Yıl: 2014 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 96 Sayfa Aralığı: 52 - 67 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri

Öz:
Polibenzimidazol (PBI) lifleri, yüksek termal ve kimyasal dayanıma sahip uzun zincirli aromatik bir polimer olan PBI polimerinden üretilmektedir. PBI lifleri; yüksek nem geri kazanımı, iyi tuşe ve dökümlülük gibi istenilen özelliklere sahiptir. İlk olarak koruyucu teknik tekstillerde kullanılan bu lifler, günümüzde tekstil ürünlerinin yanı sıra filtrasyon, yakıt hücresi ya da karbon yakalama sistemleri gibi tekstil alanı dışındaki çevre dostu uygulamalarda da sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, polibenzimidazol liflerinin üretimine, özelliklerine ve kullanım alanlarına yer verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Fibers

Öz:
Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are produced from polybenzimidazole polymer which has a high thermal and chemical strength with a long chain aromatic structure. These fibers are first used in protective technical textile products due to their good moisture regain and textile performance properties like good hand and drape. Today, in addition to protective textile market, they are also used in environmental friendly applications such as filtration, fuel cell and carbon capture systems. In this review, production, properties and application areas of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are discussed.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Erdoğan Ü.H., (2012), Yüksek Mukavemetli Lifler Ve İplikler, TSE Standard Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergi, 51, (602), 57-65.
  • 2. Karakan G., (2008), Yüksek Performanslı Liflerin Balistik Amaçlı Kullanımı, Tekstil Teknolojileri E-Dergi,(2), 67-73.
  • 3. Hearle J.W., (2001), High-Performance Fibres, CRC Press, Cambridge.
  • 4. Mera H., Takata T., (1989), High‐Performance Fibers, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
  • 5. Horrocks A.R., (2005), Tekstilde Yeni Ufuklar “ Teknik Tekstiller”, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, İstanbul.
  • 6. Surhone L.M., Timpledon, M.T., Marseken, S.F., (2010), Polybenzimidazole Fiber, VDM Publishing House.
  • 7. Pan N., Sun, G., (2011), Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection and Health, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 8. Mattila H.R., (2006), Intelligent Textiles and Clothing, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 9. Price A., Cohen, A.C., Johnson, I., (2005), Jj Pizzuto’ S Fabric Science, Fairchild Publications, Inc., New York.
  • 10. Elsasser V.H., (2005), Textiles: Concepts and Principles, Fairchild Publications, Inc., New York.
  • 11. Warner S.B., (1995), Fiber Science, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
  • 12. Collier B.J., Tortora, Q.C., (2001), Understanding Textiles, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • 13. Mijovic J., (1986), Polymer Materials - an Introduction for Technologists and Scientists, Christopher Hall, New York.
  • 14. Houcks M.M., (2009), Identification of Textile Fibers, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Oxford.
  • 15. PBI History, (2008), http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/? p=685 Ağustos 2014
  • 16. Coffin D.R., Serad, G.A., Hicks, H.L. and Montgomery, R.T., (1982), Properties and Applications of Celanese PBIPolybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 52, (7).
  • 17. Polybenzimidazole Fibers, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Polybenzimidazole_fiber, Ağustos 2014
  • 18. Ömeroğulları Z., Kut D., (2011), Tekstilde Güç Tutuşurluk, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 17, (1), 27-41.
  • 19. Glossary C.T., (2001), Celanese Acetate, New York, 10016, 63.
  • 20. Çiftçi Y., Tekstil Teknolojileri El Kitabı.
  • 21. Brinker K.C., Robinson, I.M., (1959), Polybenzimidazoles, US Patent 2,895,948.
  • 22. Leonard N.J., (1994), Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Science, National Academies Press, Washington, D. C.
  • 23. Powers E., Serad G., (1986), History and Development of Polybenzimidazoles, High Performance Polymers: Their Origin and Development. Springer, 355-373.
  • 24. Cireli A., Sarıışık, M., (2000), Koruyucu Giysilerde Termal, Biyolojik, Fiziksel, Kimyasal Test Yöntemleri, Tekstil & Teknik, Temmuz, (186), 120-128.
  • 25. Cireli A., (2000), Isıya Ve Aleve Dayanıklı Koruyucu Giysiler, Tekstil & Teknik, Aralık, (191), 181-187.
  • 26. Needles H.L., (1986), Textile Fibers, Dyes, Finishes, and Processes: A Concise Guide, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.
  • 27. Chow D., (2011), Everyday Tech from Space: Out of Nasa Tragedy, Better Fireproof Clothes, http://www.space.com/ 10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html, Ağustos 2014
  • 28. Özaytekin İ., Karataş İ., (2007), Adhesive and Anticorrosive Polimeric Coatings Obtained from Polybenzazoles (PBI and PBO), SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi (e-Dergi), 2 (2),, 188-196.
  • 29. Shiels B.P., PBI Made in the USA - World's Leading and Only Producer: Properties and Applications of Polybenzimidazole Fiber, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists International Conference 2012, AATCC 2012, 156-160, 2012, North Carolina.
  • 30. Horrocks A., Anands C., (2003), Teknik Tekstiller El Kitabı (Technical Textiles Handbook), The Textile Institute, Türk Tekstil Vakfı, İstanbul.
  • 31. Scott R.A., (2005), Textiles for Protection, CRC Press, Cambridge.
  • 32. Mather R.R., Wardman, R.H., (2011), The Chemistry of Textile Fibres, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
  • 33. Gupta V., Kothari V., (1997), Manufactured Fibre Technology, Springer, Netherlands.
  • 34. Clark J.H., Macquarrie D.J., (2008), Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
  • 35. Saçak M., (2004), Polimer Kimyası, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara.
  • 36. Eichhorn S.J., Hearle, J.W.S., Jaffe, M., Kikutani, T., (2009), Handbook of Textile Fibre Structure, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 37. Fan J., Hunter L., (2009), Engineering Apparel Fabrics and Garments, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 38. Karmakar S.R., (1999), Chemical Technology in the PreTreatment Processes of Textiles, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • 39. Kulkarni M.P., Peckham T.J., Thomas O.D., Holdcroft S., (2013), Synthesis of Highly Sulfonated Polybenzimidazoles by Direct Copolymerization and Grafting, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 51, (17), 3654-3666.
  • 40. Neuse E.W., (1982), Aromatic Polybenzimidazoles. Syntheses, Propeties and Applications, Advances in Polymer Science, 47, 1-42.
  • 41. Chung T.-S., (1997), A Critical Review of Polybenzimidazoles: Historical Development and Future R&D, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 37, (2), 277-301.
  • 42. Meyers R.A., (1987), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Academic Press, Orlando.
  • 43. Chanda M., Roy S.K., (2010), Plastics Fundamentals, Properties, and Testing, CRC Press, Florida.
  • 44. Odian G.G., Odian G., (2004), Principles of Polymerization, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
  • 45. Goswami B.C., Anandjiwala R.D., Hall D., (2004), Textile Sizing, CRC Press, New York.
  • 46. Vogel H., Marvel C., (1961), Polybenzimidazoles, New Thermally Stable Polymers, Journal of Polymer Science, 50, (154), 511-539.
  • 47. Braun D., Cherdron H., Ritter H., Braun D., Cherdron H., (2005), Polymer Synthesis: Theory and Practice, Springer, Berlin.
  • 48. http://pbiproducts.com/fabrics/en, Ağustos 2014
  • 49. Kulkarni M., Potrekar R., Kulkarni R.A., Vernekar S., (2008), Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polybenzimidazoles Bearing Pendant Phenoxyamine Groups, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 46, (17), 5776-5793.
  • 50. Hergenrother P.M., Smith Jr J.G., Connell J.W., (1993), Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)S, Polymer, 34, (4), 856-865.
  • 51. Chuang S.-W., Hsu S.L.-C., (2006), Synthesis and Properties of a New Fluorine-Containing Polybenzimidazole for HighTemperature Fuel-Cell Applications, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44, (15), 4508-4513.
  • 52. Xiao L., Zhang H., Jana T., Scanlon E., Chen R., Choe E.W., Ramanathan L.S., Yu S., Benicewicz B.C., (2005), Synthesis and Characterization of Pyridine-Based Polybenzimidazoles for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications, Fuel Cells, 5, (2), 287-295.
  • 53. Lewin M., Preston, J., (1985), Handbook of Fibre Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York.
  • 54. Kricheldorf H.R., Nuyken O., Swift G., (2010), Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Marcel Dekker, New York.
  • 55. Mark H.F., Kroschwitz J.I., (1987), Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • 56. Chenevey C.E., Conciatory A.B., (1969), Process for Preparing Polybenzimidazoles, US 3433772 A.
  • 57. Ward B.C., Jamison C.E., Rierson D.R., (1987), Improvements in Two-Stage Polybenzimidazole Process, EP 0248666 A1.
  • 58. Singleton R.W., Noether H.D., Tracy J.F., (1967), The Effects of Structural Modifications on the Critical Properties of Pbi Fiber, Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, 19, (1), 65-75.
  • 59. Richard A. Pethrick, Zaikov G.E., Pielichowski J., (2009), Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers, Composites and Nanocomposites Research: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York.
  • 60. PBI Performance Products I., Polybenzimidazole (PBI) S26 Solution http://www.pbiproducts.com/images/uploads/main/ Polymers/Solutions_Brochure.pdf, Ağustos 2014
  • 61. Polarized Light Microscopy Digital Image Gallery, Polybenzimidazole Fibers, http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/pages/polybenzimidazo lesmall.html, Ağustos 2014
  • 62. Kim J.S., Reneker D.H., (1999), Polybenzimidazole Nanofiber Produced by Electrospinning, Polymer Engineering & Science, 39, (5), 849-854.
  • 63. Electrospinning Technology, http://textilelearner.blogspot. com.tr/2013/09/electrospinning-technology-properties.html, Ağustos 2014
  • 64. Anandhan S., Ponprapakaran K., Senthil T., George G., (2012), Parametric Study of Manufacturing Ultrafine Polybenzimidazole Fibers by Electrospinning, International Journal of Plastics Technology, 16, (2), 101-116.
  • 65. Lingaiah S., Shivakumar K.N., Sadler R., Sharpe M., Electrospinning of Nanofabrics, International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), 11, 2007, Baltimore, MD.
  • 66. Fung W., Hardcastle M., (2001), Textiles in Automotive Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
  • 67. Hutten I.M., (2007), Handbook of Nonwoven Filter Media, Elsevier, Oxford.
  • 68. Hearle J.W., Morton W.E., (2008), Physical Properties of Textile Fibres, CRC Press, Cambridge.
  • 69. Zengin İ., (2000), Isıya Ve Aleve Dayanıklı Lifler, Üretilme Yöntemleri Ve Kullanım Alanlarına Göre Karşılaştırılması, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • 70. Chae H.G., Kumar S., (2006), Rigid-Rod Polymeric Fibers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, (1), 791-802.
  • 71. Özcan G., (2002), Örme Kumaş Yapısının Güç Tutuşma Özelliklerine Etkisi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • 72. Piñero R., (2004), PBI: High Performance in Extreme Conditions, Revista de la Industria Textil, (423), 62-66.
  • 73. French S.M., Kim D.W., Marikar F., Onorato F.J., Sansone M.J., (1999), Process for Producing Fabrics of Polybenzimidazole Fibers for Use in Fuel Cells, EP 0996989 B1.
  • 74. Jackson R.H., (1978), PBI Fiber and Fabric—Properties and Performance, Textile Research Journal, 48, (6), 314- 319.
  • 75. Demartino R.N., (1984), Comfort Properties of Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 54, (8), 516-521.
  • 76. Horrocks A.R., Anand S.C., (2000), Handbook of Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 77. Kalın M.B., (2008), Tekstil Yüzeylerinin Yanmaya Karşı Dirençlerinin Arttırılması, KahramanMaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, KahramanMaraş.
  • 78. Rouette H.-K., (2000), Encyclopedia of Textile Finishing, Springer, Aahen.
  • 79. Ülger B., (2012), Yeni Nesil Teknik Lifler (Karbon, Leinzing Fr, Metaaramid, Paraaramid) Kullanılarak Özellikli İpliklerin Üretimi Ve Kalite-Maliyet Analizi, Çukurova University, Adana.
  • 80. Schindler W.D., Hauser P.J., (2004), Chemical Finishing of Textiles, Elsevier, Cambridge.
  • 81. Kayan S., (2004), Tekstil Materyallerinin Yanma Mekanizması Ve Limit Oksijen İndeks Değerleri, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • 82. Öz M.K., (2006), Yanmaya Karşı Dirençli (Fr) Ve Katyonik Boyarlarla Boyanabilen (Cd) Polyester Üretimi Ve Bu Polyesterin Elyaf Prosesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
  • 83. Babrauskas V., Grayson S.J., (1992), Heat Release in Fires, Chapman and Hall, London.
  • 84. Mujumdar A.S., (2006), Handbook of Industrial Drying, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  • 85. Stylios G.K., (2007), International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, IJCST, 13, (6), 3-110.
  • 86. Moelter G., Tetreault R., Hefferon M., (1983), Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Polymer News, 9, 134.
  • 87. Sandor R., (1990), PBI (Polybenzimidazole): Synthesis, Properties and Applications, High Performance Polymers, 2, (1), 25-37.
  • 88. Iqbal H., Bhowmik S., Benedictus R., (2014), Process Optimization of Solvent Based Polybenzimidazole Adhesive for Aerospace Applications, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 48, 188-193.
  • 89. Lilani H.N., Weber Sr J.W., (1988), Seat Cushion Fire Blocking Fabric, US 4743495 A.
  • 90. Adams R.W., Trask E.G., (1988), Fire Retardant Structural Textile Panel, EP 0285338 A2.
  • 91. Lyon R.E., (1997), Fire-Resistant Materials: Research Overview, DTIC Document.
  • 92. Davis R., Chin J., Lin C.-C., Petit S., (2010), Accelerated Weathering of Polyaramid and Polybenzimidazole Firefighter Protective Clothing Fabrics, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95, (9), 1642-1654.
  • 93. Everyday Tech from Space: Out of Nasa Tragedy, Better Fireproof Clothes, (2011), http://news.lib.ncsu.edu/ textiles/2011/01/28/out-of-nasa-tragedy-better-fireproofclothes/, Ağustos 2014
  • 94. David E., Arrieta C., Dolez P., Vu-Khanh T., Couderc H., Fréchette M.F., Dielectric Properties of High Performance Fibers, Annual Report - Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, CEIDP, 1-4, 2010, West Lafayette, IN.
  • 95. High-End Profection for Airport Fire Fighters, (2005), Textile Network, (4), 46-47.
  • 96. Thomas C.A., Perry C.A., Tucker R.O., (2003), Textile Fabric for the Outer Shell of a Firefighter's Garment, US 20030040240 A1.
  • 97. Hira M.A., (2003), Fire-Protective Clothing and Its Performance Testing, Textile Asia, 34, (3), 36-40.
  • 98. Özcan G., Dayoglu H., Candan C., (2002), Protective Clothing Fibres for Fire-Fighters, International Textile Bulletin: Nonwovens, Industrial Textiles, 48, (2), 6-12.
  • 99. Personal Protective Clothing: Ensuring Worker Safety, (2010), Performance Apparel Markets, (32), 18-46.
  • 100. Mecit D., Ilgaz S., Duran D., Başal D., Gülümser T., Tarakçıoğlu I., (2007), Teknik Tekstiller Ve Kullanım Alanları (Bölüm 2), Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 17, (3), 154- 161.
  • 101. Biron M., (2011), Leading High Heat-Resistant Polymers Vie for a Spot in the Top 10, http://www.omnexus.com/ resources/print.aspx?id=27412, Ağustos 2014
  • 102. Li Q., Jensen J.O., Savinell R.F., Bjerrum N.J., (2009), High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Polybenzimidazoles for Fuel Cells, Progress in Polymer Science, 34, (5), 449-477.
  • 103. Hidrojen Yakıt Pili Teknolojileri, http://scelik.tr.gg, Ağustos 2014
  • 104. Karbon Yakalama Ve Depolama Nedir?, http://www.eie. gov.tr/teknoloji/ccs_nedir.aspx, Ağustos 2014
  • 105. Wang K.Y., Chung T.-S., Qin J.-J., (2007), Polybenzimidazole (Pbi) Nanofiltration Hollow Fiber Membranes Applied in Forward Osmosis Process, Journal of Membrane Science, 300, (1), 6-12.
  • 106. Tomasino C., (1992), Chemistry & Technology of Fabric Preparation & Finishing, North Carolina State University, New York.
  • 107. Weber J.W., (1982), Heat Resistant and Protective Fabric and Yarn for Making the Same, US 4,331,729.
  • 108. Weber J.W., (1987), Heat Resistant and Protective Fabric and Yarn for Making the Same, US 4,670,327
  • 109. Weber J.W., (1985), Protective Fabric and Fire Curtain with a Metallic Laminate, US 4,500,593
  • 110. Fourmeux J., (2004), Fireproof Thermally Insulating Barrier, a Method of Fabricating Such a Barrier, and a Garment Comprising at Least One Such Barrier as Internal Insulation, US 6,743,498 B2
  • 111. Bulgun E.Y., Yılmaz M., (2010), İtfaiye Elbiseleri Tasarımında Son Gelişmeler, Tekstil & Mühendis, 17, (77).
  • 112. Chapman R., (2010), Applications of Nonwovens in Technical Textiles, Elsevier Science, Burlington.
  • 113. Ramakrishna S., Fujihara K., Teo W.-E., Lim T.-C., Ma Z., (2005), An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore.
  • 114. PBI Turtleskin Receives Certification; Fabric Offers Puncture Protection, Comfort, (2005), International Fiber Journal, 20, (2), 42.
  • 115. Slapak M.J., Reed T.G., Tetreault R.F., (1990), PBI Fibres for Heat Protective Clothing, Lenzinger Berichte, (71), 18- 23.
  • 116. http://www.code-2.com/Bulwark-Deluxe-Coverall-PBIGold-p/cpe2nab.htm, Ağustos 2014
  • 117. Celanese C., (1983), PBI in High-Temperature Protective Gloves
  • 118. Coffin D., Serad G., Hicks H., Montgomery R., (1982), Properties and Applications of Celanese PBI— Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 52, (7), 466-472.
  • 119. Fung W., (2002), Coated and Laminated Textiles, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
  • 120. Albrecht W., Fuchs H., Kittelmann W., (2006), Nonwoven Fabrics: Raw Materials, Manufacture, Applications, Characteristics, Testing Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim.
  • 121. Kumbharkar S.C., Karadkar P.B., Kharul U.K., (2006), Enhancement of Gas Permeation Properties of Polybenzimidazoles by Systematic Structure Architecture, Journal of membrane science, 286, (1), 161-169.
  • 122. Sukumar P.R., Wu W., Markova D., Ünsal Ö., Klapper M., Müllen K., (2011), Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics Founded By, Macromol Chem Phys, 212, 627-634.
  • 123. Faiz S., Anis A., Luqman M., Al-Zahrani S.M., (2014), Mechanical and Morphological Study of Novel Polybenzimidazole Fiber Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composite, 1-7.
  • 124. Besso M.M., Marikar Y., (1989), Process for Preparing Electrically Conductive Shaped Articles from Polybenzimidazoles, US 5,017,420
  • 125. Jheng L.-C., Hsu S.L.-C., Tsai T.-Y., Chang W.J.-Y., (2014), A Novel Asymmetric Polybenzimidazole Membrane for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, (12), 4225-4233.
  • 126. Dominguez P.H., GrygielK K., Weber J., (2014), Nanostructured Poly (Benzimidazole) Membranes by NAlkylation, Express Polymer Letters, 8, (1).
  • 127. Zhu W.-P., Sun S.-P., Gao J., Fu F.-J., Chung T.-S., (2014), Dual-Layer Polybenzimidazole/Polyethersulfone (PBI/Pes) Nanofiltration (Nf) Hollow Fiber Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal from Wastewater, Journal of Membrane Science, 456, (0), 117-127.
  • 128. Staudt R., Intwala K.F., Epping K., (2006), Vb 5 Development of Polybenzimidazole-Based High Temperature Membrane and Electrode Assemblies for Stationary Applications, FY 2006 Annual Progress Report.
  • 129. Wang D.G., (1984), Process for the Production of Semipermeable Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Low Temperature Annealing, US4448687 A.
  • 130. Qian Y., Yu W.K., Tai-Shung C., (2011), ChemicallyModified Polybenzimidazole Membranous Tubes.
  • 131. Jung J.W., Kim S.K., Lee J.C., (2010), Preparation of Polybenzimidazole/Lithium Hydrazinium Sulfate Composite Membranes for High‐Temperature Fuel Cell Applications, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 211, (12), 1322-1329.
  • 132. Yakıt Hücresi Nedir?, http://hidroket.ankara.edu.tr/yakithucresi, Ağustos 2014
  • 133. Yakıt Hücresi, http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakit_hucresi, Ağustos 2014
  • 134. Polat C., Kılınç, N., (2007), Enerji Pazarında Yeni Alternatifler Ve Yeni Fırsatlar: Hidrojen Pazarı Ve Yakıt Hücreleri, http://www.aso.org.tr/kurumsal/media/kaynak/TUR/asomed ya/kasim-aralik2007/Dosya.pdf, Ağustos 2014
  • 135. Vielstich W., Lamm A., Gasteiger H.A., (2010), Handbook of Fuel Cells, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • 136. Choi S.-W., Park J.O., Pak C., Choi K.H., Lee J.-C., Chang H., (2013), Design and Synthesis of Cross-Linked Copolymer Membranes Based on Poly (Benzoxazine) and Polybenzimidazole and Their Application to an Electrolyte Membrane for a High-Temperature Pem Fuel Cell, Polymers, 5, (1), 77-111.
  • 137. Berber M.R., Fujigaya T., Sasaki K., Nakashima N., (2013), Remarkably Durable High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Based on Poly (Vinylphosphonic Acid)-Doped Polybenzimidazole, Scientific reports, 3.
  • 138. Ergun D., Devrim Y., Eroğlu İ., Yüksek Sıcaklık Pem Yakıt Pilleri Için Polibenzimidazole Membranların Hazırlanması Ve Performanslarının Belirlenmesi, Ulusal Kimya Mühendisliği Kongresi, UKMK, 2010, Ankara.
  • 139. Li X., Qian G., Chen X., Benicewicz B., (2013), Synthesis and Characterization of a New Fluorine‐Containing Polybenzimidazole (PBI) for Proton‐Conducting Membranes in Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13, (5), 832-842.
  • 140. Li X., Qian G., Chen X., Benicewicz B.C., (2013), Synthesis and Characterization of a New Fluorine-Containing Polybenzimidazole (PBI) for Proton-Conducting Membranes in Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 13, (5), 832-842.
  • 141. Li X., Chen X., Benicewicz B.C., (2013), Synthesis and Properties of Phenylindane-Containing Polybenzimidazole (PBI) for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (Pemfcs), Journal of Power Sources, 243, 796-804.
  • 142. Perry K.A., Eisman G.A., Benicewicz B.C., (2008), Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumping Using a HighTemperature Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Membrane, Journal of Power Sources, 177, (2), 478-484.
  • 143. Matsuda A., (2013), High-Performance Electrolyte Membrane for Advanced Fuel Cells Operating at Medium Temperature without Humidification, http://www.tut.ac.jp/ english/newsletter/archive/no10/research_highlights/researc h03.html, August 2014
  • 144. Gulledge A.L., Chen X., Benicewicz B.C., (2014), Investigation of Sequence Isomer Effects in Ab‐Polybenzimidazole Polymers, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 52, (5), 619-628.
  • 145. Hannink R.H., Hill A.J., (2006), Nanostructure Control of Materials, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 146. Researchers Test Polymer Membrane for Fuel Cell, Hydrogen Applications, (2005), http://www.newswise. com/articles/researchers-test-polymer-membrane-for-fuelcell-hydrogen-applications, Ağustos 2014
  • 147. Yu S., Zhang H., Xiao L., Choe E.W., Benicewicz B., (2009), Synthesis of Poly (2, 2′‐(1, 4‐Phenylene) 5, 5′‐Bibenzimidazole)(Para‐PBI) and Phosphoric Acid Doped Membrane for Fuel Cells, Fuel Cells, 9, (4), 318-324.
  • 148. Messler R.W., (2004), Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, MA.
  • 149. Ertekin M., Kırtay H.E., (2014), Aramid Ve Fr Pes Ring İplikleriyle Dokunmuş Aleve Dayanıklı Koruyucu Kumaşlar, XIIIth International Izmir Textile and Apparel Symposium, 278-279, 2014, İzmir.
  • 150. Crown E.M., Ackerman M.Y., Dale J.D., Tan Y.-b., (1998), Design and Evaluation of Thermal Protective Flightsuits. Part Ii: Instrumented Mannequin Evaluation, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 16, (2), 79-87.
  • 151. Chung T.S., Herold F.K., (1991), High-Modulus Polyaramide and Polybenzimidazole Blend Fibers, Polymer Engineering & Science, 31, (21), 1520-1526.
  • 152. DeMeuse M.T., (2014), High Temperature Polymer Blends, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 153. Wilusz E., (2008), Military Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 154. Shishoo R., (2005), Textiles in Sport, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
  • 155. Kutz M., (2005), Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials, William Andrew, Inc., New York.
  • 156. Hand Protection-Wool Lined Pb/Kevlar Gloves https:// www.safety-products.com/itemdisplay.php?productid=905, Ağustos 2014
  • 157. Kung G., Jiang L.Y., Wang Y., Chung T.-S., (2010), Asymmetric Hollow Fibers by Polyimide and Polybenzimidazole Blends for Toluene/Iso-Octane Separation, Journal of Membrane Science, 360, (1), 303-314.
  • 158. Chung T.S., (1994), The Effect of Lithium Chloride on Polybenzimidazole and Polysulfone Blend Fibers, Polymer Engineering & Science, 34, (5), 428-433.
  • 159. Robertson J.R., Roux C., Wiggins K., (2002), Forensic Examination of Fibres, Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia.
  • 160. Olabisi O., Adewale K., (1997), Handbook of Thermoplastics, CRC press, New York.
  • 161. Arrieta C., David E., Dolez P., Toan V.K., (2010), Thermal Aging of a Blend of High-Performance Fibers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 115, (5), 3031-3039.
  • 162. Lt S.P.D., (1996), Fire Protection Fabric Launched in Uk, High Performance Textiles, (January), 4.
  • 163. Reinhart K.A., Powers E.J., Calundann G.W., Driscoll C.P., (1974), PBI Dyeing and Color Stabilization, DTIC Document.
  • 164. Hassinger W.P., Powers E.J., (1976), Process for the Dyeing of Polybenzimidazole Fibers with Anionic Dyestuffs, US 3942950 A.
  • 165. Neely N.E., (1992), Method for Dyeing Fibrous Materials, US5092904 A.
  • 166. Gong R., (2011), Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
APA KALAYCI E, AVİNÇ O, YAVAŞ A (2014). Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. , 52 - 67.
Chicago KALAYCI ECE,AVİNÇ Ozan,YAVAŞ ARZU Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. (2014): 52 - 67.
MLA KALAYCI ECE,AVİNÇ Ozan,YAVAŞ ARZU Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. , 2014, ss.52 - 67.
AMA KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. . 2014; 52 - 67.
Vancouver KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. . 2014; 52 - 67.
IEEE KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A "Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri." , ss.52 - 67, 2014.
ISNAD KALAYCI, ECE vd. "Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri". (2014), 52-67.
APA KALAYCI E, AVİNÇ O, YAVAŞ A (2014). Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 21(96), 52 - 67.
Chicago KALAYCI ECE,AVİNÇ Ozan,YAVAŞ ARZU Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. Tekstil ve Mühendis 21, no.96 (2014): 52 - 67.
MLA KALAYCI ECE,AVİNÇ Ozan,YAVAŞ ARZU Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. Tekstil ve Mühendis, vol.21, no.96, 2014, ss.52 - 67.
AMA KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 2014; 21(96): 52 - 67.
Vancouver KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 2014; 21(96): 52 - 67.
IEEE KALAYCI E,AVİNÇ O,YAVAŞ A "Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri." Tekstil ve Mühendis, 21, ss.52 - 67, 2014.
ISNAD KALAYCI, ECE vd. "Polibenzimidazol (PBI) Lifleri". Tekstil ve Mühendis 21/96 (2014), 52-67.