In this study, it was aimed to estimate covariance function, covariance components, permanent environmental eff ect, additive genetic eff ect and heritability values, and comparison of models with diff erent order and heterogeneous residual variances Legendre Polynomials in the first lactation Turkish Holstein cows more than 10 test day milk yields. For this aim, 7340 test day records of 386 Holstein Friesian cows in the first lactation raised in private dairy farm calving from 2013 to 2018 in Kırşehir-Turkey were used. The six Legendre polynomial models by random regression described as L(2,2), L(3,3), L(4,4), L(5,5), L(6,6) and L(7,7) were evaluated using first lactation test day records. Heterogeneous residual variances (RV) were modeled by considering five sub-classes. Analyzes were performed using the WOMBAT statisticalpackage. In comparison of the models, -2LogL, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayes Information Criterion (BIC) and RV were used. Also, the compatibility of random regression models was examined in terms of eigenvalues of covariance matrices. The values of -2LogL (between 28334.16 and 26610.07), AIC (between 28356.16 and 26732.07) and BIC values (between 28432.05 and 27129.21) obtained from the study result decreased as the model order increased. As a result, it was determined that the 3rd degree Legendre polynomial model can provide sufficient compliance. However, when looking at the values for -2LogL, AIC and RV, it was determined that the L(7,7) model fits well according to other models.
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The emergence of multi-drug resistance among many bacteria including zoonotic pathogens in the food chain poses a growing public health threatto humans, animals, and the environment worldwide. The inefficiency of current antibiotics to control these pathogens necessitated the developmentof alternative approaches, such as phage therapy, for the prevention and treatment of human and animal infections, food safety, and wastewatertreatment. In this study, four temperate bacteriophages, designated as Trsa205, Trsa207, Trsa220, and Trsa222 were isolated by mitomycin C inductionfrom methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The phages were characterized based on their electron microscope morphology, burstsize, host range, and biofilm removal potential. Based on their morphology, all four phages with isometric heads and long non-contractile tails belongto Siphoviridae family. The one-step growth curves of phages revealed that Trsa205 and Trsa207 have latent periods of about 20 min that results in aburst size of 30 and 45 virions/host cell, respectively, while Trsa220 and Trsa222 showed 25 min of latent period and produced 20 virus particles/cell.The agar-spot assay was used for phage host range determination, and biofilm removal activities were measured spectrophotometrically after crystalviolet staining. It was found that at least two-thirds of 56 S. aureus strains (66%) could be lysed by phages when used in combination, and 20-38% byone of the phages. The four phages in combination were able to remove the S. aureus biofilms by 65%. Our results indicated that the newly identifiedbacteriophages have the potential to be used in phage therapy against multi-drug resistant S. aureus including MRSA and removal of biofilms.
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Leishmaniasis is recognized as a neglected disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). New treatment modalities are needed for thetreatment of leishmaniasis due to the limited number of drugs that can cause toxic side eff ects. Therefore, studies are being carried out on herbal extracts, which can be potential candidates for the treatment. Pelargonium sidoides a perennial herb originating in Africa, is used to treat infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to perform in vitro investigation of the direct eff ect of P. sidoides commercially available root extract (EPs 7630) on promastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica. For this purpose, L. infantum and L. tropica strains were grown on NNN medium and then transferred into RPMI 1640 medium supported by 10% fetal bovine serum. After mass growing, the promastigotes were placed into 96-well plates with L. infantum as 5x104 and L. tropica as 1.5x105 . EPs 7630 was diluted at a concentration of 400, 200, 100 and 50 µg/mL. Afterwards, EPs 7630 was added and then counted by hemocytometry at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The calculations were done after the experiments repeated three times. Comparison with the control group and liposomal amphotericin B showed that EPs 7630 had no inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Leishmania promastigotes at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, a partial inhibitory eff ect at 200 µg/mL, and an inhibitory eff ect at 400 µg/mL. It was concluded that identifying the substance(s) responsible for the antileishmanial eff ect of P. sidoides extract, conducting toxicity studies, and improving the results of these studies in in vivo models may be useful as steps for future clinical studies.
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This study investigated the eff ects of dietary probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri E81 [LRE], Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [LRG]), yeast (Saccharomycescerevisiae S81 [SCS]), and their combined supplementation on fattening performance (BW, DWG, FI, and FCR), meat quality, and rumen and duodenumhistology in lambs. The study material comprised ninety 2.5-month-old Anatolian Merino lambs, and the trial was conducted for 70 days. Nine trialgroups, each composed of 10 animals, were established. This study demonstrated that, when compared to the control group, the best fatteningperformance was achieved in the lambs that received 600 ppm of dietary LRE. Neither visceral organ weights nor rumen and duodenum histologywas aff ected in the groups that received the tested feed supplements. Of the meat colour parameters investigated, the L* value was observed to haveincreased in the groups that were given feed supplements, excluding Groups LRE-600 and SCS-300. It was determined that the probiotic supplementshad no eff ect on the a* and b* colour parameters, but aff ected the meat pH value. In conclusion, the assessment of the eff ects of diff erent doses ofdietary probiotics, yeast, and probiotic-yeast combinations on performance parameters, visceral organ weights, and meat quality in Anatolian Merinolambs showed that the best results were achieved in the group that received 600 ppm of LRE alone.
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The purpose of this experiment was to determine the eff ects of diff erent extenders on the sperm quality parameters of Hu ram semenpreserved at 16ºC. The quality parameters studied include total sperm motility, progressive motility, survival time, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and some kinematic parameters, such as the curvilinear velocity. Each ram ejaculated approximately twenty times and ejaculates were collected every two days interval during breeding season. Three Hu rams were used in experiments. The ejaculates were pooled and diluted (1:10) with extenders A (Tris-Fructose based), B (Fructose-Sodium Citrate based), C (Glucose based), D (Fructosebased) and E (Control, Physiological saline solution) and then stored at 16ºC. The above parameters were detected every 24 h. The total sperm motility, progressive motility, acrosome integrity and some kinematic parameters of extender A were the highest compared to those of other extenders and decreased slowly within 24 to 144 h. The eff ective survival time of sperm preserved in extender A was 74.50±4.82 h, and the total survival time was 412.67±2.52 h, which was significantly higher than those of the other four extenders (P≤0.05). The acrosome integrity of extender A was the highest within 24 to 144 h and significantly higher than those of the other extenders within 48 to 144 h (P≤0.05). Compared with the other extenders, extender A had numerically the highest plasma membrane integrity within 24 to 96 h of preservation(P>0.05). In conclusion, extender A improved the sperm quality of Hu ram semen, which could be used for artificial insemination for up to 144 h of preservation.
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AbstractCold stress is the main stressor restricting the development of animal husbandry in cold regions. Fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF), also known as angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), plays an important regulatory role in the metabolism of lipids. Its functions include inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to eliminate triglycerides and free fatty acids in blood, reducing fat deposition and promoting adipose tissue degradation. This experiment was designed to investigate the eff ects of diff erent degrees of cold stimulation on fat metabolism in finishing pigs. Growing and fattening pigs were randomly divided into diff erent groups and exposed to temperatures of -10±2°C, -5±2°C, 0±2°C, 5±2°C and 21±2°C for 2 h. Serum, liver, neck, abdominal subcutaneous and mesenteric adipose tissues were collected and analyzed by Real-Time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine FIAF expression. The results showed that a gradual increase in cold stress intensity resulted in a gradual increase in FIAF mRNA and protein expression levels in liver, neck, abdomen and mesenteric adipose tissues and FIAF concentration also gradually increased in the blood. It indicated that FIAF is involved in energy and fat metabolism in response to cold stress and may be regulated by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) by free fatty acids in the blood induced by cold stress.
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Oviduct is an important tubular organ fostering critical physiological processes such as transport of gametes and embryos, capacitation, fertilization, early embryo development, and maturation of gametes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate oviduct specific glycoprotein-1 (OVGP1) expression in the oviduct regions at diff erent phases of the sexual cycle and bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC). In the study, oviduct samples collected from 6 cows in estral and luteal phases were used. The oviduct samples were collected from the ampulla, isthmus and fimbria and evaluated through routine histology and immunohistochemical studies for OVGP1. The primary BOEC were obtained from the ampulla region and characterized by cytokeratin expression. The immunohistochemistry assay indicated that OVGP1 is expressed in secretory cells of the bovine oviduct. OVGP1 expression varies by the oviduct regions and phases of the sexual cycle. Changes in OVGP1 expression during the sexual cycle suggestively indicates a hormonal infl uence. Regional diff erence in OVGP1 expression is most likely related to the physiological events that occur in diff erent regions of the oviduct. BOEC isolated from the oviduct of estral and luteal phases also expresses OVGP1. Further studies should focus on possible role of OVGP1 in adaption of BOEC to very tedious condition like cell culture.
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Quality loss of food products is an important problem for food producers and consumers. Edible coating application is an alternative method to preserve food quality and to extend shelf life. In this study, a coating solution composed of chicken gelatin (0-6%), chitosan (0-2%) and sorbitol (0-1.5%), was practiced to preserve chicken patty during frozen storage. Gelatin was extracted from chicken MSM (Mechanically Separated Meat) residue and chicken patties were prepared from spent hen. The physicochemical properties (moisture, pH, thiobarbituric acid value, shrinkage value, texture and color) of chicken patties were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM) by 15 diff erent coating combinations. The increase in gelatin and chitosan concentrations reduced significantly lipid oxidation. The application of chitosan decreased hardness of chicken patties and improved texture properties. Shrinkage decreased by increasing sorbitol concentration. Overall, an optimal coating blend formed by chicken gelatin (6%), chitosan (1.5-2.0%) and sorbitol (1.0-1.5%) showed the best eff ect on preserving quality of chicken patties during frozen storage.
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Pasteurella multocida is an important bacterium that can cause respiratory infections in cattle. Due to the usage of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of the disease frequently, it is critical to follow the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. In this study, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antimicrobial agents and presence of genes related to resistance were investigated in 59 P. multocida strains isolated from the respiratory tract of cattle. According to MIC values determined by E-test, all of the isolates were susceptible to enrofl oxacin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, but resistant to cefoxitin. In addition, high resistance to ampicillin (88.14%), tilmicosin (64.41%), clindamycin (83.05%) and streptomycin (59.32%) were observed in the isolates. When the resistance genes were examined by PCR, it was determined that blaROB-1, tet H, sul II, str A/aphA 1 and erm 42 genes could play an important role in penicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprime, aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance, respectively. It was concluded that the usage of ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprime, macrolide and aminoglycosides should be considered for the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by P. multocida in cattle. Also, it was determined that antimicrobial resistance genes could play an important role in the development of resistance in P. multocida.
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