Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels

Sarih SARI, (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)
Ali DOĞRUL (Milli Savunma Üniversitesi, Deniz Harp Okulu, Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makineleri Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)
Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi
9 0
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 219 Sayfa Aralığı: 77 - 95 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 08-10-2021

Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels

Öz:
It is crucial to reduce the power need and fuel consumption of ships, thus eco−friendly ship design can be achieved. This goal can be achieved with the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic performance of ships. In this manner, numerical and experimental methods are widely used by many researchers. Experimental studies are based on towing tank tests while the numerical methods are based on viscous and potential flow assumptions. In this study, it is aimed to investigate different types of ship models to provide a comprehensive data set. A numerical approach solving RANS (Reynolds−averaged Navier− Stokes) equations was employed for two container ships and a naval surface combatant to show the precision and accuracy of the numerical method. These vessels are KRISO container ship (KCS), Duisburg test case (DTC) and ONR Tumblehome (ONRT) developed by the Office of Naval Research. The flow around these vessels was investigated by taking the free surface into account. The flow analyses were carried out in calm water conditions and the ships were set to be free to sinkage and trim. For the verification study, the GCI method, which is recommended by ITTC (International Towing Tank Conference) and AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics), was employed. Fine, medium and coarse cases were generated with different grid sizes and time step sizes. These cases were generated by using a constant refinement ratio (√2). The numerical analyses for the verification purpose were conducted at the design Froude number of each model ship. The uncertainty values were obtained for the total resistance. Following this, a comprehensive validation study was conducted for each ship model in a wide range of Froude numbers, covering low and moderate speeds. The validation was done by comparing the numerical results with the available experimental data. In addition to this, the results were compared with other existing numerical results in the literature. The validation was done in terms of total resistance, sinkage and trim parameters. This study showed that the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method can sufficiently estimate the ship's hydrodynamic performance. Within these results, when there is a lack of experimental data for comparison, the numerical method is again reliable having low spatial and temporal uncertainty values.
Anahtar Kelime:

Deplasman Tipi Gemiler için Sayısal Analizlerin Gerçeklemesi ve Doğrulaması

Öz:
Gemilerde güç ihtiyacı ve yakıt tüketimini en aza indirmek çok önemlidir, bu sayede daha çevreci gemiler elde edilmiş olur. Bu hedef, gemilerin hidrodinamik performansının tahmin edilmesi ile elde edilebilir. Bu bağlamda, çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından deneysel ve sayısal yöntemler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Deneysel çalışmalar model deneylerine dayanırken sayısal yöntemler viskoz ve potansiyel akış kabullerine dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada çeşitli tipte gemiler sayısal olarak incelenerek hem gerçekleme hem de doğrulama adına kapsamlı bir veri setinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Sayısal yöntemin doğruluğunu ve hassasiyetini göstermek adına iki konteyner gemisi ve bir muharip suüstü gemisi için RANS denklemlerini çözen sayısal bir yaklaşım kullanılmıştır. Bu gemiler KRISO konteyner gemisi (KCS), Duisburg test gemisi (DTC) ve ONR (Office of Naval Research) tarafından geliştirilen teknedir. Bu gemiler etrafındaki akış incelenirken serbest yüzey etkileri hesaba katılmıştır. Akış analizleri sakin su koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiştir ve gemiler paralel batma ve trim hareketine karşı serbest bırakılmıştır. Belirsizlik çalışması için ITTC ve AIAA tarafından önerilen GCI yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sık, orta ve seyrek olacak şekilde ağ boyutu ve zaman adımı açısından farklı analiz setleri kurgulanmıştır. Bu analiz setleri sabit bir iyileştirme oranıyla (√2) oluşturulmuştur. Belirsizlik amaçlı sayısal analizler her bir geminin dizayn Froude sayısında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Belirsizlik değerleri toplam direnç açısından elde edilmiştir. Bunu takiben, düşük ve orta hızları kapsayacak şekilde geniş bir Froude sayısı aralığında her bir model gemi için kapsamlı bir doğrulama çalışması yapılmıştır. Doğrulama, sayısal sonuçların erişilebilen deneysel sonuçlarla kıyaslanmasıyla yapılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, sonuçlar literatürde mevcut diğer sayısal sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Doğrulama, toplam direnç, paralel batma ve trim açısı parametreleri üzerinden yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) yönteminin gemi hidrodinamik performansını yeterli düzeyde tahmin edebildiğini göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre karşılaştırma için deneysel veri eksikliğinde sayısal yöntem düşük belirsizlik değerleriyle güvenilirdir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Bertram, V. (2014). Practical Ship Hydrodynamics (2nd edition). Elsevier Science.
  • Can, U., Delen, C., Bal, S. (2020). “Effective wake estimation of KCS hull at full−scale by GEOSIM method based on CFD“. Ocean Engineering, 218, 108052. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108052.
  • Carrica, P. M., Fu, H., Stern, F. (2011). “Computations of self−propulsion free to sink and trim and of motions in head waves of the KRISO Container Ship (KCS) model“. Applied Ocean Research, 33(4), 309− 320. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2011.07.003.
  • Celik, I. B., Ghia, U., Roache, P. J., Freitas, C. J., Raad, P. E. (2008). “Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications“. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 130(7), 078001. doi:10.1115/1.2960953.
  • Cook, S. S. (2011). Effects of headwinds on towing tank resistance and PMM tests for ONR Tumblehome [MSc Thesis, University of Iowa]. Available from Iowa Research Online. doi:10.17077/etd.9t68ik1e.
  • Cosner, R., Oberkampf, B., Rumsey, C., Rahaim, C., Shih, T. (2006). “AIAA Committee on Standards for Computational Fluid Dynamics: Status and Plans“. In 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2006−889.
  • Delen, C., Bal, S. (2019, September 9). “Uncertainty analysis of numerical and experimental resistance tests for ONR Tumblehome“. International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean IMAM 2019, Varna, Bulgaria.
  • Delen, C., Can, U., Bal, S. (2020). “Prediction of Resistance and Self−Propulsion Characteristics of a Full− Scale Naval Ship by CFD−Based GEOSIM Method“. Journal of Ship Research, 16. doi:10.5957/JOSR.03200022.
  • Dogrul, A., Song, S., Demirel, Y. K. (2020). “Scale effect on ship resistance components and form factor“. Ocean Engineering, 209, 107428. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107428.
  • Eça, L., Vaz, G., Toxopeus, S. L., Hoekstra, M. (2019). “Numerical Errors in Unsteady Flow Simulations“. Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, 4(021001). doi:10.1115/1.4043975.
  • Ferziger, J. H., Peric, M., Robert, L. (2020). Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics (4th Edition). Springer International Publishing.
  • Guo, H., Zou, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, F. (2018). “Investigation on hull−propeller−rudder interaction by RANS simulation of captive model tests for a twin−screw ship“. Ocean Engineering, 162, 259−273. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.035.
  • Hino, T., Stern, F., Larsson, L., Visonneau, M., Hirata, N., Kim, J. (Eds.). (2021). Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics: An Assessment of the Tokyo 2015 Workshop. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978−3−030−47572−7.
  • ITTC. (1957). Report of Resistance Committee. Proceedings of 8th ITTC, Madrid, Spain.
  • ITTC. (2014a). 7.5−03−02−03 Practical Guidelines for Ship CFD Applications. In ITTC − Recommended Procedures and Guidelines.
  • ITTC. (2014b). 7.5−03−01−01 Uncertainty Analysis in CFD, Verification and Validation Methodology and Procedures. In ITTC − Recommended Procedures and Guidelines.
  • Kahramanoglu, E., Cakici, F., Dogrul, A. (2020). “Numerical Prediction of the Vertical Responses of Planing Hulls in Regular Head Waves“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(6), 455. doi:10.3390/jmse8060455.
  • Kim, W. J., Van, S. H., Kim, D. H. (2001). “Measurement of flows around modern commercial ship models“. Experiments in Fluids, 31(5), 567−578. doi:10.1007/s003480100332.
  • Kinaci, O. K., Gokce, M. K., Delen, C. (2020). “Resistance experiments and self−propulsion estimations of Duisburg Test Case at 1/100 scale“. Ship Technology Research, 67(2), 109−120. doi:10.1080/09377255.2020.1729454.
  • Kok, Z., Duffy, J., Chai, S., Jin, Y., Javanmardi, M. (2020). “Numerical investigation of scale effect in self− propelled container ship squat“. Applied Ocean Research, 99, 102143. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2020.102143.
  • Larsson, L., Zou, L. (2014). “Evaluation of Resistance, Sinkage and Trim, Self Propulsion and Wave Pattern Predictions“. In L. Larsson, F. Stern, & M. Visonneau (Eds.), Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics (pp. 17−64). Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978−94−007−7189−5_2.
  • Menter, F. R. (1994). “Two−equation eddy−viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications“. AIAA Journal, 32(8), 1598−1605. doi:10.2514/3.12149.
  • Menter, F. R. (2009). “Review of the shear−stress transport turbulence model experience from an industrial perspective“. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 23(4), 305−316. doi:10.1080/10618560902773387.
  • Moctar, O. el, Shigunov, V., Zorn, T. (2012). “Duisburg Test Case: Post−Panamax Container Ship for Benchmarking“. Ship Technology Research, 59(3), 50−64. doi:10.1179/str.2012.59.3.004.
  • Ozdemir, Y. H., Cosgun, T., Dogrul, A., Barlas, B. (2016). “A Numerical Application to Predict The Resistance and Wave Pattern of KRISO Container Ship“. Brodogradnja : Teorija i Praksa Brodogradnje i Pomorske Tehnike, 67(2), 47−65. doi:10.21278/brod67204.
  • Pereira, F. S., Eça, L., Vaz, G. (2017). “Verification and Validation exercises for the flow around the KVLCC2 tanker at model and full−scale Reynolds numbers“. Ocean Engineering, 129, 133−148. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.005.
  • Richardson, L. F. (1911). “The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, 210, 307−357.
  • Roache, P. J. (1998). “Verification of Codes and Calculations“. AIAA Journal, 36(5), 696−702. doi:10.2514/2.457.
  • Roache, P. J. (1997). “Quantification of uncertainty in computational fluid dynamics“. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 29, 123−160. Scopus. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.29.1.123.
  • Sezen, S., Dogrul, A., Delen, C., Bal, S. (2018). “Investigation of self−propulsion of DARPA Suboff by RANS method“. Ocean Engineering, 150, 258−271. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.12.051.
  • Shen, Z., Wan, D., Carrica, P. M. (2015). “Dynamic overset grids in OpenFOAM with application to KCS self−propulsion and maneuvering. Ocean Engineering, 108, 287−306. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.035.
  • Stern, F., Wilson, R. V., Coleman, H. W., Paterson, E. G. (2001). Comprehensive Approach to Verification and Validation of CFD Simulations—Part 1: Methodology and Procedures“. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 123(4), 793−802. doi:10.1115/1.1412235.
  • Terziev, M., Tezdogan, T., Oguz, E., Gourlay, T., Demirel, Y. K., Incecik, A. (2018). “Numerical investigation of the behaviour and performance of ships advancing through restricted shallow waters“. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 76, 185−215. doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2017.10.003.
  • Tezdogan, T., Demirel, Y. K., Kellett, P., Khorasanchi, M., Incecik, A., Turan, O. (2015). “Full−scale unsteady RANS CFD simulations of ship behaviour and performance in head seas due to slow steaming“. Ocean Engineering, 97, 186−206. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.01.011.
  • Tezdogan, T., Incecik, A., Turan, O. (2016). “A numerical investigation of the squat and resistance of ships advancing through a canal using CFD“. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 1−16. doi:10.1007/s00773−015−0334−1.
  • Van, S., Ahn, H., Lee, Y., Kim, C., Hwang, S., Kim, J., Kim, K., Park, I. (2011). “Resistance characteristics and form factor evaluation for geosim models of KVLCC2 and KCS“. Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Advanced Model Measurement Technology for EU Maritime Industry, 282−293.
  • Van, S. H., Kim, W. J., Yoon, H. S., Lee, Y. Y., Park, I. R. (2006). “Flow measurement around a model ship with propeller and rudder“. Experiments in Fluids, 40(4), 533−545. doi:10.1007/s00348−005−0093−6.
  • Wilcox, D. C. (2008). “Formulation of the k−w Turbulence Model Revisited“. AIAA Journal, 46(11), 2823−2838. doi:10.2514/1.36541.
  • Xing, T., Stern, F. (2010). “Factors of Safety for Richardson Extrapolation“. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 132(061403). doi:10.1115/1.4001771.
  • Zhang, Z. (2010). “Verification and validation for RANS simulation of KCS container ship without/with propeller“. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, 22(5, Supplement 1), 932−939. doi:10.1016/S1001− 6058(10)60055−8.
APA SARI S, Dogrul A (2021). Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. , 77 - 95.
Chicago SARI Sarih,Dogrul Ali Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. (2021): 77 - 95.
MLA SARI Sarih,Dogrul Ali Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. , 2021, ss.77 - 95.
AMA SARI S,Dogrul A Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. . 2021; 77 - 95.
Vancouver SARI S,Dogrul A Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. . 2021; 77 - 95.
IEEE SARI S,Dogrul A "Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels." , ss.77 - 95, 2021.
ISNAD SARI, Sarih - Dogrul, Ali. "Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels". (2021), 77-95.
APA SARI S, Dogrul A (2021). Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi, 27(219), 77 - 95.
Chicago SARI Sarih,Dogrul Ali Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi 27, no.219 (2021): 77 - 95.
MLA SARI Sarih,Dogrul Ali Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi, vol.27, no.219, 2021, ss.77 - 95.
AMA SARI S,Dogrul A Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi. 2021; 27(219): 77 - 95.
Vancouver SARI S,Dogrul A Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels. Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi. 2021; 27(219): 77 - 95.
IEEE SARI S,Dogrul A "Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels." Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi, 27, ss.77 - 95, 2021.
ISNAD SARI, Sarih - Dogrul, Ali. "Verification and Validation of Numerical Simulations of Displacement Type Vessels". Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi 27/219 (2021), 77-95.
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
23-04-2024 19:35

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları