Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities

Nuri YEŞİLYURT (Ankara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)
Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs
5 0
Yıl: 2014 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 169 - 194 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities

Öz:
This article aims to make a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of the Arab Spring on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. In particular, it tackles with the question of how the Hashemite regime could survive the Arab Spring. Furthermore, it aims to contribute to the ongoing scholarly debate about the resilience of Arab monarchies by trying to find out if the survival of the Hashemite monarchy during the Arab Spring has more to do with factors endogenous to the regime or exogenous to it. After analysing the main challenges and opportunities that the Arab Spring created for Jordan, this article argues that challenges that the Hashemite regime faced during this period either disappeared or are outbalanced by the opportunities it enjoyed, and these opportunities originated from both exogenous and endogenous factors.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Uluslararası İlişkiler
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1 The remaining monarchies in the Arab world are Morocco, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.
  • 2 The resilience of Arab monarchies is not a new discussion and has been studied by numerous scholars since the 1990s. See, Lisa Anderson, “Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring 1991), pp. 1-15; Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1999; Joseph Kostiner (ed.), Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000; Russell E. Lucas, “Monarchical Authoritarianism: Survival and Political Liberalization in a Middle Eastern Regime Type”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1 (February 2004), pp. 103-119. This paper, however, focuses primarily on recent studies that analyse the survival of Arab monarchies in the course of the Arab Spring.
  • 3 Marina Ottaway and Marwan Muasher, “Arab Monarchies: Chance for Reform, Yet Unmet”, The Carnegie Papers, December 2011, at http://carnegieendowment.org/files/arab_ monarchies1.pdf (last visited 16 July 2014); Ludger Kühnhardt, “The Resilience of Arab Monarchy”, Policy Review, No. 173 (June & July 2012), pp. 57-67; Daniel Brumberg, “The Sustaining Mechanisms of Arab Autocracies”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideast.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2011/12/19/sustaining_mechanics_of_arab_autocracies (last visited 16 July 2014); Michael Herb, “Monarchism Matters”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideast.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2012/11/26/monarchism_matters (last visited 16 July 2014); Victor Menaldo, “The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs”, Journal of Politics, Vol. 74, No. 3 (July 2012), pp. 707-722.
  • 4 Sean L. Yom and F. Gregory Gause III, “Resilient Royals: How Arab Monarchies Hang On”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23, No. 4 (October 2012), pp. 74-88; Marc Lynch, “Does Arab Monarchy Matter?”, Foreign Policy, at http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/31/ three_kings (last visited 16 July 2014); Sean L. Yom, “The Survival of the Arab Monarchies”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/12/the_survival_of_the_ arab_monarchies (last visited 16 July 2014); F. Gregory Gause III, “Kings for All Seasons: How the Middle East’s Monarchies Survived the Arab Spring”, Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper, No. 8 (September 2013), at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/ files/papers/2013/09/24%20resilience%20arab%20monarchies%20gause/resilience%20 arab%20monarchies_english.pdf (last visited 16 July 2014).
  • 5 King Abdullah, the King and Abdullah are used interchangeably to connote King Abdullah II.
  • 6 “Jordanians March against Inflation”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/ middleeast/2011/01/20111141219337111.html (last visited 21 July 2014).
  • 7 Curtis Ryan, “Déjà vu all over again?: Jordan’s 2010 elections”, Foreign Policy, at http:// mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/15/jordanians_go_to_the_polls (last visited 14 August 2014).
  • 8 International Crisis Group (ICG), “Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IX): Dallying with Reform in a Divided Jordan”, Middle East/North Africa Report, No. 118 (12 March 2012), at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/ iraq-iran-gulf/jordan/118-popular-protest-in-north-africa-and-the-middle-east-ix-dallyingwith-reform-in-a-divided-jordan.aspx (last visited 21 July 2014), p.2; Hisham Bustani, “The Alternative Opposition in Jordan and the Failure to Understand Lessons of Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions”, Jadaliyya, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/959/thealternative-opposition-in-jordan-and-the-failu (last visited 21 July 2014).
  • 9 Under SNTV, the voters are allowed to vote for one candidate only, regardless of the total number of seats allocated for the voter’s electoral district.
  • 10 Curtis Ryan, “Political Opposition and Reform Coalitions in Jordan”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3 (December 2011), pp. 383-384.
  • 11 Global Nonviolent Action Database, “Jordanians protest for democratic and economic reforms, 2011”, at http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/jordanians-protestdemocratic-and-economic-reform-2011 (last visited 21 July 2014).
  • 12 Embassy of Jordan to the EU, “Key Facts on Elections and Jordan’s Political Reform”, at http://specicom.net.winweb10.ovh.net/jordan/pages/1-%20Key%20Facts%20on%20 Elections%20and%20Jordan’s%20Political%20Reform,%20January%202013.pdf (last visited 21 July 2014), p. 3.
  • 13 ICG, “Dallying with Reform in a Divided Jordan”, p. 3.
  • 14 Ibid., p. 3, 16-17; “Clashes break out at Jordan anti-government protests”, BBC News, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12857360 (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 15 King Abdullah II Official Website, “King tasks panel to review Constitution”, at http://www. kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/news/view/id/9125.html (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 16 For the full text of the new constitution, see The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan House of Representatives, “The Constitution of Jordan”, at http://www.representatives.jo/pdf/ constitution_en.pdf (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 17 Ali Mahafazah, “Jordan: The Difficult Path towards Reform”, Al Jazeera Center for Studies, at http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/12/2012121995612798705.htm (last visited
  • 22 July 2014); David Schenker, “Jordan: All Quiet on the Eastern Front?”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ jordan-all-quiet-on-the-eastern-front (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 18 “Jordan’s King Sacks Prime Minister”, The Guardian, 17 October 2011.
  • 19 Christina Satkowski, “Fragile hopes for Jordan’s new prime minister”, Foreign Policy, http:// mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/24/fragile_hopes_for_jordan_s_new_pm (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 20 Tamer al-Samadi, “Jordanian PM’s Abrupt Resignation Reveals Deep Political Crisis”, Al Monitor, at http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/al-khasawnehs-resignationreshuf.html (last visited 22 July 2014); “Jordan’s Prime Minister Resigns”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012426135051510986.html (last visited 22 July 2014).
  • 21 Embassy of Jordan to the EU, “Key Facts on Elections and Jordan’s Political Reform”, pp. 4-5; “Jordan enacts political parties reform law”, The Seattle Times, 9 May 2012.
  • 22 Mohammad Yaghi, “Jordan’s Election Law: Reform or Perish?”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordanselection-law-reform-or-perish (last visited 23 July 2014); Kristen Kao, “Jordan’s Ongoing Election Law Battle”, Sada, at http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2012/07/05/jordan-songoing-election-law-battle/fbdu; (last visited 23 July 2014).
  • 23 “Opposition coalition to boycott polls”, Jordan Times, 23 July 2012.
  • 24 “Fuel Prices Up after Subsidies Removed, Decision Triggers Protests”, Jordan Times, 13 November 2012.
  • 25 “Jordan Protesters call for ‘Downfall of the Regime’”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2012/11/16/us-jordan-protest-idUSBRE8AF0LK20121116 (last visited 23 July 2014); Petra News Agency, “Policeman Who Dies of Injuries During Fuel Price Riots Laid to Rest”, at http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang= 2&NewsID=92631&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1 (last visited 14 August 2014).
  • 26 King Abdullah II Official Website, “Interview with His Majesty King Abdullah II”, at http:// kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/interviews/view/id/501/videoDisplay/0.html (last visited
  • 24 July 2014); King Abdullah II Official Website, “Our Journey to Forge Our Path Towards Democracy”, at http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/247.html (last visited 24 July 2014); King Abdullah II Official Website, “Making Our Democratic System Work for All Jordanians”, at http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/248. html (last visited 24 July 2014).
  • 27 André Bank and Anna Sunik, “Parliamentary elections in Jordan, January 2013”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 34 (2014), p. 378.
  • 28 Morten Valbjorn, “The 2013 Parliamentary Elections in Jordan: Three Stories and Some General Lessons”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2013), p. 313.
  • 29 Curtis Ryan, “Jordan’s Unfinished Journey: Parliamentary Elections and the State of Reform”, POMED Policy Brief, (March 2013), at http://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ POMED-Policy-Brief-Ryan-March-2013.pdf (last visited 24 July 2014), p. 3.
  • 30 “In Jordan, Progress in Small Steps”, The New York Times, 30 January 2013.
  • 31 Osama Al Sharif, “Jordan’s New Government: Same Old Politics”, Al Monitor, at http:// www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/originals/2013/03/jordanian-government-formation.html (last visited 24 July 2014).
  • 32 “New Jordanian Government Wins Confidence Vote”, Al Shorfa, at http://al-shorfa.com/ en_GB/articles/meii/features/2013/04/25/feature-01 (last visited 24 July 2014).
  • 33 Tamer al-Samadi, “Jordan’s Economic Crisis Worsens, Protests Subside”, Al Monitor, at http:// www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/01/jordan-economic-crisis-protests-subside. html (last visited 24 July 2014); The Atlantic, “In Jordan, the Arab Spring Isn’t Over”, at http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/07/in-jordan-the-arab-spring-isntover/277964/ (last visited 24 July 2014).
  • 34 For more information on the history of relationship between the Monarchy and JMB, see Quintan Wiktorowicz, The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan, New York, State University of New York Press, 2001, pp. 95-101.
  • 35 Assaf David, “Jordanian Spring, Hashemite Winter: The Weakening of the Regime and the Implications for Israel”, in Anat Kurz and Shlomo Brom (eds.), Strategic Survey for Israel 2012-2013, Tel Aviv, Institute for National Security Studies, 2013, p. 137; “13 years after king booted it out, Hamas leader says his group has reconciled with Jordan”, The Times of Israel, 9 July 2012.
  • 36 Tamer al-Samadi, “Mutual Mistrust Breeds Brotherhood-Palace Truce in Jordan”, Al Monitor, at  http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/05/jordan-muslim-brotherhood-palacemutual-distrust.html (last visited 3 August 2014).
  • 37 Mohammad Barhoumeh, “Jordan Government may Shift Policy toward Brotherhood”, Al Monitor, at http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/07/jordan-government-changestance-brotherhood.html (last visited 3 August 2014).
  • 38 Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring”,  The Atlantic, at http://www. theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/04/monarch-in-the-middle/309270/2/ (last visited 3 August 2014).
  • 39 Osama Al Sharif, “Jordan Divided on Muslim Brotherhood”, Al Monitor, at http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/08/jordan-divide-muslim-brotherhood.html (last visited 3 August 2014).
  • 40 Osama Al Sharif, “Zamzam Rattles Jordan’s Muslim Brothers”, Al Monitor, at http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/zamzam-jordan-brotherhood-sharif.html (last visited 3 August 2014).
  • 41 “Jordan Brotherhood Arrest Sparks Questions”, Al Jazeera English, at http:// www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/11/jordan-brotherhood-arrest-sparksquestions-20141123135412923885.html (last visited 17 January 2015).
  • 42 David Schenker, “Salafi Jihadists on the Rise in Jordan”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/salafi-jihadists-onthe-rise-in-jordan (last visited 4 August 2014).
  • 43 Osama Al Sharif, “Jordan takes wait-and-see approach on Islamic State”, Al Monitor, at http:// www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/jordan-isis-islamic-state-salafist-jihadist.html (last visited 4 September 2014).
  • 44 The best example of this strategy was the release of two prominent pro-Al Nusra, antiISIL Salafist jihadist clerics: Abu Muhammad al Maqdisi (in June 2014) and Abu Qatada (in September 2014). Maqdisi, however, was rearrested in October 2014 after openly condemning the US-led airstrikes against ISIL. “Jordan arrests influential al Qaeda scholar for ‘incitement’”, Reuters, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/27/uk-jordan-islamistidUKKBN0IG1VI20141027 (last visited 17 January 2015).
  • 45 Jordan halted its airstrikes against ISIL after one of its fighter jets went down in Raqqah and the pilot was captured by ISIL in December 2014. NPR News, “Jordan Stops Bombing ISIS After Jet Goes Down In Syria”, at http://www.npr.org/2014/12/30/374033077/jordanstops-bombing-isis-after-jet-goes-down-in-syria (last visited 17 January 2014).
  • 46 “Thousands protest in Jordan”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/ middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html (last visited 4 August 2014).
  • 47 Sean L. Yom, “Jordan’s Fictional Reforms”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideastafrica.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2011/11/09/jordans_fictional_reforms (last visited 4 August 2014).
  • 48 “Jordan hikes power prices as Egypt gas disrupted”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2012/01/30/energy-jordan-electricity-idAFL5E8CU35A20120130 (last visited 4 August 2014).
  • 49 “No wonder it’s going nuclear: Jordan says Egypt’s gas disruptions to cost it over $2 billion”, Albawaba, at http://www.albawaba.com/business/jordan-egypt-gas-529839 (last visited 4 August 2014); David Schenker and Simon Henderson, “Jordan’s Energy Balancing Act”, The Washington Institute, at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordansenergy-balancing-act (last visited 04 August 2014).
  • 50 UNHCR, “Syria Regional Refugee Response – Jordan”, at http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/ country.php?id=107 (last visited 5 August 2014). Yet, the total number of Syrians in the Kingdom is estimated to reach 1,3 million when those who are not registered as refugee are counted. ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu: Bulgular, Sonuçlar ve Öneriler”, ORSAM Raporları, No. 189 (April 2014), Ankara, ORSAM, 2014, p. 20.
  • 51 ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu”, pp. 28-29.
  • 52 “Police disperse rioting Syrians at Zaatari camp”, Jordan Times, , at http://jordantimes.com/ police-disperse-rioting-syrians-at-zaatari-camp [last visited 5 August 2014]; “Riot breaks out in Syrian refugee camp in Jordan”, The Daily Star, 8 January 2013, at http://www.dailystar. com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jan-08/201308-riot-breaks-out-in-syrian-refugee-campin-jordan.ashx (last visited 5 August 2014); “Syria crisis: Deadly clash in Jordan’s Zaatari camp”, BBC News, at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26908587 (last visited 5 August 2014).
  • 53 Central Bank of Jordan, “Yearly Statistical Series”, at http://statisticaldb.cbj.gov.jo/index (last visited 5 August 2014).
  • 54 For more information on tribal East Banker structure of the bureaucracy and the security apparatus, see Schirin H. Fathi, Jordan- An Invented Nation? Tribe-State Dynamics and the Formation of National Identity, Hamburg, Deutches Orient-Institut, 1994, pp. 133-141 and 182-187.
  • 55 Robert Satloff and David Schenker, “Political Instability in Jordan”, Council of Foreign Relations Contingency Memorandum, No. 19 (May 2013), New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 2013, p. 3
  • 56 Anen Marie Baylouny, “Militarizing Welfare: Neo-liberalism and Jordanian Policy”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 277-298.
  • 57 André Bank and Oliver Schlumberger, “Jordan: Between Regime Survival and Economic Reform”, in Volker Perthes (ed.), Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2004, pp. 40- 43 and 50- 52.
  • 58 ICG, “Dallying with Reform in a Divided Jordan”, p. 5.
  • 59 Assaf David, “The Revolt of Jordan’s Military Veterans”, Foreign Policy, at http://mideastafrica. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/15/the_revolt_of_jordans_military_veterans (last visited 6 August 2014).
  • 60 “Jordan tribes criticise Queen Rania’s ‘political role’”, BBC News, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-middle-east-12400274 (last visited 6 August 2014).
  • 61 “Jordan police quell anti-government riots in Maan”, BBC News, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-middle-east-12122259 (last visited 6 August 2014); “Jordan city hit by riots after double murder: MP”, The Daily Star, 2 June 2013;“Jordan reels from week of violence in Maan”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/04/ jordan-reels-from-week-violence-maan-20144281256437277.html (last visited 6 August 2014).
  • 62 “Anger boils over in the ‘Fallujah of Jordan’”, Al Jazeera English, at http://www.aljazeera.com/ news/middleeast/2014/07/anger-boils-over-fallujah-jordan-20147575130478577.html (last visited 6 August 2014).
  • 63 Schenker, “Salafi Jihadists on the Rise in Jordan”.
  • 64 Bustani, “The Alternative Opposition in Jordan”; Hisham Bustani, “Jordan’s New Opposition and the Traps of Identity and Ambiguity “, Jadaliyya, 20 April 2014.
  • 65 Sean L. Yom, “Tribal Politics in Contemporary Jordan: The Case of the Hirak Movement”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Spring 2014), p. 229.
  • 66 Ibid., pp. 234-235; “Jordan Protesters Dream of Shift to King’s Brother”, The New York Times, 21 November 2012.
  • 67 Jeremy Sharp, “Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations”, Congressional Report Service, 8 May 2014, at http://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33546.pdf, p. 15 (last visited 7 August 2014).
  • 68 Ibid., p. 15-16.
  • 69 Embassy of the US in Amman, “U.S. Announces Additional Humanitarian Assistance for Syrian Refugees and Host Nations”, at http://jordan.usembassy.gov/embassy_news/ u.s.-announces-additional-humanitarian-assistance-for-syrian-refugee-and-host-nationsjuly-31-2014 (last visited 7 August 2014).
  • 70 Sharp, “Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations”, p. 4.
  • 71 EU Neighbourhood Info Center, “EU-Jordan Task Force conclusions confirm both parties’ commitment”, at http://www.enpi-info.eu/mainmed.php?id_type=1&id=28083 (last visited 7 August 2014).
  • 72 Delegation of the EU to Jordan, “Political Relations”, at http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ jordan/eu_jordan/political_relations/index_en.htm (last visited 7 August 2014).
  • 73 Delegation of the EU to Jordan, “EU Responses to the Syrian Crisis”, at http://eeas.europa. eu/delegations/jordan/documents/eu_jordan/eu_response_syria_crisis_en.pdf (last visited 7 August 2014).
  • 74 IMF, “Jordan Gets $2.0 Billion IMF Loan to Support Economy”, at http://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/INT080312A.htm (last visited 5 August 2014); The World Bank, “World Bank Approves US$250 Million to Promote Transparency, Accountability and Job Creation in Jordan”, at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/13/ world-bank-approves-us250-million-to-promote-transparency-accountability-and-jobcreation-in-jordan (last visited 4 September 2014).
  • 75 “Saudi Arabia Grants Jordan $1 Billion for Budget, Al Arab Says”, Bloomberg, at http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-26/saudi-arabia-grants-jordan-1-billion-for-budget-al-arabsays.html (last visited 8 August 2014).
  • 76 Marc Lynch, “The What Cooperation Council”, Foreign Policy, at http://www.foreignpolicy. com/posts/2011/05/11/the_what_cooperation_council?wp_login_redirect=0 (last visited 8 August 2014).
  • 77 “Jordan taps $5 billion Gulf fund to ease economic woes”, Al Arabiya News, at http://english. alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/27/268715.html (last visited 8 August 2014).
  • 78 “Saudi Arabia gives $10 million for Syrian refugees in Jordan”, Reuters, at http://www.reuters. com/article/2013/01/11/us-syria-crisis-refugees-saudi-idUSBRE90A0HV20130111 (last visited 08 August 2014).
  • 79 Julien Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors: Elusive Consensus, Deepening Discontent”, European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Memo No. 68 (November 2012), at http:// www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR68_JORDAN_MEMO_AW.pdf (last visited 08 August 2014).
  • 80 David, “Jordanian Spring, Hashemite Winter”, pp. 135-136.
  • 81 “Israel ready to help Jordan fend off Iraq insurgents, minister says”, Haaretz, http://www. haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603121 (last visited 08 August 2014).
  • 82 Adnan Karimah, “Jordan manages high debt burden”, Al Monitor, at http://www.al-monitor. com/pulse/business/2014/06/jordan-economic-stability-high-public-debt-foreign-aid.html (last visited 08 August 2014).
  • 83 Nicholas Seleey, “Jordan’s ‘open door’ policy for Syrian refugees”, Foreign Policy, at http:// mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/01/jordan_s_open_door_policy_for_ syrian_refugees (last visited 8 August 2014); ORSAM, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ükelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu”, pp. 29-30.
  • 84 Sarah Tobin, “Jordan’s Arab Spring: The Middle Class and Anti-Revolution”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 107-108; Ryan, “Political Opposition and Reform Coalitions in Jordan”, p. 387; Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors”, p. 2.
  • 85 Tobin, “Jordan’s Arab Spring”, pp. 106-107; Asher Susser, “Is the Jordanian Monarchy in Danger?” Middle East Brief, No. 72 (April 2013), at http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/ publications/meb/MEB72.pdf (last visited 9 August 2014), p. 6.
  • 86 Embassy of Jordan to the EU, “Key Facts on Elections and Jordan’s Political Reform”, pp. 3-4.
  • 87 Susser, “Is the Jordanian Monarchy in Danger?”, p. 3; Jilian Schwedler, “Ürdün”, in Paul Amar and Vijay Prashad (eds.), Arap Baharı’ndan Kesitler: Yeni Ortadoğu’yu Anlamak, translated by Ömer Can Furtun, Seyit Ümmetoğlu, Yankı Deniz Tan, İstanbul, İntifada Yayınları, 2014, p. 329.
  • 88 “Jordan’s king calls early elections as tension rises over long-delayed reforms”, The Guardian, 4 October 2012.
  • 89 Yom, “Tribal Politics in Contemporary Jordan”, p. 247; Jonathan Schienberg, “Jordan’s Simmering Spring”, Foreign Policy, at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/14/ jordan_s_simmering_spring (last visited 9 August 2014).
  • 90 Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring”; in 2011, former Jordanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Marwan Muasher published a detailed report about the role of conservative political elites in hindering the King’s reform efforts since 1999. Marwan Muasher, “A Decade of Struggling Reform Efforts In Jordan: The Resilience of the Rentier System”, The Carnegie Papers, May 2011, at http://carnegieendowment.org/files/jordan_reform.pdf (last visited 11 August 2014).
  • 91 “Interview with King Abdullah II”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Winter 2012), p. 22.
  • 92 King Abdullah II, “Jordan’s Security Backbone: The Thoughts of His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 30, No. 31 (Fall 2013), pp. 40-41.
  • 93 “Interview with Jordan’s King Abdullah II”, The Wall Street Journal, 21 September 2011.
  • 94 Curtis Ryan, “Jordanian Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring 2014), p. 152; Barnes-Dacey, “Jordanian Tremors”, p. 2; Sean L. Yom, “Jordan: The Ruse of Reform”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), p. 129.
  • 95 Gause III, “Kings for All Seasons”, pp. 15-23; Yom and Gause III, “Resilient Royals”, pp. 78-79.
  • 96 Yom, “Jordan’s Fictional Reforms”.
APA YEŞİLYURT N (2014). Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. , 169 - 194.
Chicago YEŞİLYURT Nuri Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. (2014): 169 - 194.
MLA YEŞİLYURT Nuri Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. , 2014, ss.169 - 194.
AMA YEŞİLYURT N Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. . 2014; 169 - 194.
Vancouver YEŞİLYURT N Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. . 2014; 169 - 194.
IEEE YEŞİLYURT N "Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities." , ss.169 - 194, 2014.
ISNAD YEŞİLYURT, Nuri. "Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities". (2014), 169-194.
APA YEŞİLYURT N (2014). Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 19(4), 169 - 194.
Chicago YEŞİLYURT Nuri Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 19, no.4 (2014): 169 - 194.
MLA YEŞİLYURT Nuri Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, vol.19, no.4, 2014, ss.169 - 194.
AMA YEŞİLYURT N Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2014; 19(4): 169 - 194.
Vancouver YEŞİLYURT N Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2014; 19(4): 169 - 194.
IEEE YEŞİLYURT N "Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 19, ss.169 - 194, 2014.
ISNAD YEŞİLYURT, Nuri. "Jordan and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities". Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 19/4 (2014), 169-194.
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
17-04-2024 3:46

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları