Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 53 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 137 - 143 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 09-10-2021

Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19

Öz:
Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been substantialprogress in the pharmacologic treatment and supportive care of patients hospitalized with active COVID-19infections. To date there have been numerous medications trialed for COVID-19 management. In this review, our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the primary literature and clinical applicationssurrounding some of the prominent drugs and medication classes that have been utilized in those sufferingfrom COVID-19 infections. The medications reviewed in this article include: hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, azithromycin, dexamethasone, melatonin, tocilizumab, ascorbic acid, and zinc. The medication classesreviewed include: anticoagulation, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, convalescent plasma, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, human recombinant soluble ACE2, and theBNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Diğer Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):760-762. [Crossref]
  • 2. Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of vte in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020;158(3):1143-1163. [Crossref]
  • 3. Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105938. [Crossref]
  • 4. Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;369:m1849. [Crossref]
  • 5. Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, et al. Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2411- 2418. [Crossref]
  • 6. Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):517-525. [Crossref]
  • 7. Rizk JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehra MR, Lavia CJ, Rizk Y, Forthal DN. PharmacoImmunomodulatory Therapy in COVID-19. Drugs. 2020;80(13):1267-1292. [Crossref]
  • 8. Borba, MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, et al. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e208857. [Crossref]
  • 9. Grein J, Myers RP, Brainard D. Compassionate use of remdesivir in Covid-19. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):e101. [Crossref]
  • 10. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 - preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):994. [Crossref]
  • 11. Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1048-1057. [Crossref]
  • 12. Hemila H, Louhiala P. Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8(8):CD005532. [Crossref]
  • 13. Fowler AA 3rd, Truwit JD, Hite RD, et al. Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: the CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(13):1261-1270. [Crossref]
  • 14. Kashiouris MG, L’Heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. The emerging role of vitamin C as a treatment for sepsis. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):292. [Crossref]
  • 15. Damle B, Vourvahis M, Wang , Leaney J, Corrigan B. Clinical pharmacology perspectives on the antiviral activity of azithromycin and use in COVID-19. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(2):201-211. [Crossref]
  • 16. Furtado RHM, Berwanger O, Fonseca HA, et al. Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10256):959-967. [Crossref]
  • 17. Arabi YM, Deeb AM, Al-Hameed F, et al. Macrolides in critically ill patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;81:184-190. [Crossref]
  • 18. Million M, Lagier JC, Gautret P, et al. Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;35:101738. [Crossref]
  • 19. Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, et al. Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2493-2502. [Crossref]
  • 20. Johnson RM, Vinetz JM. Dexamethasone in the management of covid -19. BMJ. 2020;370:m2648. [Crossref]
  • 21. Lee N, Allen Chan KC, Hui DS, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARSassociated Coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2004;31(4):304-309. [Crossref]
  • 22. Group RC, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693-704. [Crossref]
  • 23. Villar J, Anon JM, Ferrando C, et al. Efficacy of dexamethasone treatment for patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19: study protocol for a randomized controlled superiority trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):717. [Crossref]
  • 24. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-481. [Crossref]
  • 25. Maski, LP, Olarte GL, Palizas F Jr, et al. High dose dexamethasone treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):743. [Crossref]
  • 26. Sehirli AO, Sayiner S, Serakinci, N. Role of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19; as an adjuvant through cluster differentiation 147 (CD147). Mol Biol Rep. 2020: 47(10):8229-8233. [Crossref]
  • 27. Zhang R, Wang X, Ni L, et al. COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sci. 2020;250:117583. [Crossref]
  • 28. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105954. [Crossref]
  • 29. Khiali S, Khani E, Entezari-Maleki T. A comprehensive review on tocilizumab in COVID19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60(9):1131-1146. [Crossref]
  • 30. Klopfenstein T, Zayet S, Lohse A, et al. Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(5):397-400. [Crossref]
  • 31. Somers EC, Eschenauer GA, JTroost JP, et al. Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;2020.05.29.20117358. [Crossref]
  • 32. Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: a single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102568. [Crossref]
  • 33. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):837-844. [Crossref]
  • 34. Bauer SR, AKapoor A, Rath M, Thomas SA. What is the role of supplementation with ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, or N-acetylcysteine for prevention or treatment of COVID-19? Cleve Clin J Med. 2020. [Crossref]
  • 35. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001364. [Crossref]
  • 36. Carlucci PM, Ahuja T, Petrilli C, Rajagopalan H, Jones S, Rahimian J. Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Microbiol. 2020;69(10):1228-1234. [Crossref]
  • 37. Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261- 1267. [Crossref]
  • 38. Li T, Lu H, Zhang W. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):687-690. [Crossref] 39. Becker RC. COVID-19 update: Covid-19- associated coagulopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(1):54-67. [Crossref]
  • 40. Han H, Yang L, Liu R, et al. Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1116- 1120. [Crossref]
  • 41. Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(6):1421-1424. [Crossref]
  • 42. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844- 847. [Crossref]
  • 43. Al-Samkari H, Karp Leaf RS, Dzik WH, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood. 2020;136(4):489-500. [Crossref]
  • 44. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-theart review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2950- 2973. [Crossref]
  • 45. Klok FA, Kruip M, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-147. [Crossref]
  • 46. Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1089- 1098. [Crossref]
  • 47. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e21. [Crossref]
  • 48. Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2441-2448. [Crossref]
  • 49. Mancia GF, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Coraao G. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and the risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2431-2440. [Crossref]
  • 50. Bloch EM, Shoham S, Casadevall A, et al. Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(6):2757-2765. [Crossref]
  • 51. Tiberghien P, de Lamballerie X, Morel P, Gallian P, Lacombe K, Yazdanpanah Y. Collecting and evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment: why and how? Vox Sang. 2020;115(6):488- 494. [Crossref]
  • 52. Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, et al. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):CD013600. [Crossref]
  • 53. Liu STH, Lin HM, Baine I, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study. Nat Med. 2020;26(11):1708-1713. [Crossref]
  • 54. Joyner MJ, Senefeld JW, Klassen SA, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma on mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: initial three-month experience. medRxiv. 2020; 2020.08.12.20169359. [Crossref]
  • 55. Joyner MJ, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, et al. Safety update: COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 20,000 hospitalized patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(9):1888-1897. [Crossref]
  • 56. Sodhi M, Etminan M. Safety of ibuprofen in patients with COVID-19: causal or confounded? Chest. 2020;158(1):55-56. [Crossref]
  • 57. Amici C, Di Caro A, Ciucci A, et al. Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1021-1030.
  • 58, Zoufaly A, Poglitsch M, Aberle JH, et al. Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(11):1154-1158. [Crossref]
  • 59. Abd El-Aziz TM, Al-Sabi A, Stockand JD. Human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) shows promise for treating severe COVID19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):258. [Crossref]
  • 60. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin, , et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27);2603-2615. [Crossref
APA HALL K, MFONE F, SHALLCROSS M, PATHA V (2021). Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. , 137 - 143.
Chicago HALL Kimberly,MFONE Fuhbe,SHALLCROSS Michael,PATHA Vikas Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. (2021): 137 - 143.
MLA HALL Kimberly,MFONE Fuhbe,SHALLCROSS Michael,PATHA Vikas Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. , 2021, ss.137 - 143.
AMA HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. . 2021; 137 - 143.
Vancouver HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. . 2021; 137 - 143.
IEEE HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V "Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19." , ss.137 - 143, 2021.
ISNAD HALL, Kimberly vd. "Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19". (2021), 137-143.
APA HALL K, MFONE F, SHALLCROSS M, PATHA V (2021). Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 53(2), 137 - 143.
Chicago HALL Kimberly,MFONE Fuhbe,SHALLCROSS Michael,PATHA Vikas Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine 53, no.2 (2021): 137 - 143.
MLA HALL Kimberly,MFONE Fuhbe,SHALLCROSS Michael,PATHA Vikas Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine, vol.53, no.2, 2021, ss.137 - 143.
AMA HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine. 2021; 53(2): 137 - 143.
Vancouver HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine. 2021; 53(2): 137 - 143.
IEEE HALL K,MFONE F,SHALLCROSS M,PATHA V "Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19." Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 53, ss.137 - 143, 2021.
ISNAD HALL, Kimberly vd. "Review of Pharmacotherapy Trialed for Management of the Coronavirus Disease-19". Eurasian Journal of Medicine 53/2 (2021), 137-143.