Yıl: 2005 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 299 - 305 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım

Öz:
GiRiŞ Alt gastrointestinal sistem kanaması sık karşılaşılan bir klinik durumdur. Kolonoskopik inceleme teşhis için ilk tercih olmasına rağmen her zaman kanamanın nedenini göstermede yeterli olmayabilir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Acil Cerrahi Birimine başvuran, masif alt gastrointestinal kanaması olan ve kolonoskopik incelemede kanama odağı saptanamayan 8 hasta retrospektil olarak değerlendirildi. Tüm kolonoskopilerde kolon kan ile doluydu ve 4 hastada kan ileoçekal valfden çe-kuma dolmaktaydı (Treitz ile ileoçekal valf arası kanama ?). BULGULAR Hastalarımızın 5'i erkek, 3'ü kadındı. Ortalama yaş 51 'di (28 ila 82). Hastalara ortalama 13 ünite (2 ila 23) eritrosit süspansiyonu transfüzyonu yapıldı. Dört hastanın anjiyografik, sintigrafik ve enteroklizis incelemesi normaldi. Anjiyografi 4 hastamızda teşhis koydurucu oldu. İki hastada ileokolik psödoanevrizma, 2 hastada da jejunal arter dallarından kanama saplandı. Anjiyografik lanı konulan 4 hastaya embolizasyon işlemi gerçekleştirildi ve bunların 3'ünde bağırsak nekrozu gelişti ve cerrahi girişim uygulandı. Bir hastamıza ise ek bir tedavi gerekmedi. Cerrahi müdahale yapılan hastalardan ikisi sepsis nedeniyle kaybedildiler. Hastalarımızın ortalama yatış süresi ise 17 gün olarak saptandı (5 ila 37 gün). SONUÇ Bütün tanısal yöntemlere rağmen, kolonoskopide kanama odağı görülmeyen hastaların yarısında kanamanın nedeni bulunamamaktadır. İmkân varsa anjiyografik inceleme yapılmalı ve uygun vakalarda süperselektif arteriyel embolizasyon uygulanmalıdır. Ancak embolizasyon sonrası nekroz gelişme ihtimali nedeniyle hastalar yakın takip altında olmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelime: Kolonoskopi Gastrointestinal kanama Alt gastrointestinal sistem Anjiyografi Geriyedönük çalışma Radyonüklid görüntüleme

Approach to the lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients with normal colonoscopic findings

Öz:
BACKGROUND Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a commun clinical entity. Although colonoscopic examination is the firsl choice lor diagnosis, it may not be enough to reveal the cause o( bleeding in all subjects. METHODS Eight patients who had massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding having normal colonoscopic findings were retrospectively evaluated al the Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine RESULTS There were 5 male and 3 female patients with mean age of 51 (28 to 82). Patients received a mean of 13 U (range 2 to 23) with transfused erythrocyte concentrates. Four patients had found to be normal during angiographic, scintigraphy or enterocylytic examinations. Angiography was diagnostic in 4 patients, and identified bleeding from ileocolic pseudoaneurisms (n= 2) branches of jejunal artery (n=2). Embolization procedure were performed in these 4 patients and 3 of them developed intestinal necrosis and underwent surgery. One did not require further treatment. Two of the patients who underwent surgery expired due to sepsis. Patients were hospitalized for a mean o( 17 days (range 5 to 37). CONCLUSION Despite employment of all diagnostic procedures, the cause of bleeding were not detected in half of patients who had normal colonoscopic findings. If angiographic treatment is necessary, superselective arterial embolization should be performed.
Anahtar Kelime: Angiography Retrospective Studies Radionuclide Imaging Colonoscopy Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Waye JD. Diagnostic endoscopy in lower intestinal bleeding. In: Sugawa C, Schuman BM, Lucas CE, eds. Gastrointestinal bleeding. New York: Igaku Shoin Medical Publishers; 1992:230-241.
  • 2. Longstreth GF Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrage: a population based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:419-424
  • 3. McGuire HH Jr, Haynes BW. Massive hemorrage for divertıculosis of the colon: guidelines for therapy based on bleeding patterns observed in fifty cases. Ann Surg. 1972; 175: 847-855
  • 4. Foutch PG. Angiodisplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:807-818.
  • 5. Goustaut CJ. Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly patient. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:590-595
  • 6. Peura DA, Lanza FL,Gostout CJ, et al. The American College of Gastroenterology Bleeding ReGİS try: preliminary findings. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:924-928.
  • 7. Farrell JJ, Friedman LS.Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30:377-407
  • 8. Browder W, Cerise EJ, Litwin MS. Impact of emergency angiography in massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Surg. 1986;204:530-536
  • 9. Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gasstroenterol. 1993;28:1062-1066.
  • 10. Leitiman IM, Paull DE, Shires GT 3rd. Evaluation and menagement of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Surg. 1989;209:175-180.
  • 11. Aladgem D, Mazor A, Kashtan H, Ostrzega N, Barak Y, Wiznitzer T Colonic bleeding due to rupture of an isolated iliac artery aneurysm into a cecal carcinoma. Postgrad Med Journal. 1988;64:636-42
  • 12. Cunningham J, Garcia VF Quispe G: Diffuse cavernous rectal hemangioma sphincter sparing approach to therapy. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:344-50
  • 13. Rossini FP, Ferrari A,Spandre M, Cavallero M, GemmeC, Loverci C, et al. Emergency colonoscopy. World J Surg. 1989; 13:190-6
  • 14. Billingham RP,. The conundrum of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Surg Clin North Am.1997;77:241-252.
  • 15. Forde KA. Colonoscopy in acute rectal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:93-98
  • 16. Jensen DM, Machicado GA. Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia. The role of urgent colonoscopy after purge. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1569-1574.
  • 17. Colacchio TA, Forde KA, Patsos TJ, Nunez D. et al. Impact of modern diagnostic methods on the menagement of active rectal bleeding. Ten year experience. Am J Surg. 1982;143:607-610
  • 18. Zuckerman DA, Bocchini TP, Birnbaum EH. Massive hemorrage in the lower gastrointestinal tract in adults: diagnostic imaging and intervention. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:703-711
  • 19. 19. Teague RH, Thornton JR, Manning AP, Salmon PR, Read, AR.Colonos-copy for investigation of unexplained rectal bleeding. Lancet. 1978;I:1350-1352
  • 20. Boley SJ, DiBiase A, Brant LJ, Sammartano RJ. Lower intestinal bleeding in the elderly. Am J Surg. 1979;137:57-64
  • 21. DiPalma JA, Brady CE 3 rd, Stewart DL,Karlin DA, McKinney MK, Clement DJ, et al. Comparison of colon cleansing methods in preparation for colonoscopy. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:856-860
  • 22. Schrock TR. Colonoscopic diagnosis and treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69:1309-1325
  • 23. Freidman HI, Hits SV, Whitney PJ. Use of technetium-labeled autologous red blood cells in detection of gastrointestinal bleeding. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983;156:449-452
  • 24. Allison DJ, Hemingway AP, Cunningham DA. Angiography in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet. 1982;3.30-33
  • 25. 25. Suzman MS, Talmor M, Jennis R, Binkert B, Barie PS. Accurate localization and surgical menagement of active lower gastrointestinal hemorrage with technetium-labeled erythrocyte scintigraphy. Ann Surg.1996;224:29-36
  • 26. Hunter JM, Pezim ME. Limited value of technetium 99m-labeled red cell scintigraphy in localization of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg. 1990;159:504-506
  • 27. Fiorito JJ, Brandt LJ, Kozicky O, Grosman IM, Sprayragen S .The diagnostic yield of superior mezenteric angiography : correlation with the pattern of gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:878-881.
  • 28. Phillips DA, Wertheimer MD, Patwardhan N, Swanson R, Zawacki J. Preoperative angiography and embolization of the site of intermittent acute small bowel bleeding with a radiopaque microcoil: facilited precised surgical excision of the source. Surgery. 1996;119:714-717.
  • 29. Koval G, Benner KG, Rosch J, Kozak BE. Aggressive angiographic diagnosis in acute lower gastrointestinalhemorrage. Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32.248-253.
  • 30. Zuckerman GR, Prakash C: Acute lower intestinal bleeding: part I: clinical presentation and diagnosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48:606-617.
  • 31. Ng DA, Opelka FG, Beck DE, Milburn JM, Witherspoon LR, Hicks TC, et al. TC. Predictive value of technetium Tc 99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy for positive angiogram in massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrage. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:471-477.
  • 32. Brandt LJ, Boley SJ. The role of colonoscopy in the diagnosis and the menagement of lower intestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;102:61-70.
  • 33. Baum S, Rosch J, Dotter CT, Athanasoulis C, Waltman AC, Courey WR.. Selective mesenteric arterial infüsions in the management of massive diverticular hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1993;288:1269-1272.
  • 34. Gordon RL, Ahl KL, Kerlan, Wilson MW, LaBerge JM, Sandhu JS.. Selective arterialembolization for the control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg 1997;174:24-28.
  • 35. Luchtefeld MA, Senagore AJ, Szomstein M, Fedeson B, Van Erp J, Rupp S. et al. Evaluation of transarterial embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:532-534.
  • 36. Evangelista PT, Hallisey MJ. Transcatheter embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:601-606.
  • 37. Bandi R, Shetty PC, Sharma RP,Burke TH, Burke MW, Kastan D. et al. Superselective arterial embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1399-1405.
APA AKYILDIZ H, ERTEKİN C, ALİMOĞLU O, KORKUT Ç, TAVİLOĞLU K, GÜLOĞLU R, poyanli a (2005). Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. , 299 - 305.
Chicago AKYILDIZ Hızır,ERTEKİN Cemalettin,ALİMOĞLU Orhan,KORKUT Çağatay,TAVİLOĞLU Korhan,GÜLOĞLU Recep,poyanli arzu Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. (2005): 299 - 305.
MLA AKYILDIZ Hızır,ERTEKİN Cemalettin,ALİMOĞLU Orhan,KORKUT Çağatay,TAVİLOĞLU Korhan,GÜLOĞLU Recep,poyanli arzu Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. , 2005, ss.299 - 305.
AMA AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. . 2005; 299 - 305.
Vancouver AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. . 2005; 299 - 305.
IEEE AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a "Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım." , ss.299 - 305, 2005.
ISNAD AKYILDIZ, Hızır vd. "Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım". (2005), 299-305.
APA AKYILDIZ H, ERTEKİN C, ALİMOĞLU O, KORKUT Ç, TAVİLOĞLU K, GÜLOĞLU R, poyanli a (2005). Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. Ulusal Travma Dergisi, 11(4), 299 - 305.
Chicago AKYILDIZ Hızır,ERTEKİN Cemalettin,ALİMOĞLU Orhan,KORKUT Çağatay,TAVİLOĞLU Korhan,GÜLOĞLU Recep,poyanli arzu Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. Ulusal Travma Dergisi 11, no.4 (2005): 299 - 305.
MLA AKYILDIZ Hızır,ERTEKİN Cemalettin,ALİMOĞLU Orhan,KORKUT Çağatay,TAVİLOĞLU Korhan,GÜLOĞLU Recep,poyanli arzu Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. Ulusal Travma Dergisi, vol.11, no.4, 2005, ss.299 - 305.
AMA AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. Ulusal Travma Dergisi. 2005; 11(4): 299 - 305.
Vancouver AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım. Ulusal Travma Dergisi. 2005; 11(4): 299 - 305.
IEEE AKYILDIZ H,ERTEKİN C,ALİMOĞLU O,KORKUT Ç,TAVİLOĞLU K,GÜLOĞLU R,poyanli a "Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım." Ulusal Travma Dergisi, 11, ss.299 - 305, 2005.
ISNAD AKYILDIZ, Hızır vd. "Kolonoskopik bulguları normal olan alt gastrointestinal kanamalara yaklaşım". Ulusal Travma Dergisi 11/4 (2005), 299-305.