Sakine ÖZPINAR
Sakine ÖZPINAR
This study was conducted to determine the current mechanization in agricultural farms of the Bayramic-Ezine-Kumkale agricultural plains, in Canakkale (Dardanelles) region of west of Turkey. For this purpose, a questionnaire was
carried out for 401 farms capable of growing both field and horticulture crops. Results indicated that each farm having
small size characteristic has at least one tractor, but 19.20% of farms had more than one tractor. The status of having
one (91.67%) or more (41.67%) tractors in a farm was higher in Bayramic, due to field and horticulture crops, than
both others. However, the highest number of tractors was recorded in Kumkale farms (60.00%), followed by Ezine
(31.65%) and Bayramic (8.35%). Most of them are young, but 12.00% are older than 24-year, especially Massey
Ferguson-135, Universal and Fiat (54C, 480). The most used tractor brand has been New Holland (32.15%), followed
by Massey Ferguson (18.99%), Fiat (9.11%), John Deere (8.10%), Case IH (7.85%), Same (5.05%), Deutz (4.05%),
Steyr (3.54%), Valtra (2.28%) and others (Ford, Hattat, Erkunt, Basak, Tumosan, Universal, Kubota and Landini). On
average three-plain, 77.03% of farms were preferred to purchase the new tractors, 22.97% preferred the second-hand
ones. Tractor was 0.99 per farm, but it was the highest in Ezine (1.17). Agricultural area per tractor was 117 decare on
average three-plain, the highest for Kumkale (136 decare) and the lowest for Ezine (83 decare tractor-1). Machinery
per tractor was 7.67 for all farms, but Kumkale (8.78) had the highest, and then followed by Bayramic (6.58) and
Ezine (5.87).
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Şafak ULUSOY, Sühendan MOL
Şafak ULUSOY, Sühendan MOL
The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in frozen imported Atlantic mackerel
consumed in Istanbul and to predict their potential health consequences. In this study, the concentration of Hg was
determined following US EPA Method 7473 (2007) using a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-1). Mercury level of the
Atlantic mackerel ranged between 0.045 to 0.065 mg/kg. The mercury levels were well below the limit value of 1.00
mg/kg wet weight (EC, 2006; Turkish Food Codex, 2011) for fish such as mackerel. The potential human health risks
of Atlantic mackerel sold in Istanbul were also assessed in terms of Hg levels. The estimated weekly intakes (EWI) of
the mercury were lower than established provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI). Target hazard quotient (THQ)
values were below 1, indicating that Atlantic mackerel consumption is not a potential health risk in adults and children. According to the amount of Hg, this fish can be consumed safely 3 times a week. Furthermore, it is determined
that consumption of fish from the IV. Region 4 times a week will not be a problem because of the low amount of Hg.
Our results provide a good tool to determine the Hg exposure of Turkish consumers (adult and children) via Atlantic
mackerel consumption in terms of food monitoring and food safety.
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Ifeanyi Moses KANU
Ifeanyi Moses KANU
A poverty measure is said to be decomposable if the poverty quota or size of a group is a weighted average of the
poverty measures of the individuals in the group. This study analyzed Cocoa farmer’s poverty status in Abia State,
Nigeria with the application of Foster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT) decomposable poverty measure. A total of 90 farm
households found in Ikwuano, Umuahia North and Bende Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Abia State who were
the major Cocoa producing LGAs of the State were chosen for the study. A Multi-stage purposive sampling technique
was adopted in selecting the respondents. Descriptive statistics and Foster-Greer-Thorbeck (FGT) decomposable
poverty measure was employed in analyzing the research objectives. Result from the socio economic characteristics
shows that majority (86.67%) were males while 13.33% were females. Analysis from the FGT showed that 36.67%
of Cocoa farmers in Ikwuano LGA fell below the estimated poverty line while the other 63.33% were classified as
non-poor, whereas 40% of Cocoa farmers in Umuahia North LGA were moderately poor while the other 60% were
classified as non-poor. In Bende LGA, 10% of the Cocoa farmers were extremely poor, 36.67% were moderately
poor while the remaining 53.33% were classified as non-poor. The result implies that the poverty status in the three
Cocoa producing LGAs of the State varies; with greater percentage of the Cocoa farmers classified as non-poor while
the others were categorized as poor. It is therefore recommended that greater equality in income distribution should
achieved by improving the productivity of the poor Cocoa farmers, especially through increasing their credit facilities, basic education, health and technical skills.
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Padma Nath ATREYA, Manoj KAPHLE
Padma Nath ATREYA, Manoj KAPHLE
In recent years, Nepal is experiencing visible impact of climate change in agriculture. This review paper describes
the recent climate change pattern and phenomenon with its impact on fruit production in Nepal. Various researches
suggest that change in temperature has played vital to reduce the level of soil organic carbon, and soil micronutrients.
With exposure to extreme temperatures, insects may produce heat shock proteins, cryoprotectants and osmolyte compounds within their bodies to survive, so these insects can exist in such environment. Most of the researches resulted
that higher temperature induces early flowering under the subtropics may result in low fruit-set because of abnormalities arising from prevailing low night temperatures. Similarly, insufficient chilling greatly influences flower initiation
and fruit coloration along with deterioration in fruit texture and taste. Besides the effect of high and low temperature,
papers also claimed that decline in rainfall from November to April adversely affects the winter and spring crops
that ultimately reduces food production. Hence, organization related to fruit research, education and development in
Nepal have to run effective program to bring new genetic sources that can resist the adverse effect of climate and may
bring some positive vibe to tackle the climate change.
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Seval ELİS, Sibel IPEKESEN, Fatma BASDEMİR, Murat TUNÇ, B. Tuba BİCER
Seval ELİS, Sibel IPEKESEN, Fatma BASDEMİR, Murat TUNÇ, B. Tuba BİCER
This research was conducted to determine the effects of different fertilizer forms (control, diammonium phosphate,
urea, phosphorus and bacteria) on yield and yield components of some chickpea varieties (Gokce, Diyar 95, Aziziye
94 and Taek-Sagel) in Diyarbakir, Turkey, during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. In the study, plant height, plant
biomass, pod weight, seed yield per plant, number of pods and number of seeds per pod, biological yield, grain yield,
100-seed weight and harvest index were evaluated. The effect of fertilizer treatments on chickpea varieties for all
traits were significant, except 100-seed weight, and harvest index. Grain yield ranged from 1274 kg ha-1 to 1479 kg
ha-1 among treatments. The control group (1479 kg ha-1), urea (1478 kg ha-1) and diammonium phosphate (1449 kg
ha-1) fertilizer treatments had produced more grain yield than bacteria inoculation (1274 kg ha-1) and phosphorus
(1332 kg ha-1) treatments.
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This study was carried out to determine the leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (SC) and leaf area
index (LAI) of cotton crop using subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) and surface drip irrigation (SDI) and different
irrigation water levels based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons.
The critical LWPs in vegetative period, flowering stage and boll formation stage in SDI for irigation time were -24,
-23 and -24 bar, respectively. Considering the same putting in order for the crop development stages in SSDI-40 cm,
those were -23, -23 and -24 bar, respectively. The values of LWP in SSDI-30 cm were the same levels in SSD-40
cm. LWP in the boll formation stage were, in general, lower (bigger in minus numerical number) compared to the
first two development stages of the crop. The critical SCs in vegetative period, flowering stage and boll formation
stage in SDI were 312.8, 201.8 and 198.9 mmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The values of SC in the same putting in order
for the crop development stages in SSDI-30 cm and SSDI-40 cm were 368.8, 182.6 and 221.8 mmol m-2 s1; and
371.7, 185.9 and 186.8 mmol m-2 s-1, respectively. SC decreased from the vegetative period through generative
period of the crop. The SCs increased together with increasing amount of irrigation water and it decreased with
increasing water stress conditions. The LAIs were 2.99, 3.11 and 3.45 in SDI, SSDI-30 cm and SSDI-40 cm, respectively. The values of LAI increased from the surface drip irrigation and lower irrigation water level applied
through subsurface drip irrigation and highest level of amount of irrigation water. Although some plant physiological indicators such as LWP and SC might be used for irrigation scheduling and irrigation time, these indicators are highly affected by soil water status, temperature, light, air humidity and calibration of the devices used.
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Vasfiye Hazal OZYURT
Vasfiye Hazal OZYURT
Kombucha ‘tea fungus’ is a traditional refreshing drink obtained by fermentation of black tea with sugar as well as a
strong symbiosis of acetic bacteria and yeasts. Kombucha tea has several health benefits such as antihyperglycemic,
antilipidemic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer effects due to their antioxidant
activity. In this study, six kombucha beverages were prepared by placing Kombucha ‘tea fungus’ in green, black
and Echinacea teas, as well as goat, cow and soy’s milk. The fermentation process was monitored by pH, total sugar
amount, and titratable activity, as well as their antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents, were analyzed prior
to the fermentation process and at the end of fermentation. The results showed that tea-based beverages were fermented for nine days and milk-based beverages were for 6 hours. Their sugar contents were significantly decreased
(p < 0.05) as depending on their sugar contents. All fermented beverages displayed a statistically significant decrease
(p < 0.05) in the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity at the end of fermentation, while FRAP assays were
displayed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05). Further studies are necessary to the research of nutrients of tea
and milk-based beverages on human organs the throughout fermentation.
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Sinan UZUNLU, Lisa METHVEN
Sinan UZUNLU, Lisa METHVEN
Traditional cereal-based foods need to be thoroughly processed to fulfill the transportation conditions to distant locations. The present study examines the combined use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and modified atmosphere
packaging (MAP) processes in mantı, a traditional tortellini-like Turkish food. After the mantı’s inner material and
dough were separately processed with a HHP treatment at 400 MPa and 600 MPa, the mantı was prepared, and
packaged under the modified atmosphere (60% CO2
+ 40% N2
) and stored for 14 days at 4°C. Also, the thermal
inactivation was examined of inoculated mantı samples with bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli and Bacillus cereus. The differences of physicochemical and microbial results were found significant (P < 0.05)
among the samples, as affected by high pressure at the modified atmosphere package. In case of the consumer sensory
evaluation regarding cooking, HHP processed samples (HHPR) were more liked than semi-processed (CR) samples
(stored for 14 days at 4°C). Inoculated bacterial cells to mantı samples exhibited varying inactivation responds at
different temperatures (55 to 75°C) of heat treatment. As a result, it has been found that the high hydrostatic pressure
treatment is a promising process for the mantı packaged in the modified atmosphere, extending the 7-day storage time
compared to the untreated control sample.
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Zishan GUL, Faizan QURESHİ, Zafar JAMAL
Zishan GUL, Faizan QURESHİ, Zafar JAMAL
The present research work was conducted to find out the most suitable inter and intra spacing for Greenhouse transplantation of in vitro grown potato plantlets in peat moss soil in order to get maximum seed potato yield. There were
nine different combinations of inter and intra row spacing (30x15, 30x10, 10x15, 20x5, 30x5, 10x5, 20x15, 10x10,
20x10cm) in completely randomized design. Regarding vegetative growth, maximum plant height i.e 59.01 cm, 58.92
cm, 57.01 cm was observed at 30cmx5cm, 20cmx5cm, and 10cmx5cm, respectively. Greater number of minitubers in
each tuber category i.e. large, medium and small were obtained at greater inter and intra plant spacing , whereas the
maximum average tubers yield per plant (165.0g) were recorded at spacing of 30cm x15cm followed by the spacing
20cm x10cm where the average yield per plant was 145.38g. It was concluded that the plant spacing of 30x15cm
is the best for potato plantlets transplantation in the greenhouse benches in order to get maximum minituber yield.
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Negar Ebrahim Pour MOKHTARİ
Negar Ebrahim Pour MOKHTARİ
The aim of this study was to determine both combined and individual effects of phosphorus bio-fertilizers (Bacillus
lentus – Pseudomonas putida). Additionally, the study also monitored the different effects of triple superphosphate
fertilizers on agronomic and quantitative characteristics of sugar beet. The factorial experiment approach (RCB design) was used to conduct this experiment. Furthermore, cultivars 7233 and BR1
were used as experimental materials
to enhance the evaluation of the different fertilizer treatment. An evaluation of the experiments result showed minimal
adverse effect, of application of phosphorous fertilizers to phosphorous rich soils. In particular, continued application
of phosphorous fertilizer despite its improved values, will results into plant nutritional stress. In conclusion, this
experiment results indicated that BR1
cultivar in comparison to 7233 cultivar BR1
had improved qualitative and quantitative characteristics like dry weight, leaf area, high sugar content and better tolerance to increased application of
phosphorus fertilizer. Consequently, increased application of phosphorus fertilizers to phosphorus rich soils resulted
to decreased yield output. However, biological fertilizer in comparison to its mineral counterpart had reduced impacts
on the traits
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