KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 483 - 514 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.30784/epfad.890491 İndeks Tarihi: 06-01-2022
KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ
Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı, “yumuşak güç” kavramının Rus politika yapıcıları tarafından nasıl algılandığını ve uygulama bölgelerinden biri olan Orta Doğu coğrafyasında ne şekilde kullanıldığını tartışmaktır. Mevcut akademik yazında Rus yumuşak gücüne ilişkin yapılmış çalışmaların ağırlıklı olarak Orta Asya, Kafkaslar, Baltık ülkeleri ve Doğu Avrupa’yı içeren eski Sovyet etki alanına yönelik olduğu görülmektedir. Oysaki Rusya’nın Orta Doğu’ya yönelik izlemiş olduğu dış politika değerlendirildiğinde askerî müdahale, zor kullanma, tehdit, siyasi manipülasyon ve vekil savaşları gibi sert güç unsurlarının yanı sıra yumuşak güç araçlarını da içeren çok boyutlu bir yaklaşıma sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışma Rus yumuşak gücünün bölgedeki etkisini ve sınırlılıklarını ortaya koyarak literatürdeki boşluğu doldurmayı hedeflemektedir. Rusya’nın Orta Doğu’daki yumuşak güç projeksiyonu irdelenirken resmî belgeler, kurumsal raporlar, istatistikler ve anketlerin yanı sıra karar alıcıların demeçleri ve söyleşiler de dikkate alınarak söylem ve uygulamada Rus yumuşak gücünün Orta Doğu özelindeki geçirmiş olduğu değişim, süreç takibi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Orta Doğu’da Rus yumuşak gücünün Nye’ın ortaya koyduğu yumuşak güç kavramından hem anlayış hem de uygulama olarak farklılaştığı ve esnek ve pragmatik bir anlayışa sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu esneklik Rusya’ya kısa vadede avantaj sağlamış olsa da uzun dönemde sürdürülebilirliği noktasında sınırlılıklar taşımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: An Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove: Russia's Soft Power in the Middle East
Öz: The aim of this study is to discuss how the concept of "soft power" is perceived by Russian policymakers and how it is used in the Middle East geography, which is one of its application areas. In the existing academic literature, studies on Russian soft power have mainly focused on the former Soviet domain, including Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Baltic states, and Eastern Europe. However, when Russia's foreign policy towards the Middle East is evaluated, it is observed to have a multidimensional approach, which includes soft power instruments in addition to hard power elements such as military intervention, use of force, threat, political manipulation, and proxy wars. From this point of view, this study aims to fill the literature gap by revealing the effects and limitations of Russian soft power in the region. The statements and discourses of decision-makers as well as official documents, institutional reports, statistics, and surveys were also considered while examining the soft power projection of Russia in the Middle East, and the change of the Russian soft power in discourse and practice in the Middle East was analyzed by the process tracing method. In the study, it is revealed that the Russian soft power in the Middle East differs from the concept of soft power introduced by Nye in both understanding and application and had a flexible and pragmatic understanding. Although this flexibility has provided advantages to Russia in the short term, they have limitations with regard to their sustainability in the long term.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Akhundova, J. (2019). Rusya'nın yumuşak güç politikaları: Mevzuat, kurumlar, politikalar. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
- Akşam. (2020, 10 Şubat) Münih güvenlik raporunda çarpıcı detay: Orta Doğu'daki boşluğu Türkiye, Rusya ve İran dolduruyor. Erişim Adresi: https://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/munih-guvenlikraporunda-carpici-detay-orta-dogudaki-boslugu-turkiye-rusya-ve-iran-dolduruyor/haber-1043736.
- Alım, E. (2019). Rusya’nin büyük güç aktivizminde çok kutuplu dünyanın önemi. Asya Studies, 2(8), 53- 65. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.570103
- Aliyev, M. (2019). Yumuşak güç kavramı ve Rusya'nın Güney Kafkasya'da yumuşak gücü (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
- Anlamassova, M. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde yumuşak gücün kullanımı ve Rusya'nın yumuşak güç araçları (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Arab Youth Survey. (2019). A call for reform: 11th Asda’a Bcw annual Arab youth survey 2019. Retrieved from https://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/pdf/downloadwhitepaper/downloadwhitepaper.pdf
- Attias, S. (2019). Russian soft power in the Middle East (BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 1.238). Retrieved from https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/russian-soft-power-middle-east/
- Baumann, R. F. (2018). A central Asian perspective on Russian soft power: The view from Tashkent. Military Review, 98(4), 48-63. Retrieved from https://www.armyupress.army.mil/
- Borshchevskaya, A. (2021). Russia’s soft power projection in the Middle East. Military Review, 1(1-14). Retrieved from https://www.armyupress.army.mil/
- Borshchevskaya, A. and Cleveland, C. (2018). Russia's Arabic propaganda what it is, why it matters (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Notes: 57). Retrieved from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/russias-arabic-propaganda-what-it-why-itmatters
- Budnitskiy, S. (2014). Russia's ‘Sputnik News’ signals renewed information race. Universit of Southern California, Center on Public Diplomacy. Retrieved from https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/russias-sputnik-news-signals-renewed-information-race
- Chepurina, M. (2014). Higher education co-operation in the toolkit of Russia's public diplomacy. Rivista Di Studi Politici Internazionali, 81(1), 59-72. Retrieved from http://rspi.it/en/
- Dağı, Z. (2007). Russia: Back to the Middle East. Perceptions. 12(1), 123-141. Retrieved from http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions.tr.mfa
- Donaldson, R. H., Nogee, J. L. and Nadkarni, V. (2015). The foreign policy of Russia changing system, enduring interests (5. Ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Dugin, A. (2015). Rus jeopolitiği: Avrasyacı yaklaşım. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
- Ernest, W. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312618
- Erşen, E. (2004). Neo-Eurasianism and Putin’s ‘multipolarism’ in Russian foreign policy. Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, 4, 135-172. Retrieved from http://www.pu.virmk.ru/
- Fominykh, A. (2010). Projecting “soft power:” American and Russian public diplomacy in post-Soviet Central Asia. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 11(3), 66-76. Retrieved from https://www.cac.org/online/journale.shtml
- Freedman, R. (1998). Russia and the Middle East: The Primakov era. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 2(2), 1-22. Retrieved from https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/
- Freedman, R. (2003). Russian policy toward the Middle East under Putin: The impact of 9/11 and the war in Iraq. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2(2), 66-97. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/alternatives
- Gallarotti, G. M. (2011). Soft power: What it is, why it’s important, and the conditions for its effective use. Journal of Political Power, 4(1), 25-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2011.557886
- Goldstein, J. S. ve Pevehouse, J. C. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkiler (Çev. H. Özdemir). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
- Grygas, A. (2012). Legacies, coercion and soft power: Russian influence in the Baltic States (Chatham House Briefing Paper No. 2012/04). Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Russia%20and%20Eurasia/0812 bp_grigas.pdf
- Gussarova, A. (2017). Russian soft power in Kazakhstan (and Central Asia): Taken for granted? (Central Asia Institute for Strategic Studies, Almaty). Retrieved from http://caiss.expert/russian-soft-powerin-kazakhstan-and-central-asia-taken-for-granted/
- Güven, E. (2012). Rusya Federasyonu yumuşak gücü ve yumuşak gücünün Rus dış politikasına etkisi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Halidov, İ. (2014). Rusya'nın yumuşak güç araçları. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi, 3(1), 37-75. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuavid
- Hill, F. (2006). Moscow discovers soft power. Current History, 105(693), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.693.341
- Holsti, K. (1964). The concept of power in the study of international relations. Background, 7(4), 179- 194. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013644
- Hudson, V. A. (2013). A study of the civilisational aspects of Russian soft power in contemporary Ukraine (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society. (2020). Orthodox Palestine society. Retrieved from https://www.ippo.ru/english
- Issaev, L. M. and Yuriev, S. (2017). Rusya’nın Orta Doğu politikasının hristiyanlık boyutu (Alsharq Forum Uzman Görüşü, No. 2017/03). Erişim adresi: https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/262511742
- Jödicke, A. (2018). Religion and soft power in the South Caucasus. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Kornilov, A. and Makarychev, A. (2014). Russia’s soft power in the Caucasus: Discourses, communication, hegemony. In A. Agadjanian, A. Jödicke and E. van der Zweerdess (Eds.), Religion, nation and democracy in the South Caucasus (pp. 238–254). Abingdon: Routledge.
- Kostelyanets, S. V. (2019). Russia’s peace initiatives in the MENA region: Evaluation and prospects. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1682302
- Lebedeva, O. (2020). Russian public diplomacy: Historical aspects. In A. A. Velikaya and G. Simsons (Eds.), Russian public diplomacy evolution and practise (pp.27-45). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lund, A. (2019). Russia in the Middle East (The Swedish Institute of International Affairs Paper No. 2/2019). Retrieved from https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/uipublications/2019/ui-paper-no.-2-2019.pdf
- Maliukevicius, N. (2013). (Re)constructing Russian soft power in Post-Soviet region. Baltic Security & Defence Review 15(2), 70-98. Retrieved from https://www.baltdefcol.org/691
- Mankoff, J. (2012). Russian foreign policy: The return of great power politics (2. Ed.). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Meister, S. (2016). Isolation and propaganda: The roots and instruments of Russia’s disinformation campaign (Transatlantic Academy 2015-2016 Paper Series, No. 6). Retrieved from https://www.gmfus.org/publications/isolation-and-propaganda-roots-and-instrumentsrussia%E2%80%99s-disinformation-campaign
- Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. (2019). Briefing by Russian centre for reconciliation of opposing sides in Syria. Retrieved from http://syria.mil.ru/en/index/syria/peacemaking_briefs/brief.htm?id=12243880@egNews
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2013). Concept of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Retrieved from https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/- /asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/122186
- Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among Nations: The struggle for power and peace (1. Ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Morozov, V. and Simsons, G. (2020). Russia's public diplomacy in the Middle East. In A. A. Velikaya and G. Simsons (Eds.), Russian public diplomacy evolution and practise (pp. 233-257). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153-171. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
- Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
- Nye, J. S. (2007). Notes for a soft-power research agenda. In F. Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams (Eds.), Power in World Politics (pp.162-173). New York: Routledge.
- Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
- Nye J. S. (2009). Get smart: Combining hard and soft power. Foreign Affairs, 88(4), 160-163. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/journal/foreignaffairs
- Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak güç (Çev. R. İnan-Aydın). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
- Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia. (2012). Meeting with Russian ambassadors and permanent representatives in international organisations. Retrieved from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/15902
- Orhan, D. (2018). Rusya dış politikasında Orta Doğu: Arap Baharı sonrası tehditler ve fırsatlar. Avrasya Etüdleri, 53(1), 87-116. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/avrasya
- Osipova , Y. (2017). Indigenzing soft power in Russia. In N. Chity, L. Ji, G. D. Rawnsley and C. Hayden (Eds.), The routledge handbook of soft power (pp. 346-358). New York: Routledge.
- Pallaver, M. (2011). Power and its forms: Hard, soft, smart (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United of Kingdoom.
- Popescu, N. (2006). Russia's soft power ambitions. (Center for European policy studies, Policy Brief No. 115). Retrieved from http://aei.pitt.edu/11715/1/1388.pdf
- Purtaş, F. (2008). Rusya ve Arap Orta Doğusu. Akademik Orta Doğu. 2(2) 46-75. Erişim adresi: http://www.akademikortadogu.com/
- Rosenberg, S. (2019). Putin'in Rusya'sı: 5 yılda tecritten Orta Doğu'nun en fazla nüfuz sahibi ülkesine. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce
- Rossotrudnichestvo. (t.y.a). About Rossotrudnichestvo. Retrieved from http://rs.gov.ru/en/about
- Rossotrudnichestvo. (t.y.b). Russia regularly supplies Syria with humanitarian aid. Retrieved from https://nyc.rs.gov.ru/en/news/78688?fbclid=IwAR20b5MGxoPrihKvW314QcQU_DlAT6_tu6rnsh TWwuZDlXAZkrrLh940Phg
- Russian International Affairs Council. (t.y.). About Russian international affairs. Retrieved from https://russiancouncil.ru/en/about/ Russian International Affairs Council. (2019). Annual report 2019. Retrieved from https://russiancouncil.ru/upload/iblock/905/riac_annual_report_2019_en.pdf
- Russian International Affairs Council. (2020). Russia and Iran in Syria and beyond: Challenges ahead.
- Retrieved from https://russiancouncil.ru/en/activity/workingpapers/russia-and-iran-in-syria-andbeyond-challenges-ahead/
- Russian International Affairs Council. (2021). U.S.–Russia Middle East dialogue group meeting.
- Retrieved from https://russiancouncil.ru/en/news/u-s-russia-middle-east-dialogue-group-meeting-/
- Russian International Development Assistance. (2020). Humanitarian map. Retrieved from https://www.russianassistance.ru/en/?fbclid=IwAR1kpiV_abncSJQwbBJR57RP5UG0EML3jefiYyEBXP1PilUqtD9ChjnhyA
- Russia Today. (2017). RT Arabic celebrates 10 years on air. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/aboutus/press-releases/rt-arabic-10-years/
- Russian World. (2019). Russia has prepared an extensive program to promote the Russian language abroad. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/news/257729/?sphrase_id=1018691
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (t.y.). About Russkiy mir foundation. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/index.php
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2009). Russkiy mir in Lebanon. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/135434/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2013). Russian Orthodox church has collected more than $1 Million in aid for Syria. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/132840/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2014). Imperial orthodox Palestine society to open Russian school in Palestine. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/134881/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2015). Russian language contest held in Alexandria. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/191142/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2016a). Voice of Israel tells its listeners about Mikhail Bulgakov. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/207550/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2016b). Voice of Israel tells children about Agniya Barto. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/203674/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2016c) . School students from Ashkelon learn about Anton Chekhov. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/204226/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2017a). Russkiy mir foundatıon opens Russian center in Damascus. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/231718/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2017b). Pushkin poems recited in Tel Aviv. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/225782/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2018a). Russian language olympiad held in Israel. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/247741/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2018b). First Russian library opens in Gaza. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/241912/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2018c). Russian religious communities in Syria and Lebanon hold major humanitarian campaign. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/236874/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2019a). Interactive exhibition about Russian language takes place in Lebanon. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/267212/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2019b). Russian compatriots participate in Lebanese school of young leaders. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/266954/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2019c). Russian masters created more than 20 orthodox icons for temples of Syria. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/254442/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2020a). International Pushkin without borders contest launched in Jordan. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/272711/
- Russkiy Mir Foundation. (2020b). Russian-language radio station launched in Israel. Retrieved from https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/268939/
- Semedov. A. S. and Kurbatova, A. G. (2020). Russian public diplomacy and nation branding. In A. A. Velikaya and G. Simsons (Eds.), Russian public diplomacy evolution and practise (pp. 45-59). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Sergunin, A. and Karabeshkin, L. (2015). Understanding Russia's soft power strategy. Political Studies Association, 35(3-4) 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12109
- Sergunin, A. and Tikhonov, V. (2013). The EU’s Eastern partnership and Russia: A platform for confrontation or cooperation? The Korean of Slavic Studies, 29(3), 1–29, doi:10.17840/irsprs.2013.29.3.001
- Sladden, J. B., Wasser, B., Connable, B. and Grand-Clement, S. (2017). Russian Strategy in the Middle East. CA: RAND Corporation, 1-14. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/
- Smirnov, V. (2012). Russia’s “soft power” in the Baltic. Retrieved from https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/russia-s-soft-power-in-the-baltic/
- Solomon, T. (2014). The affective underpinnings of soft power. European Journal of International Relations, 20(3), 720-741. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066113503479
- Stetsko, E. (2020). The role of civil society in Russian public diplomacy. In A. A. Velikaya and G. Simons (Eds.), Russian public diplomacy evolution and practise (pp.147-166). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Study in Russia. (2019). International students at Russian Universities. Retrieved from https://studyinrussia.ru/en/actual/articles/international-students-at-russian-universities/?sphrase_id =199656
- Suchkov, M. (2015). Rusya'nın Orta Doğu'daki yumuşak gücü. Erişim adresi: https://www.almonitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2015/04/russia-middle-east-soft-power.html
- Tafuro, E. (2014). Fatal attraction? Russia’s soft power in its neighbourhood. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180660/Fatal%20attraction_%20Russia%E2%80%99s%20soft%20p ower%20in%20its%20neighbourhood.pdf
- Tatlı, U. (2018). Yumuşak güç çerçevesinde Rusya Federasyonu dış politika konseptleri ve pratikleri (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Teslova, E. (2019). Russia to grant $10M in aid to Palestinian refugees. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/russia-to-grant-10m-in-aid-to-palestinian-refugees/1371748
- The Gorchakov Fund. (2021). The Gorchakov fund and CFDP will host online discussion “75 Years of the Victory: A perspective from the Middle East”. Retrieved from https://www.gorchakovfund.ru/en/news/the-gorchakov-fund-and-cfdp-will-host-online-discussion75-years-of-the-victory-a-perspective-from-t/
- Velikaya A. A. and Simons, G. (2020). Introduction. In A. A. Velikaya and G. Simons (Eds.), Russian public diplomacy evolution and practise (pp.1-25). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Yablokov, I. (2015). Conspiracy theories as a Russian public diplomacy took: The case of Russia today (RT). Political Studies Association, 35(3-4), 301-315 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12097
- Yalçınkaya A. ve Heyle, A. N. (2019) Rusya’nın Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika politikası. A. Yalçınkaya ve D. Tuğlu (Ed.) Avrasya stratejileri: İlişkiler, örgütler politikalar içinde (pp.129-146). Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
- Yıldırım, S. (2014). Rusya'nın Avrasya Politikasında Yumuşak Güç: İmkanlar ve Sınırlar. (Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi) T.C. Başbakanlık Yurtduşı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, Ankara.
- Yilmaz, S. (2019). Putin dönemi Rusya dış politikası ve güvenlik doktrinleri (1. Bs.). Ankara: Nobel.
| APA | Ozekin M, KIRCAN S (2021). KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. , 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| Chicago | Ozekin Muhammed Kursad,KIRCAN SİBEL KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. (2021): 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| MLA | Ozekin Muhammed Kursad,KIRCAN SİBEL KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. , 2021, ss.483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| AMA | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. . 2021; 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| Vancouver | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. . 2021; 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| IEEE | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S "KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ." , ss.483 - 514, 2021. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| ISNAD | Ozekin, Muhammed Kursad - KIRCAN, SİBEL. "KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ". (2021), 483-514. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| APA | Ozekin M, KIRCAN S (2021). KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| Chicago | Ozekin Muhammed Kursad,KIRCAN SİBEL KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no.2 (2021): 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| MLA | Ozekin Muhammed Kursad,KIRCAN SİBEL KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol.6, no.2, 2021, ss.483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| AMA | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 6(2): 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| Vancouver | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 6(2): 483 - 514. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| IEEE | Ozekin M,KIRCAN S "KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ." Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, ss.483 - 514, 2021. 10.30784/epfad.890491 |
| ISNAD | Ozekin, Muhammed Kursad - KIRCAN, SİBEL. "KADİFE ELDİVEN İÇİNDEKİ DEMİR YUMRUK: RUSYA’NIN ORTA DOĞU’DAKİ YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ". Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/2 (2021), 483-514. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.890491 |
