The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review

YAPRAK BAYRAK, Busra

doi:10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986

The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review

Büşra Yaprak BAYRAK (Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, Kocaeli, Türkiye)

Journal of Urological Surgery

2 0

Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 7 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986 İndeks Tarihi: 03-11-2021

The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review

Öz:

Neuroendocrine tumours of the bladder are less common than other histologic types (e.g., urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,adenocarcinoma), constituting 1% of malignant bladder cancers. Based on the “2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of theUrinary System and Male Genital Organs”, neuroendocrine tumours are classified into four subtypes: small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC),large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNC), well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour (carcinoid tumour) and paraganglioma. SCNC is morecommon than other subtypes, and LCNC is exceedingly rare in the bladder. Although neuroendocrine tumours are not as common as neuroendocrineneoplasms of the lungs, the differential diagnosis of these tumours remains crucial and should be considered in uropathology. Neuroendocrinetumours of the bladder can present with distinctive morphology and grades, similar to their pulmonary counterparts. The knowledge of thisdiagnosis is critical to advance the uropathological field and accelerate drug development with inclusion, rather than exclusion, of patients withSCNC and other variants of neuroendocrine tumours of the bladder. Therefore, in this review, the bladder’s clinical and uropathological aspects ofneuroendocrine tumours are reviewed. This classification provides a useful platform to discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and pathologicalcharacteristics and treatment of the neuroendocrine tumours of the urinary bladder. The overall prognosis of urinary bladder neuroendocrinetumours is worse than urothelial carcinoma. Various advances are expected in the clinical characterisation, prognostication and treatment ofneuroendocrine tumours of the bladder with the technologies developed in genetic and cellular investigations.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Sehgal SS, Wein AJ, Bing Z, Malkowicz SB, Guzzo TJ. Neuroendocrine tumor of the bladder. Rev Urol 2010;12:e197‐e201.
2. Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital OrgansPart B: Prostate and Bladder Tumours. Eur Urol 2016;70:106-119.
3. Kaffash Nayeri R, Sadri M, Shahrokh H, Abolhasani M, Khaleghimehr F, Zolfi E, Yousefzadeh Kandevani N, Kashi AH. Small Cell Carcinoma of Bladder; Still A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge: Seven Years of Experience and Follow-up in A Referral Center. Urol J 2020;17:363-369.
4. Chang MT, Penson A, Desai NB, Socci ND, Shen R, Seshan VE, Kundra R, Abeshouse A, Viale A, Cha EK, Hao X, Reuter VE, Rudin CM, Bochner BH, Rosenberg JE, Bajorin DF, Schultz N, Berger MF, Iyer G, Solit DB, AlAhmadie HA, Taylor BS. Small-Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder and Lung Are Characterized by a Convergent but Distinct Pathogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:1965-1973.
5. Choong NW, Quevedo JF, Kaur JS. Small cell carcinoma of lhe urinary bladder The Mayo Clinic experience. Cancer 2005;103:1172-1178.
6. Mukesh M, Cook N, Hollingdale AE, Ainsworth NL, Russell SG. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a 1 5-year retrospective review of treatment and survival in the Anglian Cancer Network. BJU Int 2009;103:747-752.
7. Trias I, Algaba F, Condom E, Español I, Seguí J, Orsola I, Villavicencio H, García Del Muro X. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Presentation of 23 cases and review of 134 published cases. Eur Urol 2001;39:85-90.
8. Niu Q, Lu Y, Xu S, Shi Q, Guo B, Guo Z, Huang T, Wu Y, Yu J. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of bladder neuroendocrine carcinomas: a population-based study. Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:4479- 4489.
9. Abbas F, Civantos F, Benedetto P, Soloway MS. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostate. Urology 1995;46:617-630. Review.
10. Blomjous CE, Vos W, De Voogt HJ, Van der Valk P, Meijer CJ. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic, morphometric, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 18 cases. Cancer 1989;64:1347-1357.
11. Wang Y, Li Q, Wang J, Tong M, Xing H, Xue Y, Pan H, Huang C, Li D. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder: the characteristics of molecular alterations, treatment, and follow-up. Med Oncol 2019;36:98.
12. Meder L, Konig K, Ozretic L, Schultheis AM, Ueckeroth F, Ade CP, et al. NOTCH, ASCL1, p53 and RB alterations defne an alternative pathway driving neuroendocrine and small cell lung carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2016;138:927-938.
13. Hoffman-Censits J, Choi W, Pal S, Trabulsi E, Kelly WK, Hahn NM, McConkey D, Comperat E, Matoso A, Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G, Fong MHY, Ross J, Madison R, Ali S. Urothelial Cancers with Small Cell Variant Histology Have Confirmed High Tumor Mutational Burden, Frequent TP53 and RB Mutations, and a Unique Gene Expression Profile. Eur Urol Oncol 2020;S2588-9311(19)30168-30163.
14. Zheng X, Zhuge J, Bezerra SM, Faraj SF, Munari E, Fallon JT 3rd, Yang XJ, Argani P, Netto GJ, Zhong M. High frequency of TERT promoter mutation in small cell carcinoma of bladder, but not in small cell carcinoma of other origins. J Hematol Oncol 2014;7:47.
15. Kinde I, Munari E, Faraj SF, Hruban RH, Schoenberg M, Bivalacqua T, Allaf M, Springer S, Wang Y, Diaz LA Jr, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Netto GJ: TERT promoter mutations occur early in urothelial neoplasia and are biomarkers of early disease and disease recurrence in urine. Cancer Res 2013;73:7162-7167.
16. Shen P, Jing Y, Zhang R, Cai MC, Ma P, Chen H, Zhuang G. Comprehensive genomic profiling of neuroendocrine bladder cancer pinpoints molecular origin and potential therapeutics. Oncogene 2018;37:3039-3044.
17. Rickman DS, Beltran H, Demichelis F, Rubin MA. Biology and evolution of poorly diferentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017;23:1-10.
18. Avogbe PH, Manel A, Vian E, Durand G, Forey N, Forey N, Voegele C, Zvereva M, Hosen MI, Meziani S, De Tilly B, Polo G, Lole O, Francois P, Delhomme TM, Carreira C, Monteiro-Reis S, Henrique R, Abedi-Ardekani B, Byrnes G, Foll M, Weiderpass E, McKay J, Jeronimo C, Scelo G, Le Calvez-Kelm F. Urinary TERT promoter mutations as non-invasive biomarkers for the comprehensive detection of urothelial cancer. EBioMedicine 2019;44:431-438.
19. Tamas EF, Stephenson AJ, Campbell SC, Montague DK, Trusty DC, Hansel DE. Histopathologic features and clinical outcomes in 71 cases of bladder diverticula. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:791-796.
20. Tudor J, Cantley RL, Jain S. Primary small cell carcinoma arising from a bladder diverticulum. J Urol 2014;192:236-237.
21. Zhong H, George S, Kauffman E, Guru K, Azabdaftari G, Xu B. Clinicopathologic characterization of intradiverticular carcinoma of urinary bladder - a study of 22 cases from a single cancer center. Diagn Pathol 2014;9:222.
22. Ali SZ, Reuter VE, Zakowski MF. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic study with emphasis on cytologic features. Cancer 1997;79:356-361.
23. Agoff SN, Lamps LW, Philip AT, Amin MB, Schmidt RA, True LD, Folpe AL. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2000;13:238-242.
24. Jones TD, Kernek KM, Yang XJ, Lopez-Beltran A, MacLennan GT, Eble JN, Lin H, Pan CX, Tretiakova M, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Thyroid transcription factor 1 expression in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an immunohistochemical profile of 44 cases. Hum Pathol 2005;36:718-723.
25. Colarossi C, Pino P, Giuffrida D, Aiello E, Costanzo R, Martinetti D, Memeo L. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder: a case report. Diagn Pathol 2013;8:19.
26. Pusiol T, Morichetti D, Zorzi MG. “Pure” primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: case report, literature review and diagnostic criteria. Pathologica 2014;106:82-85. Review.
27. Bhatt VR, Loberiza FR Jr, Tandra P, Krishnamurthy J, Shrestha R, Wang J. Risk factors, therapy and survival outcomes of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder. Rare Tumors 2014;6:5043.
28. Zakaria A, Al Share B, Kollepara S, Vakhariya C. External Beam Radiation and Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer: Is It a Possible Trigger of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder? Case Rep Oncol Med 2017;2017:1853985.
29. Sanguedolce F, Calò B, Chirico M, Tortorella S, Carrieri G, Cormio L. Urinary Tract Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Issues. Anticancer Res 2020;40:2439-2447.
30. Kouba E, Cheng L. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Urinary Bladder According to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification: Molecular and Clinical Characteristics. Endocr Pathol 2016;27:188-199.
31. Oderda M, Ruoppolo M, Marson F, Pisano F, Fragapane G, Molinaro L, Pacchioni D, Tizzani A, Gontero P. Pathological features and adverse prognosis of a contemporary series of neuroendocrine bladder tumours. Urol Int 2011;86:185-190.
32. Bertaccini A, Marchiori D, Cricca A, Garofalo M, Giovannini C, Manferrari F, Gerace TG, Pernetti R, Martorana G. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: case report and review of the literature. Anticancer Res 2008;28:1369-1372.
33. Lee KH, Ryu SB, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Choi C. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Pathol Int 2006;56:688- 693.
34. Akamatsu S, Kanamaru S, Ishihara M, Sano T, Soeda A, Hashimoto K. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int J Urol 2008;15:1080-1083.
35. Tsugu A, Yoshiyama M, Matsumae M. Brain metastasis from large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Surg Neurol Int 2011;2:84.
36. Martin IJ, Vilar DG, Aguado JM, Perelló CG, Aliaga MR, Argente VG, Ferreres LA, Gómez JG. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Bibliographic review. Arch Esp Urol 2011;64:105-113.
37. Zhou HH, Liu LY, Yu GH, Qu GM, Gong PY, Yu X, Yang P. Analysis of clinicopathological features and prognostic factors in 39 cases of bladder neuroendocrine carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2017;37:4529-4537.
38. Park S, Reuter VE, Hansel DE. Non-urothelial carcinomas of the bladder. Histopathology 2019;74:97-111.
39. Radović N, Turner R, Bacalja J. Primary “Pure” large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:e375-e377.
40. Gupta S, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Thapa P, Hernandez LP, Jimenez RE, Costello BA, Frank I, Cheville JC. High grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated by radical cystectomy: a series of small cell, mixed neuroendocrine and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Pathology 2015;47:533-542.
41. Sari A, Ermete M, Sadullahoğlu C, Bal K, Bolükbaşi A. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder; case presentation. Turk Patoloji Derg 2013;29:138-142.
42. Evans AJ, Al-Maghrabi J, Tsihlias J, Lajoie G, Sweet JM, Chapman WB. Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002;126:1229-1232.
43. Chen YB, Epstein JI. Primary carcinoid tumors of the urinary bladder and prostatic urethra: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:442-446.
44. Baydar DE, Tasar C. Carcinoid tumor in the urinary bladder: unreported features. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:1754-1757.
45. Dadhwal R, Jain S, Seth A, Bal CS. Neuroendocrine tumour of urinary bladder: a rare case of aggressively behaving primary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour with review of literature. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:e231061.
46. Beilan JA, Lawton A, Hajdenberg J, Rosser CJ. Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: a systematic review of the contemporary literature. BMC Urol 2013;13:22.
47. Zhai H, Ma X, Nie W, Li H, Peng C, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Paraganglioma of the Urinary Bladder: A Series of 22 Cases in a Single Center. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017;15:e765-e771.
48. Nakajo M, Nakajo M, Fukukura Y, Jinguji M, Shindo T, Nakabeppu Y, Kamimura K, Yoneyama T, Takumi K, Yoshiura T. Diagnostic performances of FDG-PET/CT and diffusion-weighted imaging indices for differentiating benign pheochromocytoma from other benign adrenal tumors. Abdom Imaging 2015;40:1655-1665.
49. So JS, Epstein JI. GATA3 expression in paragangliomas: a pitfall potentially leading to misdiagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2013;26:1365- 1370.
50. Robertson AG, Kim J, Al-Ahmadie H, Bellmunt J, Guo G, Cherniack AD, Hinoue T, Laird PW, Hoadley KA, Akbani R, Castro MAA, Gibb EA, Kanchi RS, Gordenin DA, Shukla SA, Sanchez-Vega F, Hansel DE, Czerniak BA, Reuter VE, Su X, de Sa Carvalho B, Chagas VS, Mungall KL, Sadeghi S, Pedamallu CS, Lu Y, Klimczak LJ, Zhang J, Choo C, Ojesina AI, Bullman S, Leraas KM, Lichtenberg TM, Wu CJ, Schultz N, Getz G, Meyerson M, Mills GB, McConkey DJ; TCGA Research Network, Weinstein JN, Kwiatkowski DJ, Lerner SP. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cell 2017;171:540-556.e25.
51. Batista da Costa J, Gibb EA, Bivalacqua TJ, Liu Y, Oo HZ, Miyamoto DT, Alshalalfa M, Davicioni E, Wright J, Dall’Era MA, Douglas J, Boormans JL, Van der Heijden MS, Wu CL, van Rhijn BWG, Gupta S, Grivas P, Mouw KW, Murugan P, Fazli L, Ra S, Konety BR, Seiler R, Daneshmand S, Mian OY, Efstathiou JA, Lotan Y, Black PC. Molecular Characterization of Neuroendocrine-like Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:3908‐3920.

APA	YAPRAK BAYRAK B (2021). The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. , 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
Chicago	YAPRAK BAYRAK Busra The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. (2021): 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
MLA	YAPRAK BAYRAK Busra The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. , 2021, ss.1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
AMA	YAPRAK BAYRAK B The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. . 2021; 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
Vancouver	YAPRAK BAYRAK B The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. . 2021; 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
IEEE	YAPRAK BAYRAK B "The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review." , ss.1 - 7, 2021. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
ISNAD	YAPRAK BAYRAK, Busra. "The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review". (2021), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986

APA	YAPRAK BAYRAK B (2021). The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. Journal of Urological Surgery, 8(1), 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
Chicago	YAPRAK BAYRAK Busra The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. Journal of Urological Surgery 8, no.1 (2021): 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
MLA	YAPRAK BAYRAK Busra The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. Journal of Urological Surgery, vol.8, no.1, 2021, ss.1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
AMA	YAPRAK BAYRAK B The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2021; 8(1): 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
Vancouver	YAPRAK BAYRAK B The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2021; 8(1): 1 - 7. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
IEEE	YAPRAK BAYRAK B "The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review." Journal of Urological Surgery, 8, ss.1 - 7, 2021. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986
ISNAD	YAPRAK BAYRAK, Busra. "The Clinical and Uropathological Aspects of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Bladder: A Review". Journal of Urological Surgery 8/1 (2021), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4274/jus.galenos.2020.3986