• ÖZ

In this study, hot smoking process was applied to thornback ray (Raja clavata), which is a non-target catch, and the product obtained was vacuum packaged and then stored at refrigerated conditions (4±1 °C) for 120 days. The nutritional, chemical, microbiological, and sensory changes in the products were examined every 15 days. After the hot smoking process applied to thornback rays, significant changes were observed in the nutritional composition of the products (P<0.05). Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of smoked thornback rays increased during storage, and these values were determined between 23.11-98.06 mg/100 g, 2.48-7.33 mg/100 g, and 0.1-0.3 mg malondialdehyde/kg, respectively. It was determined that the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) count detected in the fresh sample decreased in smoked products due to the smoking process and the value was found below the detectable limit value (1.47 log CFU/g) during storage. As a result of the sensory evaluation, it was determined that the texture, odor, and flavor criteria of the smoked thornback rays were below the consumable limit value on the 120th day. According to the results, it was determined that the thornback ray vacuum packaged by hot smoking can be consumed safely for 105 days at 4±1 °C. This study shows that discarded thornback rays, which are a high protein food, can be transformed into high valueadded products by applying different processing methods such as smoking and so can be evaluated as human food.

• ÖZ

This study was conducted with root lesion nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans, P. thornei and P. neglectus and three isolates of Fusarium culmorum culture filtrates (ISP, B4, FC5) in vitro conditions. The culture filtrates were diluted 1/0,1/10, 1/20, 1/30, 1/40, 1/50, 1/60, 1/70, 1/80, 1/90, 1/100 in 1.5 ml microtubes, 250 µl of root lesion nematodes adult+larvae were placed in each microtubes that containing different concentrations of culture filtrate with 50 μl of purified water together with micropipette and incubated at 25±1°C. Nematode mortality were determined after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. As a result, The mortality effect of culture filtrate of FC5 isolates was determined to be high on three lesion nematode species. Fusarium culmorum culture filtrates of B4 and ISP isolates caused more deaths on P. penetrans than P.thornei and P. neglectus. It has been found to mortality rate increase over time in vitro. The lowest mortality rates were generally found at concentrations of culture filtrates of 1/100 and 1/90, while the highest mortality rates were found at concentrations of 1/0 and 1/10. No difference on P. thornei mortality was detected between the three isolates of F. culmorum culture filtrate at each diluted concentration. In the study, the antagonistic relationship between culture filtrates from F. culmorum isolates and root lesion nematodes were determined in vitro conditions.

• ÖZ

This study aims to determine the toxic effects of heavy metal pollution on carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Sapanca Lake by biochemical and histological analyses. For this reason, fish and water samples were taken from the lake in 2015. Heavy metal (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd) analyzes in the water column and tissues (muscle, liver, gill) were determined by ICP-OES. CAT, GSH and MDA levels, which are oxidative stress bioindicators in tissues, were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Histopathological findings in tissues were determined by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. As a result, heavy metal concentrations in water were determined as Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. The accumulation of Cu, Fe and Cd in the tissues of the fish were liver > gill > muscle, and the accumulation of Zn was gill > liver > muscle. CAT activity, MDA and GSH level of the tissues changed with the water temperature. General signs of destruction were observed in the gill tissues of the fish. Necrotic conditions in hepatocytes were observed. In conclusion, the presence of biochemical and histopathological findings in tissues suggests that the lake is not only affected by heavy metals but also by other pollutants.

• ÖZ

Accessibility is an expression of the space and the quality of the city. Ensuring the free circulation of people with disabilities in urban areas is related to the development of community standards and the accessibility of transportation systems. Therefore, the physical environment and transportation systems should be arranged as accessible. The life quality of disabled people is related to the environment in which they carry out their daily activities. New methods can be used to ensure accessibility along with the developing technological opportunities and fast and accurate solutions can be obtained. Therefore, scientific studies as in all other fields should be open to new methods. It is essential to adapt to this process for occupations in the field of physical planning such as urban design, architecture and landscape architecture. The space syntax method specializes in the study and design of urban development, in particular, the design of pedestrian connections and public spaces. The method makes direct observations on pedestrian and vehicle movements and uses computer programs designed to predict how the new recommendations will have effects on such issues. The space syntax works to define the complex physical structures of cities and provides objective and consistent results using mathematical methods in which the spatial system is represented. In this study, the current situation of street accessibility in Antalya city has been examined by using the space syntax method. As a result, it was revealed that 2 of the 31 axes found in Antalya city center had very low accessibility scores, 17 of them had several problems on accessibility, but accessibility could be achieved with various improvements, and 12 axes had high accessibility scores. At the end of the study new proposals have been revealed to the problem areas.

• ÖZ

In a group of food types, vegetable oils are the second-largest source of energy in the human diet and their consumption is very important from a health and economic viewpoint. Consumer behavior evaluation can help a lot in adopting the right policies; so, the framework of the Almost Ideal Demand System model for food expenditures was used to examine rural and urban vegetable oil consumer behavior in Iran using household survey data conducted by the Iranian Statistical Institute for the 2018 year. For this purpose, income, price and crossprice elasticities under ten aggregated food groups i.e., Cereal, Meat, Dairy, Butter and Animal Oil, Vegetable Oil, Fruits and Nuts, Vegetables and Legumes, Sugary, Spices and, Dinks were estimated for vegetable oil using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression. The obtained results showed that vegetable oil concerning the positive income elasticities is a necessity goods both rural (0.872) and urban (0.889) consumers. Own-price elasticities revealed that the demand for vegetable oil is less responsive to the increase in the price in urban areas (-0.280) than the rural area (-1.073). Moreover, Butter and Animal Oils food groups are highly substitutable with vegetable oil for rural consumers. Since the absolute value of cross-price elasticities are often less than an entity, consumers of vegetable oil will not have a noticeable change in demand as prices change for other food groups. Due to vegetable oil price reform, per capita compensation payments for a typical rural person would be greater than the urban person. The results suggest that policymakers should adopt different policies about rural and urban consumers of vegetable oil.