In this study, it was aimed to estimate covariance function, covariance components, permanent environmental eff ect, additive genetic eff ect and heritability values, and comparison of models with diff erent order and heterogeneous residual variances Legendre Polynomials in the first lactation Turkish Holstein cows more than 10 test day milk yields. For this aim, 7340 test day records of 386 Holstein Friesian cows in the first lactation raised in private dairy farm calving from 2013 to 2018 in Kırşehir-Turkey were used. The six Legendre polynomial models by random regression described as L(2,2), L(3,3), L(4,4), L(5,5), L(6,6) and L(7,7) were evaluated using first lactation test day records. Heterogeneous residual variances (RV) were modeled by considering five sub-classes. Analyzes were performed using the WOMBAT statistical
package. In comparison of the models, -2LogL, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayes Information Criterion (BIC) and RV were used. Also, the compatibility of random regression models was examined in terms of eigenvalues of covariance matrices. The values of -2LogL (between 28334.16 and 26610.07), AIC (between 28356.16 and 26732.07) and BIC values (between 28432.05 and 27129.21) obtained from the study result decreased as the model order increased. As a result, it was determined that the 3rd degree Legendre polynomial model can provide sufficient compliance. However, when looking at the values for -2LogL, AIC and RV, it was determined that the L(7,7) model fits well according to other models.
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The emergence of multi-drug resistance among many bacteria including zoonotic pathogens in the food chain poses a growing public health threat
to humans, animals, and the environment worldwide. The inefficiency of current antibiotics to control these pathogens necessitated the development
of alternative approaches, such as phage therapy, for the prevention and treatment of human and animal infections, food safety, and wastewater
treatment. In this study, four temperate bacteriophages, designated as Trsa205, Trsa207, Trsa220, and Trsa222 were isolated by mitomycin C induction
from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The phages were characterized based on their electron microscope morphology, burst
size, host range, and biofilm removal potential. Based on their morphology, all four phages with isometric heads and long non-contractile tails belong
to Siphoviridae family. The one-step growth curves of phages revealed that Trsa205 and Trsa207 have latent periods of about 20 min that results in a
burst size of 30 and 45 virions/host cell, respectively, while Trsa220 and Trsa222 showed 25 min of latent period and produced 20 virus particles/cell.
The agar-spot assay was used for phage host range determination, and biofilm removal activities were measured spectrophotometrically after crystal
violet staining. It was found that at least two-thirds of 56 S. aureus strains (66%) could be lysed by phages when used in combination, and 20-38% by
one of the phages. The four phages in combination were able to remove the S. aureus biofilms by 65%. Our results indicated that the newly identified
bacteriophages have the potential to be used in phage therapy against multi-drug resistant S. aureus including MRSA and removal of biofilms.
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Leishmaniasis is recognized as a neglected disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). New treatment modalities are needed for the
treatment of leishmaniasis due to the limited number of drugs that can cause toxic side eff ects. Therefore, studies are being carried out on herbal extracts, which can be potential candidates for the treatment. Pelargonium sidoides a perennial herb originating in Africa, is used to treat infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to perform in vitro investigation of the direct eff ect of P. sidoides commercially available root extract (EPs 7630) on promastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica. For this purpose, L. infantum and L. tropica strains were grown on NNN medium and then transferred into RPMI 1640 medium supported by 10% fetal bovine serum. After mass growing, the promastigotes were placed into 96-well plates with L. infantum as 5x104 and L. tropica as 1.5x105 . EPs 7630 was diluted at a concentration of 400, 200, 100 and 50 µg/mL. Afterwards, EPs 7630 was added and then counted by hemocytometry at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The calculations were done after the experiments repeated three times. Comparison with the control group and liposomal amphotericin B showed that EPs 7630 had no inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Leishmania promastigotes at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, a partial inhibitory eff ect at 200 µg/mL, and an inhibitory eff ect at 400 µg/mL. It was concluded that identifying the substance(s) responsible for the antileishmanial eff ect of P. sidoides extract, conducting toxicity studies, and improving the results of these studies in in vivo models may be useful as steps for future clinical studies.
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This study investigated the eff ects of dietary probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri E81 [LRE], Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [LRG]), yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae S81 [SCS]), and their combined supplementation on fattening performance (BW, DWG, FI, and FCR), meat quality, and rumen and duodenum
histology in lambs. The study material comprised ninety 2.5-month-old Anatolian Merino lambs, and the trial was conducted for 70 days. Nine trial
groups, each composed of 10 animals, were established. This study demonstrated that, when compared to the control group, the best fattening
performance was achieved in the lambs that received 600 ppm of dietary LRE. Neither visceral organ weights nor rumen and duodenum histology
was aff ected in the groups that received the tested feed supplements. Of the meat colour parameters investigated, the L* value was observed to have
increased in the groups that were given feed supplements, excluding Groups LRE-600 and SCS-300. It was determined that the probiotic supplements
had no eff ect on the a* and b* colour parameters, but aff ected the meat pH value. In conclusion, the assessment of the eff ects of diff erent doses of
dietary probiotics, yeast, and probiotic-yeast combinations on performance parameters, visceral organ weights, and meat quality in Anatolian Merino
lambs showed that the best results were achieved in the group that received 600 ppm of LRE alone.
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The purpose of this experiment was to determine the eff ects of diff erent extenders on the sperm quality parameters of Hu ram semen
preserved at 16ºC. The quality parameters studied include total sperm motility, progressive motility, survival time, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and some kinematic parameters, such as the curvilinear velocity. Each ram ejaculated approximately twenty times and ejaculates were collected every two days interval during breeding season. Three Hu rams were used in experiments. The ejaculates were pooled and diluted (1:10) with extenders A (Tris-Fructose based), B (Fructose-Sodium Citrate based), C (Glucose based), D (Fructose
based) and E (Control, Physiological saline solution) and then stored at 16ºC. The above parameters were detected every 24 h. The total sperm motility, progressive motility, acrosome integrity and some kinematic parameters of extender A were the highest compared to those of other extenders and decreased slowly within 24 to 144 h. The eff ective survival time of sperm preserved in extender A was 74.50±4.82 h, and the total survival time was 412.67±2.52 h, which was significantly higher than those of the other four extenders (P≤0.05). The acrosome integrity of extender A was the highest within 24 to 144 h and significantly higher than those of the other extenders within 48 to 144 h (P≤0.05). Compared with the other extenders, extender A had numerically the highest plasma membrane integrity within 24 to 96 h of preservation
(P>0.05). In conclusion, extender A improved the sperm quality of Hu ram semen, which could be used for artificial insemination for up to 144 h of preservation.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the eff ect of Lactobacillus farciminis supplementation in quail diets on performance, blood antioxidant capacity and the concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). A total of 180 day-old quail chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups each containing 60 chicks. Each group was randomly divided into 5 subgroups each containing 12 chicks. The chicks were fed with corn, soybean meal and full-fat soybean based rations for 35 days. While the control group was fed with basal ration, the experimental
groups were fed with probiotic supplementation at 0.1 g/kg and 0.3 g/kg doses, respectively. At end of the experiment, the use probiotics in quails did not aff ect initial LW, final LW, LWG, FI and FCR. The increase in dietary probiotic, MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx exhibited a linear response. However, ceruloplasmin, albumin, total protein and globulin were not aff ected by the addition of probiotic. Significant linear responses in asetic acid, isocaproic acid and SCFA were observed with the gradued level of probiotic. However, a significant quadratic
response in the caproic acid was observed. Therefore, the eff ective dose for caproic acid was 0.1 g/kg. There were no significant diff erences in acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid and BCFA concentrations for quails fed with diff erent levels of probiotic. In conclusion, diets containing Lactobacillus farciminis in quail can be used to improve the antioxidant capacity and intestinal health.
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The health, mortality and morbidity rates of neonatal ruminants depend on colostrum quality and the amount of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorbed. Computer-aided estimates are important as measuring IgG concentration with conventional methods is costly. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), support vector regression (SVR) and fuzzy neural network (FNN) models were used to predict the serum IgG concentration from gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme activity, total protein (TP) concentration and albumin (ALB). The correlation between parameters was examined. IgG positively correlated with GGT and TP and negatively correlated with ALB (R = 0.75, P<0.001; R = 0.67, P<0.001; R = -0.17, P<0.01, respectively). IgG, GGT, and TP cut-off values were determined for mortality, healthy, and morbidity in neonatal lambs by decision tree method. IgG ≤113 mg/dL (P<0.001), GGT ≤191 mg/dL (P=0.001), and TP ≤45 g/L (P<0.001) were determined for mortality. IgG >575 mg/dL (P=0.02), GGT >191 mg/dL (P<0.001), and TP >55 g/L (P<0.001) were determined for healthy. It has been observed that the FNN is the most successful method for the prediction of IgG value with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.98, root mean square error (RMSE) of 234.4, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 175.8.
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Mare’s milk and koumiss are two very important basic foodstuff s in central Asia.This study aimed to research the AFM1 contamination in mare’s milk and koumiss samples collected from local producers in the highlands in Naryn, Issyk-Kul, Bishkek and Talas regions of Kyrgyz Republic. For this purpose, 75 raw mare’s milk and 75 koumiss samples collected in May, June and July 2017 were analyzed using the ELISA method. AFM1 was detected in 13.3% of the 75 raw mare’s milk samples with levels ranging between 6.48 and 25.45 ng/L. Approximately 53.3% of the koumiss samples were found to contain AFM1, with levels ranging between 5.93 and 18.77 ng/L. None of the AFM1 levels in the tested samples exceeded above the 50 ng/L maximum limit set by the European Union for milk and the 500 ng/kg limit set by Kyrgyz Republic. As the levels of AFM1 in the raw mare’s milk and koumiss were low, it can be said that these products do not pose a serious risk in terms of public health. This study has been an important source for determining AFM1 levels in mare’s milk and koumiss.
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The aim of the study was to analyze Awassi ewe and ram skull and mandible by geometric morphometric methods. For this purpose, diff erent numbers of skulls and mandibles of adult Awassi sheep were used based on sexual dimorphism. The skull was analyzed using the photos taken from 17 samples from dorsal side and 16 samples from the left lateral side, and the mandible was analyzed using the photos taken from 20 samples from the left lateral side. In the comparison of Awassi sheep skull from the dorsal and lateral sides between the sexes, the
first principal component accounted for 37.719% and 44.238% of the total shape diff erence, respectively. In mandible, the first principal component accounted for 24.92% of the total shape diff erence. The skull had an apparent dimorphism in both sides between the sexes but the same eff ect was not observed in mandible. As a result, it is considered that the results obtained would contribute to the future studies related to ruminant cranium to be performed using geometric morphometric method.
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