A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status

Background: Vitamin D is recognized to be an immune regulator. Also, it is known to have antiviral effects by several mechanisms, including reducing inflammatory cytokines. Objectives: To examine the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) status for assessing the severity of COVID-19. Methods: This study consisted of 596 patients confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 infection and 59 healthy individuals. The cases separated into non-severe group, severe survival, and severe non-survival group. 25(OH)D and other labo ratory parameters were evaluated retrospectively. Results: In all COVID-19 groups 25(OH)D levels were low compared to controls (p<0.05). 25(OH)D concentrations were lowest in patients in severe non-survival groups than those in other SARS-CoV-2 infection groups (p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis exhibited that decreasing 25(OH)D was associated with an increasedlikelihood of non severe, severe survival and severe non-survival disease. There were significant associations between 25(OH)D and certain inflammatory and hemostatic parameters (p<0.05, for all). Conclusions: 25(OH)D deficiency was observed among patients with COVID-19. Declined steadily 25(OH)D levels make a huge contribution to the scale of the progression of the disease. Correlations support that 25(OH)D may be a substantial tool for utilizing the severity of the disease and estimating the survival. Also, supplementation of 25(OH)D might slow down the course of the COVID-19.

Anahtar Kelime:

COVID-19’un şiddetini tahmin etmek için dikkate değer bir anahtar: 25-hidroksivitamin D durumu

Öz:

Amaç: D vitamini bir bağışıklık düzenleyici olarak kabul edilir ve ayrıca inflamatuar sitokinlerin azaltılması da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli mekanizmalarla antiviral etkilere sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı COVID-19’un şiddetini değerlendirmek için 25-hidroksivitamin D (25 (OH) D) durumunu incelemekti. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışma, SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu olarak doğrulanan 596 hasta ve 59 sağlıklı kişiden oluştu. Vakalar şiddetli olmayan grup, şiddetli sağ kalan ve şiddetli sağ olmayan grup olarak ayrıldı. 25 (OH) D ve diğer labo ratuvar parametreleri geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Tüm COVID-19 gruplarında 25 (OH) D seviyeleri kontrollere kıyasla düşüktü (p<0.05). 25 (OH) D konsan trasyonları, şiddetli hayatta kalmayan gruptaki hasta larda, diğer SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyon gruplarına göre en düşüktü (p<0.05). Çok değişkenli regresyon analizi, 25 (OH) D’nin azalmasının şiddetli olmayan, şiddetli sağ kalan ve şiddetli sağ kalmayan hastalık olasılığının artmasıyla iliş kili olduğunu gösterdi. 25 (OH) D ile belirli inflamatuar ve hemostatik parametreler arasında önemli ilişkiler vardı (tümü için p<0.05). Sonuç: COVID-19’lu hastalarda 25 (OH) D eksikliği gözlendi. Kademeli olarak düşen 25 (OH) D seviyeleri, hastalığın ilerleme ölçeğine büyük katkı sağladı. Kore lasyonlar, 25 (OH) D’nin hastalığın ciddiyetini değer lendirmek ve sağ kalımı tahmin etmek için önemli bir araç olabileceğini desteklemektedir. 25 (OH) D takviyesi, COVID-19’un seyrini yavaşlatabilir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, Winardi W, Keam S, Te H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a literature review. J Infect Public Health 2020;13:667–73.
2. Kakodkar P, Kaka N. Baig MN. A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 2020;12:e7560.
3. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ [Accessed Aug 2020].
4. Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review. Clin Immunol 2020;215:108427.
5. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266–81.
6. Teymoori‐Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2019;29: e2032.
7. Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Bagacean C, Bush A, Johnston SL. Stanciu LA. Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2017;27:e1909.
8. Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Luo Q, Zhang Q. Zhang H. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep 2017;16:7432–8.
9. Tsujino I, Ushikoshi-Nakayama R, Yamazaki T, Matsumoto N, Saito I. Pulmonary activation of vitamin D3 and preventive effect against interstitial pneumonia. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019;65: 245–51.
10. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA. Ng LFP the trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:363–74.
11. Costela-Ruiz VJ, Illescas-Montes R, Puerta-Puerta JM, Ruiz C, Melguizo-Rodriguez L. SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease. Cytokine Growth Factor 2020 June 2. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001 [Epub ahead of print].
12. Gimenez VMM, Inserra F, Tajer CD, Mariani J, Ferder L, Reiter RJ, ´ et al. Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment. Life Sci 2020;254:117808.
13. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, Cusato J, De Nicolò A, Lucchini R, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020;12:1359.
14. Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Golan Cohen A, Green I, et al. Low plasma 25 (OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐ based study. FEBS J 2020 July 23. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs. 15495 [Epub ahead of print].
15. Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14: 561–5.
16. Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32:1195–8.
17. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Mild versus severe COVID-19: laboratory markers. Int J Infect Dis 2020;95:304–7.
18. Li L, Huang T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liang Y, Huang T, et al. COVID‐19 patients’ clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta‐analysis. J Med Virol 2020;92:577–83.
19. Yang AP, Liu JP, Tao WQ, Li HM. The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020;84:106504.
20. Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, Nair N, Mahajan S, Sehrawat TS, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1017–32.
21. Foley JH. Conway EM. Cross talk pathways between coagulation and inflammation. Circ Res 2016;118:1392–408.
22. Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q, Liu H, Liu X, Liu Z, et al. D‐dimer levels on admission to predict in‐hospital mortality in patients with Covid‐ 19. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1324–9.
23. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2012;38:125–39.
24. Kim DH, Meza CA, Clarke H, Kim JS. Hickner RC. Vitamin D and endothelial function. Nutrients 2020;12:575.
25. Mohammad S, Mishra A, Ashraf MZ. Emerging role of vitamin D and its associated molecules in pathways related to pathogenesis of thrombosis. Biomolecules 2019;9:649.

APA	Ergin Tuncay M, GEMCİOĞLU E, Kayaaslan B, ateş i, GÜNER R, eser f, HASANOĞLU İ, Kaya Kalem A, Altunsoy A, AĞAÇ Z, BEKTAŞ Ş, mungan i, AKDAĞ A, İZDEŞ S, NEŞELİOĞLU S, EREL O (2021). A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. , 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
Chicago	Ergin Tuncay Merve,GEMCİOĞLU Emin,Kayaaslan Bircan,ateş ihsan,GÜNER RAHMET,eser fatma,HASANOĞLU İmran,Kaya Kalem Ayse,Altunsoy Adalet,AĞAÇ Zübeyr Said,BEKTAŞ Şerif GÖKBULUT,mungan ibrahim,AKDAĞ Ahmet Gökhan,İZDEŞ Seval,NEŞELİOĞLU Salim,EREL Ozcan A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. (2021): 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
MLA	Ergin Tuncay Merve,GEMCİOĞLU Emin,Kayaaslan Bircan,ateş ihsan,GÜNER RAHMET,eser fatma,HASANOĞLU İmran,Kaya Kalem Ayse,Altunsoy Adalet,AĞAÇ Zübeyr Said,BEKTAŞ Şerif GÖKBULUT,mungan ibrahim,AKDAĞ Ahmet Gökhan,İZDEŞ Seval,NEŞELİOĞLU Salim,EREL Ozcan A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. , 2021, ss.167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
AMA	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. . 2021; 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
Vancouver	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. . 2021; 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
IEEE	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O "A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status." , ss.167 - 172, 2021. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
ISNAD	Ergin Tuncay, Merve vd. "A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status". (2021), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2020-0423

APA	Ergin Tuncay M, GEMCİOĞLU E, Kayaaslan B, ateş i, GÜNER R, eser f, HASANOĞLU İ, Kaya Kalem A, Altunsoy A, AĞAÇ Z, BEKTAŞ Ş, mungan i, AKDAĞ A, İZDEŞ S, NEŞELİOĞLU S, EREL O (2021). A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, 46(2), 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
Chicago	Ergin Tuncay Merve,GEMCİOĞLU Emin,Kayaaslan Bircan,ateş ihsan,GÜNER RAHMET,eser fatma,HASANOĞLU İmran,Kaya Kalem Ayse,Altunsoy Adalet,AĞAÇ Zübeyr Said,BEKTAŞ Şerif GÖKBULUT,mungan ibrahim,AKDAĞ Ahmet Gökhan,İZDEŞ Seval,NEŞELİOĞLU Salim,EREL Ozcan A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 46, no.2 (2021): 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
MLA	Ergin Tuncay Merve,GEMCİOĞLU Emin,Kayaaslan Bircan,ateş ihsan,GÜNER RAHMET,eser fatma,HASANOĞLU İmran,Kaya Kalem Ayse,Altunsoy Adalet,AĞAÇ Zübeyr Said,BEKTAŞ Şerif GÖKBULUT,mungan ibrahim,AKDAĞ Ahmet Gökhan,İZDEŞ Seval,NEŞELİOĞLU Salim,EREL Ozcan A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, vol.46, no.2, 2021, ss.167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
AMA	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi. 2021; 46(2): 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
Vancouver	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi. 2021; 46(2): 167 - 172. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
IEEE	Ergin Tuncay M,GEMCİOĞLU E,Kayaaslan B,ateş i,GÜNER R,eser f,HASANOĞLU İ,Kaya Kalem A,Altunsoy A,AĞAÇ Z,BEKTAŞ Ş,mungan i,AKDAĞ A,İZDEŞ S,NEŞELİOĞLU S,EREL O "A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status." Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, 46, ss.167 - 172, 2021. 10.1515/tjb-2020-0423
ISNAD	Ergin Tuncay, Merve vd. "A notable key for estimating the severity of COVID-19: 25-hydroxyvitamin D status". Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 46/2 (2021), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2020-0423