Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 173 - 181 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019 İndeks Tarihi: 01-10-2021

Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan

Öz:
Ticks transmit a number of bacterial, protozoal and viral pathogens that cause many diseases like ehrlichiosis, hemorrhagic fever, theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis in livestock. This study was designed for molecular characterization of BM86 gene of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick. In this study, the BM86 gene was amplified, using primers fl anked by restriction enzyme sites. The molecular detection of R. microplus was studied in three districts belonging to diff erent ecological zones in the province of the Punjab, Pakistan. Tick samples were collected and initially screened through microscopy and further analyzed by PCR and sequencing. The phylogenetic tree was generated by using the MEGA 7 through Neighbor Joining method employing best model through the phylogenetic analysis of R. microplus. Pairwise comparisons of nucleotide sequences showed nucleotide diff erences ranging between 0.007 and 0.01%. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Bm86 gene was found among diff erent districts. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms were seen in sequences of BM 86 from indigenous tick populations collected from the Punjab province. More interestingly, out of these 6 polymorphisms, we got 2 from district Okara, 3 from district Sahiwal, and 1 in Mandi Bahauddin. Conserved regions were observed among the local strains for BM86 gene. A common convergence in similar clade was with the local Pakistan R. microplus. Local mean diversity was 0.005 and overall mean diversity was 0.038. Field strain has been isolated as candidate specie for local tick vaccine, which in turn will increase the efficacy of future tick vaccine including reduction of economic burden on the farmer.
Anahtar Kelime:

Pakistan’ın Punjab Eyaletine Özgü Kene Popülasyonunun Bm86 Genetik Çeşitliliği

Öz:
Keneler, çiftlik hayvanlarında erlişiyozis, hemorajik ateş, theileriozis, babeziozis ve anaplazmozis gibi birçok hastalığa neden olan bir dizibakteriyel, protozoal ve viral patojeni bulaştırırlar. Bu çalışma, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus kenesinin BM86 geninin molekülerkarakterizasyonu için tasarlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, BM86 geni restriksiyon enzim bölgeleri ile çevrili primerler kullanılarak amplifiye edildi. R.microplus’un moleküler tespiti, Pakistan’ın Punjab eyaletindeki farklı ekolojik bölgelere ait üç yörede gerçekleştirildi. Kene örnekleri toplanıpilk mikroskopik tarama yapıldıktan sonra, PCR ve sekans analizleri gerçekleştirildi. Filogenetik ağaç, R. microplus’un filogenetik analizi için eniyi model olan komşu birleştirme yöntemi kullanılarak MEGA 7 ile oluşturuldu. Nükleotid dizilerinin ikili karşılaştırmaları %0.007 ile %0.01arasında değişen nükleotid farklılıkları olduğunu saptadı. Çalışılan farklı bölgelerde Bm86 geninde haplotip ve nükleotid çeşitliliği saptandı.Punjab eyaletinden toplanan lokal kene popülasyonunda BM86 geninde altı adet tek nükleotid polimorfizmi belirlendi. Daha da ilginci, bu6 polimorfizmden 2’si Okara, 3’ü Sahiwal ve 1’i Mandi Bahauddin bölgesine aitti. Yerel suşlara ait BM86 geninde korunaklı bölgeler saptandı.Pakistan’ın lokal R. microplus suşlarında benzer sınıfta ortak bir kümelenme gözlendi. Lokal ortalama çeşitlilik 0.005 ve genel ortalamaçeşitlilik 0.038 olarak saptandı. Lokal kene aşı aday türü olarak saha suşunun izolasyonu, çiftçiler üzerindeki ekonomik yükün azaltılması dadahil olmak üzere gelecekteki kene aşısının etkinliğini artıracaktır.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Chaudhry ZI, Saiddain A, Sabir N, Malik NA, Azeem S, Sajid A: Prevalence of pathological conditions causing skin damage and consequently reducing its market value in domestic ruminants of Punjab, Pakistan. Vet Sci Dev, 1:e4, 2011. DOI: 10.4081/vsd.2011.2444
  • 2. Saleem MZ, Akhtar R, Aslam A, Rashid MI: Histopathological investigation of skin and hides damage of small and large ruminants due to naturally infested ticks. Trop Biomed, 36 (4): 1081-1086, 2019.
  • 3. de La Fuente J, Antunes S, Bonnet S, Cabezas-Cruz A, Domingos AG, Estrada-Peña A, Johnson N, Kocan KM, Mansfield KL, Nijhof AM, Papa A, Rudenko N, Villar M, Alberdi P, Torina A, Ayllon N, Vancova M, Golovchenko M, Grubhoffer L, Caracappa S, Fooks AR, Gortazar C, Rego ROM: Tick-pathogen interactions and vector competence: Identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 7:114, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00114
  • 4.Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D: Ticks and tick-borne diseases: A one health perspective. Trends Parasitol, 28 (10): 437-446, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.003
  • 5. Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Shao R, Barker SC: The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: A list of valid species names. Zootaxa, 2528, 1-28, 2010. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196488
  • 6. Jabbar A, Abbas T, Sandhu ZD, Saddiqi HA, Qamar MF, Gasser RB: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. Parasit Vectors, 8:283, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/ s13071-015-0894-2
  • 7. Jonsson NN, Mayer DG, Matschoss AL, Green PE, Ansell J: Production effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation of high yielding dairy cows. Vet Parasitol, 78 (1): 65-77, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/S0304- 4017(98)00118-6
  • 8. Jonsson N, Davis R, De Witt M: An estimate of the economic effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on Queensland dairy farms. Aust Vet J, 79 (12): 826-831, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001. tb10929.x
  • 9. Narladkar BW: Projected economic losses due to vector and vectorborne parasitic diseases in livestock of India and its significance in implementing the concept of integrated practices for vector management. Vet World, 11 (2): 151-160, 2018. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.151-160
  • 10. Pratap B, Jha A: Economic losses due to various constraints in dairy production in India. Indian J Anim Sci, 75 (12): 1470-1475, 2005.
  • 11. Kivaria FM: Estimated direct economic costs associated with tickborne diseases on cattle in Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod, 38 (4): 291- 299, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-006-4181-2
  • 12. Finance Division GoP: Economic Survey of Pakistan. 2019-2020 2020. Report No. Retrieved from: https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/20206121 964516543PakistanEconomicSurvey2019-20.pdf; Accessed: 20.12.2020
  • 13. Ghafar A, Gasser RB, Rashid I, Ghafoor A, Jabbar A: Exploring the prevalence and diversity of bovine ticks in five agro-ecological zones of Pakistan using phenetic and genetic tools. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 11 (5): 101472, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101472
  • 14.Ghafar A, Cabezas-Cruz A, Galon C, Obregon D, Gasser RB, Moutailler S, Jabbar A: Bovine ticks harbour a diverse array of microorganisms in Pakistan. Parasit Vectors, 13:1, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3862-4
  • 15. Akhtar K, Anees R, Karim T, Gul SU, Rehman HU, Ali A, Wazir MI, Khan F, Achakzai SK: Prevalence of tick infestation in cows of various Regions of district Karak, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud, 7 (2): 791-795, 2019.
  • 16. Karim S, Budachetri K, Mukherjee N, Williams J, Kausar A, Hassan MJ, Adamson S, Dowd SE, Apanskevich D, Arijo A, Sindhu ZU, Kakar MA, Khan RMD, Ullah S, Sajid MS, Ali A, Iqbal Z: A study of ticks and tick-borne livestock pathogens in Pakistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 11 (6): e0005681, 2017. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005681
  • 17. Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Shamim A, Siddique RM, HASSAN MJU, Rizwan HM: Distribution and abundance of ticks infesting livestock population along Karakorum highway from Mansehra to Gilgit, Pakistan. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc, 68 (1): 51-58, 2018. DOI: 10.12681/jhvms.15556
  • 18. Zeb J, Shams S, Ayaz S, Din IU, Khan A, Adil N, Ullah H, Raza A: Epidemiology of ticks and molecular characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle population in North-Western Pakistan. Int J Acarol, 46 (5): 335-343, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2020.1775294
  • 19. Batool M, Nasir S, Rafique A, Yousaf I, Yousaf M: Prevalence of tick infestation in farm animals from Punjab, Pakistan. Pak Vet J, 39 (3): 406- 410, 2019. DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2019.089
  • 20. Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G: Point prevalence of hard ticks (Ixodids) infesting domestic ruminants of lower Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Agric Biol, 10 (3): 349-351, 2008.
  • 21. Atif F, Khan M, Iqbal H, Ali Z, Ullah S: Prevalence of cattle tick infestation in three districts of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Sci, 64 (1): 49-53, 2012.
  • 22. Ali Z, Maqbool A, Muhammad K, Ashraf K, Khan MS: Prevalence and distribution of hard ticks in cattle and buffaloes. J Vet Parasitol, 24 (1): 67-70, 2010.
  • 23. Jabbar A, Abbas T, Sandhu ZD, Saddiqi HA, Qamar MF, Gasser RB: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. Parasit Vectors, 8:283, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/ s13071-015-0894-2
  • 24. Benelli G, Pavela R, Canale A, Mehlhorn H: Tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: A green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases? Parasitol Res, 115 (7): 2545-2560, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00436- 016-5095-1
  • 25. George J, Pound J, Davey RB: Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides. Parasitology, 129, S353-S366, 2004. DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004682
  • 26. Abbas RZ, Zaman MA, Colwell DD, Gilleard J, Iqbal Z: Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: The state of play. Vet Parasitol, 203 (1-2): 6-20, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.006
  • 27. George JE, Pound JM, Davey R: Acaricides for controlling ticks on cattle and the problem of acaricide resistance. Ticks Biol Dis Cont, 408-423, 2008. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511551802.019
  • 28. Coles TB, Dryden MW: Insecticide/acaricide resistance in fleas and ticks infesting dogs and cats. Parasit Vectors, 7:8, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/1756- 3305-7-8
  • 29. Guerrero FD, Lovis L, Martins JR: Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 21 (1): 1-6, 2012. DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000100002
  • 30. Nolan J: Acaricide resistance in single and multi-host ticks and strategies for control. Parassitologia. 32 (1): 145-153, 1990.
  • 31. Vargas M, Montero C, Sánchez D, Pérez D, Valdés M, Alfonso A, Joglar M, Machado H, Rodríguez E, Méndez L, Lleonart R, Suarez M, Fernandez E, Estrada MP, Rodriguez-Mallon A, Farnos O: Two initial vaccinations with the Bm86-based Gavac plus vaccine against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusinduce similar reproductive suppression to three initial vaccinations under production conditions. BMC Vet Res, 6:43, 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-43
  • 32. Blecha IMZ, Csordas BG, Aguirre AdAR, Cunha RC, Garcia MV, Andreotti R: Analysis of Bm86 conserved epitopes: Is a global vaccine against cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus possible? Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 27, 267-279, 2018. DOI: 10.1590/S1984-296120180056
  • 33. Willadsen P: Perspectives for subunit vaccines for the control of ticks. Parassitologia, 32 (1): 195-200, 1990.
  • 34. Hoogstraal H: African Ixodoidea. VoI. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with Preliminary Reviews of the Genera Boophilus, Margaropus, and Hyalomma), 1956. https://www. cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19572901469; Accessed: 10-09-2020
  • 35. Walker AR: Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species. Bioscience Reports Edinburgh, 2003.
  • 36. Librado P, Rozas J: DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25 (11): 1451-1452, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
  • 37. Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S: Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 101 (30): 11030-11035, 2004. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404206101
  • 38. Rehman A, Nijhof AM, Sauter-Louis C, Schauer B, Staubach C, Conraths FJ: Distribution of ticks infesting ruminants and risk factors associated with high tick prevalence in livestock farms in the semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Parasit Vectors, 10:190, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2138-0
  • 39. Ali A, Parizi LF, Ferreira BR, da Silva Vaz Junior I: A revision of two distinct species of Rhipicephalus: R. microplus and R. australis. Cienc Rural, 46 (7): 1240-1248, 2016. DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151416
  • 40. Ghafar A, Khan A, Cabezas-Cruz A, Gauci CG, Niaz S, Ayaz S, Mateos-Hernández L, Galon C, Nasreen N, Moutailler S, Gasser RB, Jabbar A: An assessment of the molecular diversity of ticks and tickborne microorganisms of small ruminants in Pakistan. Microorganisms, 8 (9): 1428, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091428
  • 41. Ramzan M, Naeem-Ullah U, Saba S, Iqbal N, Saeed S: Prevalence and identification of tick species (Ixodidae) on domestic animals in district Multan, Punjab Pakistan. Int J Acarol, 46 (2): 83-87, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2020.1711803
  • 42. Nasreen N, Niaz S, Khan A, Ayaz S, Rashid M, Khattak I, Yu Z, Wang T, Al Sarraf M, Ali A: Molecular characterization of ticks infesting livestock in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Inter J Acarol, 46 (3): 165-170, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2020.1734082
  • 43. Bibi S, Rafique N, Kareem A, Taj MK, Iqbl K, Bibi A, Shafiq M, Ghafoor G, Ghafoor A, Ijaz A: Prevalence and taxonomic identification of hard ticks (Ixodidea) found in livestock of Harnai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pure App Biol, 9 (4): 2330-2338, 2020. DOI: 10.19045/bspab. 2020.90247
  • 44. Siddique RM, Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Saqib M: Association of different risk factors with the prevalence of babesiosis in cattle and buffalos. Pak J Agri Sci, 57 (2): 517-524, 2020. DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/19.8626
  • 45. Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, Shahiduzzaman M, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS: Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitol Res, 101 (Suppl. 2): S207-S216, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0684-7
  • 46. Khan A, Noushin R, Attaullah M, Khan SN, Hussain R, Dawar FU, Rehman FU, Ijaz M, Ullah K: Prevalence of tick born Babesia infection in domestic cattle of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak J Zool, 52 (6): 2401-2403, 2020.
  • 47. Farooqi SH, Ijaz M, Rashid MI, Aqib AI, Ahmad Z, Saleem MH, Hussain K, Islam S, Naeem H, Khan A: Molecular epidemiology of Babesia bovis in bovine of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak Vet J, 37 (3): 275-280, 2017.
  • 48.Hassan MA, Liu J, Rashid M, Iqbal N, Guan G, Yin H, Luo J: Molecular survey of piroplasm species from selected areas of China and Pakistan. Parasit Vectors, 11:457, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3035-x
  • 49. Ahmad AS, Rashid I, Ashraf K, Shehzad W, Khan M, Hussain K, Farooqi SH, Khan A, Sohail ML: Molecular occurrence of canine babesiosis in rural dog population in Pakistan. Trop Biomed, 35 (3): 593- 603, 2018.
  • 50. Evans DE: Ticks, tick-borne diseases and insect pests of cattle in the Southern Cone countries of South America, 1992.
  • 51. Roy BC, Estrada-Peña A, Krücken J, Rehman A, Nijhof AM: Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Myanmar. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 9 (5): 1069-1079, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.035
  • 52. Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG: Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008. Exp Appl Acarol, 48, 311-327, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2
  • 53. De Clercq EM, Vanwambeke SO, Sungirai M, Adehan S, Lokossou R, Madder M: Geographic distribution of the invasive cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, a country-wide survey in Benin. Exp Appl Acarol, 58, 441-452, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9587-0
  • 54. Muhanguzi D, Byaruhanga J, Amanyire W, Ndekezi C, Ochwo S, Nkamwesiga J, Mwiine FN, Tweyongyere R, Fourie J, Madder M, Schetters T, Horak I, Juleff N, Jongejan F: Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: Morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda. Parasit Vectors, 13:165, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04043-z
  • 55. Sungirai M, Moyo DZ, De Clercq P, Madder M, Vanwambeke SO, De Clercq EM: Modelling the distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus and R. decoloratus in Zimbabwe. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep, 14, 41-49, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.08.006
  • 56.De Clercq EM, Estrada-Peña A, Adehan S, Madder M, Vanwambeke SO: An update on distribution models for Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa. Geospat Health, 8 (1): 301-308, 2013. DOI: 10.4081/gh.2013.75
  • 57. Kanduma EG, Emery D, Githaka NW, Nguu EK, Bishop RP, Šlapeta J: Molecular evidence confirms occurrence of Rhipicephalus microplus Clade A in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors, 13:432, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04266-0
  • 58. Martínez-Arzate SG, Sánchez-Bermúdez JC, Sotelo-Gómez S, Diaz-Albiter HM, Hegazy-Hassan W, Tenorio-Borroto E, BarbabosaPliego A, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC: Genetic diversity of Bm86 sequences in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Mexico: Analysis of haplotype distribution patterns. BMC Genet, 20:56, 2019. DOI: 10.1186/ s12863-019-0754-8
  • 59. De Clercq EM, Leta S, Estrada-Peña A, Madder M, Adehan S, Vanwambeke SO: Species distribution modelling for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Benin, West Africa: Comparing datasets and modelling algorithms. Prev Vet Med, 118 (1): 8-21, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j. prevetmed.2014.10.015
  • 60. Robbertse L, Baron S, van der Merwe NA, Madder M, Stoltsz WH, Maritz-Olivier C: Genetic diversity, acaricide resistance status and evolutionary potential of a Rhipicephalus microplus population from a disease-controlled cattle farming area in South Africa. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 7 (4): 595-603, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.018
  • 61. Guerrero FD, Andreotti R, Bendele KG, Cunha RC, Miller RJ, Yeater K, Pérez de León AA: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus aquaporin as an effective vaccine antigen to protect against cattle tick infestations. Parasit Vectors, 7:475, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0475-9
  • 62. Almazán C, Lagunes R, Villar M, Canales M, Rosario-Cruz R, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J: Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Parasitol Res, 106 (2): 471-479, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1689-1
  • 63. de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, González DM, Izquierdo G, Ochagavia ME: Molecular analysis of Boophilus spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) tick strains. Vet Parasitol, 92 (3): 209-222, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/s0304- 4017(00)00308-3
  • 64. Sossai S, Peconick AP, Sales-Junior PA, Marcelino FC, Vargas MI, Neves ES, Patarroyo JH: Polymorphism of the bm86 gene in South American strains of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Exp Appl Acarol, 37, 199-214, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-005-3262-7
  • 65. Canales M, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Jongejan F, De la Fuente J: Vaccination with recombinant Boophilus annulatus Bm86 ortholog protein, Ba86, protects cattle against B. annulatus and B. microplus infestations. BMC Biotechnol, 9:29, 2009. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-29
  • 66. Nijhof AM, Balk JA, Postigo M, Jongejan F: Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks and determination of the expression profile of Bm86. BMC Mol Biol, 10:112, 2009. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-112
  • 67. Freeman JM, Davey RB, Kappmeyer LS, Kammlah DM, Olafson PU: Bm86 midgut protein sequence variation in South Texas cattle fever ticks. Parasit Vectors, 3:101 (2010), 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-101
  • 68. Kaewmongkol S, Kaewmongkol G, Inthong N, Lakkitjaroen N, Sirinarumitr T, Berry C, Jonsson N, Stich R, Jittapalapong S: Variation among Bm86 sequences in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from cattle across Thailand. Exp Appl Acarol, 66 (2): 247-256, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9897-0
  • 69. Kamau LM, Skilton RA, Githaka N, Kiara H, Kabiru E, Shah T, Musoke AJ, Bishop RP: Extensive polymorphism of Ra86 genes in field populations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus from Kenya. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 7 (5): 772-781, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.03.011
  • 70. Liu YH, Li KR, He B, Li F, Zhang LY, Pan JJ, Wang QR, Zhao L: Preliminary study of high efficiency vaccine of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in South Xinjiang, China. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25 (4): 483- 490, 2019. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2018.21125
  • 71. Derouiche S, Deville M, Taylor M, Akbar H, Guillot J, CarretoBinaghi L, Pottier M, Aliouat E, Aliouat-Denis C, Dei-Cas E, Demanche C: Pneumocystis diversity as a phylogeographic tool. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 112-117, 2009. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100017
  • 72. McCormack JE, Hird SM, Zellmer AJ, Carstens BC, Brumfield RT: Applications of next-generation sequencing to phylogeography and phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 66 (2): 526-538, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j. ympev.2011.12.007
  • 73. Hare MP: Prospects for nuclear gene phylogeography. Trends Ecol Evol, 16 (12): 700-706, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02326-6
APA Rasool M, Ahmad N, Akbar D, Yaqub T, Ashraf K, Anjum a, HAFEEZ M, ali m (2021). Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. , 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
Chicago Rasool Muhammad Faiz,Ahmad Nisar,Akbar Dr Haroon,Yaqub Tahir,Ashraf Kamran,Anjum aftab Ahmad,HAFEEZ Mian Abdul,ali muhammad muddassir Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. (2021): 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
MLA Rasool Muhammad Faiz,Ahmad Nisar,Akbar Dr Haroon,Yaqub Tahir,Ashraf Kamran,Anjum aftab Ahmad,HAFEEZ Mian Abdul,ali muhammad muddassir Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. , 2021, ss.173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
AMA Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. . 2021; 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
Vancouver Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. . 2021; 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
IEEE Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m "Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan." , ss.173 - 181, 2021. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
ISNAD Rasool, Muhammad Faiz vd. "Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan". (2021), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
APA Rasool M, Ahmad N, Akbar D, Yaqub T, Ashraf K, Anjum a, HAFEEZ M, ali m (2021). Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
Chicago Rasool Muhammad Faiz,Ahmad Nisar,Akbar Dr Haroon,Yaqub Tahir,Ashraf Kamran,Anjum aftab Ahmad,HAFEEZ Mian Abdul,ali muhammad muddassir Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 27, no.2 (2021): 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
MLA Rasool Muhammad Faiz,Ahmad Nisar,Akbar Dr Haroon,Yaqub Tahir,Ashraf Kamran,Anjum aftab Ahmad,HAFEEZ Mian Abdul,ali muhammad muddassir Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.27, no.2, 2021, ss.173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
AMA Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 27(2): 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
Vancouver Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 27(2): 173 - 181. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
IEEE Rasool M,Ahmad N,Akbar D,Yaqub T,Ashraf K,Anjum a,HAFEEZ M,ali m "Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan." Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 27, ss.173 - 181, 2021. 10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019
ISNAD Rasool, Muhammad Faiz vd. "Bm86 Genetic Diversity of Indigenous Tick Population from PunjabProvince Pakistan". Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 27/2 (2021), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2020.25019