsen PK, Lawesson JE (2004). Vegetation structure and diversity of an ancient temperate deciduous forest in SW Denmark. Plant Ecology 175: 121-135.
- Bradstreet RB (1954). Kjeldahl method for organic nitrogen. Analytical Chemistry 26(1): 185-187.
- Braun-Blanquet J (1964). Pflanzensoziologie-Grundzüge der vegetationskunde. Springer Verlag, Wien and New York.
- Chai Y, Yue M, Wang M, Xu J, Liu X, Zhang R, Wan P (2016) Plant functional traits suggest a change in novel ecological strategies for dominant species in the stages of forest succession. Oecologia 80:771-783.
- Davies KW, Bates JD, Miller RF (2007). Environmental and vegetation relationships of the Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis alliance. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 478-494.
- Davis PH (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1-9. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
- Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 10 (Suppl.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
- Duru M, Ansquer P, Jouany C, Theau JP, Cruz P (2010). Comparison of methods for assessing the impact of different disturbances and nutrient conditions upon functional characteristics of grassland communities. Annals of Botany 106:823- 831.
- Dzwonko Z, Loster S (1998). Dynamics of species richness and composition in a limestone grassland restored after tree cutted. Journal of Vegetation Science 9:387-394.
- Fakhireh A, Ajorlo M, Shahryari A (2012). The autecological characteristics of Desmostachya bipinnata in hyper-arid regions. Turkish Journal of Botany 36:690-696.
- Faria N, Peco B, Carmona CP (2018). Effects of haying on vegetation communities, taxonomic diversity and sward properties in mediterranean dry grasslands: A preliminary assessment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 251: 48-58.
- Frenette-Dussault C, Shipley B, Léger JF, Meziane D, Hingrat Y (2012). Functional structure of an arid steppe plant community reveals similarities with Grime’s C-S-R theory. Journal of Vegetation Science 23:208-222.
- García RR, Jáureguı BM, García U, Osoro K, Celaya R (2009). Effects of livestock breed and grazing pressure on grounddwelling arthropods in Cantabrian heathlands. Ecological Entomology 34(4): 466-475.
- Gazol A, Ibánez R (2009). Different response to environmental factors and spatial variables of two attributes (cover and diversity) of the understorey layers. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 1267-1274.
- Gilliam FS (2007). The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. Bioscience 57: 845-858.
- Gonzalez M, Ladet S, Deconchat M, Cabanettes A, Alard D, Balent G (2010). Relative contribution of edge and interior zones to patch size effect on species richness: an example for woody plants. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 266-274.
- Guner A, Aslan S, Ekim T, Vural M, Babaç MT (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler). İstanbul: Flora Araştırmaları Derneği ve Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları.
- Guner A, Ozhatay N, Ekim T, Başer KHC (2000). Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands, Vol. 11 (Suppl. 2). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
- Gülsoy S, Özkan K (2008). Tür çeşitliliğinin ekolojik açıdan önemi ve kullanılan bazı indisler. Turkish Journal of Forestry 9(1): 168-178.
- Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Westphal C (2003). The effects of light and soil conditions on the species richness of the ground vegetation of deciduous forests in northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein). Forest Ecology and Management 182: 327- 338.
- Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Burton PJ, Chen JQ, Brosofske KD, Saunders SC, Euskirchen ES, Roberts D, Jaiteh MS, Esseen PA (2005). Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 19: 768-782.
- Hofmeister J, Hosek J, Modry M, Rolecek J (2009). The influence of light and nutrient availability on herb layer species richness in oak-dominated forests in central Bohemia. Plant Ecology 205: 57-75.
- Hunter ML (1999). Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hüseyinova R, Kılınc M, Kutbay HG, Kılıc DD, Bilgin A (2013) The comparison of Grime’s strategies of plant taxa in Hacı Osman Forest and Bafra Fish Lakes in the central Black Sea region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 37:725-734.
- Kacar B (2012). Toprak analizleri, 3rd ed. Ankara: Nobel Ltd.
- Kılıç DD, Kutbay HG, Sürmen B, Hüseyinoğlu R (2018). The classification of some plants subjected to disturbance factors (grazing and cutting) based on ecological strategies in Turkey. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 29(1): 87- 102.
- Kooijman A (2010). Litter quality effects of beech and hornbeam on undergrowth species diversity in Luxembourg forests on limestone and decalcified marl. Journal of Vegetation Science 21: 248-261.
- Korkmaz H, Yalcin E, Kutbay HG, Yildirim C (2016). The influence of environmental factors on the distribution and composition of plant communities in Kizilirmak Valley-Black Sea region, Turkey. Revue d'écologie 71(1): 21-34.
- Kumar R, Shahabuddın G (2005). Effects of biomass extraction on vegetation structure, diversity and composition of forests in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India. Environmental Conservation 32(3): 248-259.
- Kutbay HG, Ok T (2003). Foliar N and P resorption and nutrient levels along an elevational gradient in Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball. Annals of Forest Science 60:449-454.
- Leniere A, Houle G (2006). Response of herbaceous plant diversity to reduced structural diversity in maple-dominated (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forests managed for sap extraction. Forest Ecology and Management 231: 94-104.
- Lu X, Kelsey KC, Yan Y, Sun J, Wang X, Cheng G, Neff JC (2017). Effects of grazing on ecosystem structure and function of alpine grasslands in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: a synthesis. Ecosphere 8(1): e01656.
- Magurran AE (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
- Malik ZA, Pandey R, Bhatt AB (2016). Anthropogenic disturbances and their impact on vegetation in Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Mountain Science 13(1): 69-82.
- Mark AF, Dickinson KJ, Hofstde RG (2000). Alpine vegetation, plantdistribution, life form, and environments a humid New Zealandregion. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32:240-254.
- Pausas JG, Austın M (2001). Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: An appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 153-166.
- Pettit NE, Froend RH, Ladd PG (1995). Grazing in remnant woodland vegetation: changes in species composition and life form groups. Journal of Vegetation Science 6(1): 121-130.
- Pierce S, Luzzaro A, Caccianiga M, Ceriani RM, Cerabolini B (2007). Disturbance is the principal α-scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community. Journal of Ecology 95:698-706.
- Qian H, Klinka K, Sivak B (1997). Diversity of the understory vascular vegetation in 40 year-old and old-growth forest stands on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 773-780.
- Roder W, Gratzer G, Wangdi K (2002). Cattle grazing in the conifer forests of Bhutan. Mountain Research and Development 22(4): 1-7.
- Schuster B, Diekmann M (2005). Species richness and environmental correlates in deciduous forests of Northwest Germany. Forest Ecology and Management 206:197–205.
- Seaby RM, Henderson PA (2007).Community analysis package (4.1.3). Lymington: Pisces Conservation Ltd.
- Small CJ, McCarthy BC (2005). Relationship of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 217: 229-243.
- Tälle M, Deák B, Poschlod P, Valkó O, Westerberg L, Milberg P (2016). Grazing vs. mowing: A meta-analysis ofbiodiversity benefits for grassland management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 222: 200-212.
- Tardella FM, Piermarteri K, Malatesta L, Catorci A (2016). Environmental gradients and grassland trait variation: insight into the effects of climate change. Acta Oecologica 76:47-60.
- Tinya F, Marialigeti S, Kiraly I, Nemeth B, Odor P (2009). The effect of light conditions on herbs, bryophytes and seedlings of temperate mixed forests in O˝ rseg, Western Hungary. Plant Ecology 204: 69-81.
- Tutin TG, Heywood VH (1964-1980). Flora Europaea, Vol. 1-5. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- van Calster H, Baeten L, Verheyen K, De Keersmaeker L, Dekeyser S, Rogister JE, Hermy M (2008). Diverging effects of overstorey conversion scenarios on the understorey vegetation in a former coppice-with-standards forest. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 519-528.
- Vockenhuber EA, Scherber C, Langenbruch, C, Meißner M, Seidel D, Tscharntke T (2011). Tree diversity and environmental context predict herb species richness and cover in Germany's largest connected deciduous forest. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 13(2): 111-119.
- Vujnovic K, Wein RW, Dale MRT (2002). Predicting plant species diversity in response to disturbance magnitude in grassland remnants of central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 80: 504-511.
- Westhoff V, Van Der Maarel E (1978). The Braun-Blanquet approach. In Classification of plant communities (pp. 287-399). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Whigham DE (2004). Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 583-621.
- Whittaker RH (1960). Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30:279-338.
- Xu F, Li M, Zhou D, Liu X, Wang R, Guo W (2016). The response of wetland plant communities to disturbance: alleviation through symmetric disturbance and facilitation. Polish Journal of Ecology 64:327-338.
- Zhao WY, Li JL, Qi JG (2007). Changes in vegetation diversity and structure in response to heavy grazing pressure in the northern Tianshan Mountains, China. Journal of Arid Environments 68(3): 465-479.
| APA | KILIÇ D, SÜRMEN B, Kutbay H (2021). The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). , 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| Chicago | KILIÇ DUDU DUYGU,SÜRMEN BURAK,Kutbay Hamdi Güray The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). (2021): 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| MLA | KILIÇ DUDU DUYGU,SÜRMEN BURAK,Kutbay Hamdi Güray The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). , 2021, ss.44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| AMA | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). . 2021; 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| Vancouver | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). . 2021; 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| IEEE | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H "The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)." , ss.44 - 50, 2021. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| ISNAD | KILIÇ, DUDU DUYGU vd. "The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)". (2021), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| APA | KILIÇ D, SÜRMEN B, Kutbay H (2021). The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). Anatolian Journal of Botany, 5(1), 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| Chicago | KILIÇ DUDU DUYGU,SÜRMEN BURAK,Kutbay Hamdi Güray The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). Anatolian Journal of Botany 5, no.1 (2021): 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| MLA | KILIÇ DUDU DUYGU,SÜRMEN BURAK,Kutbay Hamdi Güray The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). Anatolian Journal of Botany, vol.5, no.1, 2021, ss.44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| AMA | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). Anatolian Journal of Botany. 2021; 5(1): 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| Vancouver | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey). Anatolian Journal of Botany. 2021; 5(1): 44 - 50. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| IEEE | KILIÇ D,SÜRMEN B,Kutbay H "The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)." Anatolian Journal of Botany, 5, ss.44 - 50, 2021. 10.30616/ajb.873328 |
| ISNAD | KILIÇ, DUDU DUYGU vd. "The relationships between environmental and disturbance factors in temperate deciduous forest ecosystem (Amasya/Turkey)". Anatolian Journal of Botany 5/1 (2021), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.30616/ajb.873328 |
