Infectious diseases, which are common during the war and migration periods, also appeared during the Turkish - Greek Population Exchange. To carry out exchange works, a Ministry including a large staff named as Exchange, Reconstruction and Settlement was established and, due to insufficient health infrastructure of newly established Turkish Republic, it was also required the help of Red Crescent for health affairs. In accordance with the work program between the Exchange, Reconstruction and Settlement Ministry and the Red Crescent, the health checks of the exchanges have been largely transferred to the Red Crescent. There were appointed boards for health checking of emigrants at embarking piers in Greece and unshipping piers in Turkey, and hospitals and dispensaries were opened with enough doctors and nurses. One of the infectious diseases observed between emigrants was typhus which had no protective vaccine and no effective drug used for therapeutic purposes, yet. Since typhus disease was known to be transmitted through lice, great attention was paid to personal hygiene and lice controls of the emigrants. Emigrants who were kept in quarantine points in various regions before being taken to settlement areas were washed in the baths in these areas and their items were disinfected by disinfector machine. Despite all the measures taken, typhus disease could not be prevented and typhus casesappeared especially in the Central Black Sea and Central Anatolia regions. In this study, typhus cases which were seen in the these years is identified by utilizing the documents in Turkish Red Crescent Archive and Directorate of State Archives Republican Archives, and the measures which were taken to prevent the disease from turning into an epidemic affecting the whole country is examined and results is evaluated.