COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 841 - 869 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.33415/daad.750875 İndeks Tarihi: 14-10-2021
COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES
Öz: The American criminal and correctional authorities have designed and implemented programs aiming rehabilitation of male prisoners alone, for many years,neglecting women prisoners and the correctional works for their problems.1However, due to the increasing number of female prisoners in United Statesprisons, the state and federal correctional authorities have faced the fact thatthey focus on women-oriented problems and their solution.2 The awareness thathas emerged over time has opened the door to the paradigm shift of Americancorrectional authorities towards women. This awareness has led to the initiationof family protection programs in some states to address the needs of womenprisoners and their families more respectfully. Moreover, it has led to the launchof several new programs: inmate mothers should be included in educationalprograms in order to respond to the physical, emotional and psychological needsof their children; those mothers should meet with their minor children and adolescents with games and various activities in special and child-friendly roomsoutside the normal visiting room; it should be given additional visitation rightsfor those mothers who participate in parenting trainings; a new mother shouldbe allowed to live with her infant in a private section for up to 18 months.3 Inthis article, parallel to this paradigm shift especially in the late 90s and early2000s, some national and local correctional works and projects focused on theneeds of female prisoners that was initially neglected but then taken into consideration due to the increasing number of women convicts and needs peculiar tothem, will be examined. The treatments, medical processes, physical and mentaltreatment methods required by the clinical psychology offered to the prisonersbased on prisoners’ needs are out of our scope. This study, rather, focuses onpractices -their effects and efficiency- carried on successfully with combined efforts of criminal correctional authorities, psychologists, municipal and church officials, social service experts and volunteers that aim to support female prisoners,especially those with children.
Anahtar Kelime: ABD Cezaevi Hizmetlerinde Paradigma Değişimi Bağlamında Kadınlar İçin Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Programları
Öz: Amerika ceza ve ıslah makamları uzun yıllar kadın mahkumları ve onların sorunlarına yönelik ıslah çalışmalarını ihmal ederek, yalnızca erkek mahkumları ıslaha yönelik programlar tasarlamış ve uygulamıştır. Ancak Birleşik devletler hapishanelerinde kadın mahkum nüfusunun her geçen gün artması sebebiyle, eyalet ve federal ıslah makamları kadın odaklı sorunlara eğilme ve bu çerçevede çözüm üretme gerçeği ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu konuda zaman içinde ortaya çıkan farkındalık, Amerikan ıslah makamlarının kadınlara yönelik paradigma değişikliğine kapı aralamış ve bazı eyaletlerde kadın mahkumların ve ailelerinin ihtiyaçlarının daha saygın bir şekilde karşılanması, aile koruma programlarının başlatılmasını sağlamıştır. Bunun yanında annelerin çocuklarının fiziksel, duygusal ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlarına yanıt verebilmesi için eğitim programlarına alınması mahkum annelerin çocuk ve ergen yaşta olan çocukları ile normal ziyaret odasının dışında özel ve çocuk dostu odalarda oyunlar ve çeşitli etkinliklerle bir araya gelmesi, çocuğu olan mahkum annelere ebeveynlik eğitimlerine katılması halinde ilave ziyaret haklarının tanınması, bebek sahibi olan mahkumun 18 aya kadar özel bir bölümde bebeği ile birlikte yaşayabilmesine imkan sağlayan pek çok yeni programın başlatılmasını da sağlamıştır. Bu makalede özellikle 90’ların sonu ve 2000’lerin başında söz konusu paradigma değişikliği paralelinde başlangıçta ihmal edilen ama artan rakamlar ve ihtiyaçlar sebebi ile dikkate alınan kadın mahkumların ihtiyaçlarına özel olarak uygulanan bazı ulusal ve yerel ıslah çalışmaları ve projeler incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Mahkumlara ihtiyaç durumuna göre sunulan klinik psikolojinin gerektirdiği tedaviler, tıbbi süreçler ile fiziksel ve mental tedavi yöntemleri kapsam alanımız dışındadır. Bu çalışmada daha çok ceza ıslah makamları, psikologlar, belediye ve kilise görevlileri, sosyal hizmet uzmanları ve gönüllülerin birlikte yürüttüğü kadın mahkumları özellikle de anne olan mahkumları destekleme amaçlı yapılan ve başarı sağlamış uygulamalara ve bu uygulamaların etkisi ve verimliliğine değinilecektir.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
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| APA | KOÇ KANCA H (2020). COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. , 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| Chicago | KOÇ KANCA Hatice COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. (2020): 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| MLA | KOÇ KANCA Hatice COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. , 2020, ss.841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| AMA | KOÇ KANCA H COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. . 2020; 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| Vancouver | KOÇ KANCA H COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. . 2020; 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| IEEE | KOÇ KANCA H "COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES." , ss.841 - 869, 2020. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| ISNAD | KOÇ KANCA, Hatice. "COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES". (2020), 841-869. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.750875 |
| APA | KOÇ KANCA H (2020). COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 20(2), 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| Chicago | KOÇ KANCA Hatice COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 20, no.2 (2020): 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| MLA | KOÇ KANCA Hatice COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, vol.20, no.2, 2020, ss.841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| AMA | KOÇ KANCA H COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi. 2020; 20(2): 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| Vancouver | KOÇ KANCA H COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi. 2020; 20(2): 841 - 869. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| IEEE | KOÇ KANCA H "COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES." Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 20, ss.841 - 869, 2020. 10.33415/daad.750875 |
| ISNAD | KOÇ KANCA, Hatice. "COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES". Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 20/2 (2020), 841-869. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.750875 |
