Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 27 Sayı: Özel Sayı 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 5 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296 İndeks Tarihi: 19-01-2022

The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach

Öz:
The coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, one of many global threats to human health, provides an opportunity to analyze how to detect, minimize, and even prevent the spread of future viral zoonotic agents with pandemic potential. Such analysis can utilize existing risk assessment techniques that seek formally to define the hazard, assess the health risk, characterize the health threat, and estimate the probability of occurrence.
Anahtar Kelime:

COVID-19 Pandemisi, Bir Risk Yönetimi Yaklaşımı

Öz:
İnsan sağlığına yönelik birçok küresel tehditten biri olan koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 pandemisi, pandemik potansiyele sahip gelecekteki viral zoonotik ajanların yayılmasının nasıl tespit edileceğini, en aza nasıl indirileceğini ve hatta yayılmasının nasıl önleneceğini analiz etme fırsatı sunmaktadır. Bu tür analizler, resmi olarak tehlikeyi tanımlamaya, sağlık riskini değerlendirmeye, sağlık tehdidini karakterize etmeye ve bu tehdidin meydana gelme olasılığını tahmin etmeye çalışan mevcut risk değerlendirme tekniklerini kullanabilir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Schröder I. COVID-19: A risk assessment perspective. ACS Chem. Health Saf 2020;27:160-169.
  • 2. Ball D. Environmental policy health. McGraw-Hill House. London 2006; p. 283.
  • 3. International Risk Governance Council (IRGC). https://irgc.org/about/
  • 4. Anthony SJ, Epstein JH, Murray KA, et al. A strategy to estimate unknown viral diversity in mammals. mBio 2013;4:e00598-e00613.
  • 5. Editorial. Microbiology by numbers. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011;9:628.
  • 6. Ziebuhr J, Preface. Coronavirus. Academic Press. Advances in Virus Research vol 96. 2016; p. 296.
  • 7. Drexler JF, Corman VM, Drosten C. Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS. Antiviral Res 2014;101:45-56.
  • 8. Hasöksüz M, Kiliç S, Saraç F. Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2. Turk J Med Sci 2020;50(SI-1):549-556.
  • 9. Kim DY, Shinde SK, Lone S, Palem RR, Ghodake GS. COVID-19 pandemic: Public health risk assessment and risk mitigation strategies. J Pers Med 2021;11:1243.
  • 10. Kruse H, Kirkemo AM, Handeland K. Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:2067-2072.
  • 11. Reis J, Spencer PS, Román GC, Buguet A. Environmental neurology in the tropics. J Neurol Sci 2021;421:117287.
  • 12. Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001;356:983-989.
  • 13. Wolfe ND, Dunavan CP, Diamond J. Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature 2007;447:279-283.
  • 14. Olival KJ, Daszak P. The ecology of emerging neurotropic viruses. J Neurovirol 2005;11:441-446.
  • 15. Microbiology Society. Routes of transmission. https://microbiologysociety. org/why-microbiology-matters/what-is-microbiology/microbes-and-thehuman-body/routes-of-transmission.html
  • 16. American Animal Hospital Association. Routes of transmission. https:// www.aaha.org/aaha-guidelines/infection-control-configuration/routes-oftransmission
  • 17. Maxmen A, Mallapaty S. The COVID lab-leak hypothesis: What scientists do and don’t know. Nature 2021;594:313-315.
  • 18. Temmam S, Vongphayloth K, Baquero Salazar E, et al. Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor-binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula. Research Square - 17 Sep 2021. preprint. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1
  • 19. Morawska L, Milton DK. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:2311-2313.
  • 20. Salzberger B, Buder F, Lampl B, et al. Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Infection 2021;49:233-239.
  • 21. Giesecke J. Primary and index cases. Lancet 2014;384:2024.
  • 22. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. Revue rapide de la littérature scientifique: Proportion de personnes asymptomatiques, leur réponse immunitaire et leur potentiel de transmission de la COVID-19. Mise à jour le 1er juin 2021, V 4.0. https://www.inspq.qc.ca/publications/2989- asymptomatique-transmission-covid19
  • 23. Mahajan S, Caraballo C, Li SX, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalization rate and infection fatality rate among the non-congregate population in connecticut. Am J Med 2021;134:812-816.e2.
  • 24. Ioannidis JPA. Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data. Bull World Health Organ 2021;99:19-33F.
  • 25. Ioannidis JPA. Reconciling estimates of global spread and infection fatality rates of COVID-19: An overview of systematic evaluations. Eur J Clin Invest 2021;51:e13554.
  • 26. Yang W, Kandula S, Huynh M, et al. Estimating the infection-fatality risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during the spring 2020 pandemic wave: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21:203-212.
  • 27. Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, et al. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol 2020;35:1123-1138.
  • 28. Mayo Clinic Staff. COVID-19: Who’s at higher risk of serious symptoms? https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/ coronavirus-who-is-at-risk/art-20483301
  • 29. Agence technique de l’information sur l’hospitalisation. Analyse de l’activité hospitalière 2020 – Covid-19. Rapport du 28/10/2021. https://www.atih. sante.fr/actualites/analyse-de-l-activite-hospitaliere-2020-covid-19
  • 30. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death by Age Group. Updated Nov. 22, 2021. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/ hospitalization-death-by-age.html#print
  • 31. Kokturk N, Babayigit C, Kul S, et al. The predictors of COVID-19 mortality in a nationwide cohort of Turkish patients. Respir Med 2021;183:106433.
  • 32. Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, et al. Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection 2015;43:495-501.
  • 33. Maury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E. Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021;177:51-64.
  • 34. Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009;31:318-326.
  • 35. Moldofsky H, Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a casecontrolled study. BMC Neurol 2011;11:37.
  • 36. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, et al. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2021;92:55-70.
  • 37. Salmon-Ceron D, Slama D, De Broucker T, et al. Clinical, virological and imaging profile in patients with prolonged forms of COVID-19: A crosssectional study. J Infect 2021;82:e1-e4.
  • 38. Kas A, Soret M, Pyatigoskaya N, et al. The cerebral network of COVID-19- related encephalopathy: a longitudinal voxel-based 18F-FDG-PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021;15:1-15.
  • 39. Eurostat. Chemicals production and consumption statistics. Statistics Explained. Data extracted in November 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Chemicals_production_and_ consumption_statistics
  • 40. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet 2006;368:2167-2178.
  • 41. King A. How to track down a new virus – and link it to disease, 20 May 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/qahow-track-down-new-virus-and-link-it-disease
  • 42. Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, et al. Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2021;375:e068302.
  • 43. Xiang N, Song Y, Wang Y, et al. Lessons from an active surveillance pilot to assess the pneumonia of unknown etiology surveillance system in China, 2016: The need to increase clinician participation in the detection and reporting of emerging respiratory infectious diseases. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:770.
  • 44. Worobey M. Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science 2021;374:1202-1204.
  • 45. Pinotti F, Di Domenico L, Ortega E, et al. Tracing and analysis of 288 early SARS-CoV-2 infections outside China: A modeling study. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003193.
  • 46. Acar T, Acıman Demirel E, Afşar N, et al. The COVID-19 from neurological overview. Turk J Neurol 2020;26:58-108.
  • 47. Altunışık E, Arık A. Decreased stroke applications during pandemic: Collateral effects of COVID-19. Turk J Neurol 2021;27:171-175.
  • 48. Beghi E, Helbok R, Crean M, et al. The European Academy of Neurology COVID-19 registry (ENERGY): An international instrument for surveillance of neurological complications in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol 2021;28:3303-3323.
APA Reis J, Ozturk S, Tulek Z, Spencer P (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. , 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
Chicago Reis Jacques,Ozturk Serefnur,Tulek Zeliha,Spencer Peter The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. (2021): 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
MLA Reis Jacques,Ozturk Serefnur,Tulek Zeliha,Spencer Peter The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. , 2021, ss.1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
AMA Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. . 2021; 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
Vancouver Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. . 2021; 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
IEEE Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P "The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach." , ss.1 - 5, 2021. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
ISNAD Reis, Jacques vd. "The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach". (2021), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
APA Reis J, Ozturk S, Tulek Z, Spencer P (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi, 27(Özel Sayı 1), 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
Chicago Reis Jacques,Ozturk Serefnur,Tulek Zeliha,Spencer Peter The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi 27, no.Özel Sayı 1 (2021): 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
MLA Reis Jacques,Ozturk Serefnur,Tulek Zeliha,Spencer Peter The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi, vol.27, no.Özel Sayı 1, 2021, ss.1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
AMA Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. 2021; 27(Özel Sayı 1): 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
Vancouver Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. 2021; 27(Özel Sayı 1): 1 - 5. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
IEEE Reis J,Ozturk S,Tulek Z,Spencer P "The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach." Türk Nöroloji Dergisi, 27, ss.1 - 5, 2021. 10.4274/tnd.2021.93296
ISNAD Reis, Jacques vd. "The COVID-19 Pandemic, a Risk Management Approach". Türk Nöroloji Dergisi 27/Özel Sayı 1 (2021), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4274/tnd.2021.93296