The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis
Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 33 - 48 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.21031/epod.350631 İndeks Tarihi: 20-07-2018
The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis
Öz: In this study, it is aimed to develop a scale for assessing children’s ability to say “no”. The participants includedin the study are the area experts that helped to achieve content validity, and fourth graders who are asked to scorethe items in the SN to have an idea about the construct validity, measurement reliability and item discriminationof the item in the scale. In this study, four different drafts of the SN which contained 24 items of 3-pointed Likerttype, 22 items of 3-pointed Likert type, 12 items of 3-pointed Likert type and 12 items of 5-pointed Likert typewere used. In order to evaluate the content validity of the SN, the experts’ opinions were received. For theconstruct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Reliability of measurementsobtained with the SN was analyzed by using the methods of Cronbach’s Alpha and Split-half. An opinion wasformed about the distinctiveness of items in the scale setting out from the corrected item total correlations (CITC)and the results of the independent samples t-tests. The results of the study showed that the SN can be used as adata collection tool, and is able to produce valid and reliable interpretations in studies that aim to explorechildren’s ability to say “no”.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Çocuklar İçin “Hayır” Diyebilme Becerisi Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Öz: Bu araştırmada, çocukların “hayır” diyebilme becerilerini değerlendirmeye yönelik bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın katılımcılarını, HÖ’nün kapsam geçerliğini sağlamak üzere HÖ’de yer alan maddeler hakkında görüşü alınan uzmanlar ile HÖ’nün yapı geçerliği, ölçüm güvenirliği ve madde ayırt ediciliği hakkında fikir edinmek için HÖ’de yer alan maddeleri puanlaması istenen ilkokul 4. sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak sırasıyla HÖ’ye ait 24 maddelik 3’lü Likert, 22 maddelik 3’lü Likert, 12 maddelik 3’lü Likert ve 12 maddelik 5’li Likert olmak üzere dört ayrı taslak form kullanılmıştır. Bu formların geliştirilme süreci, aşağıda ayrıntılı bir biçimde açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. HÖ’nün kapsam geçerliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. HÖ’den elde edilen ölçümlerin güvenirliği, Cronbach Alfa ve test yarılama (eşdeğer yarılar) yöntemlerinin kullanılmasıyla analiz edilmiştir. Düzeltilmiş madde toplam korelasyonları ile bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi sonuçlarından yola çıkılarak ölçekte yer alan maddelerin ayırt edicilikleri hakkında bir fikir edinilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, çocukların “hayır” diyebilme becerileri ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda HÖ’nün geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlar verebilecek bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Vaz, S., Parsons, R., Passmore, A. E., Andreou, P., & Falkmer, T. (2013). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability and measurement error of the self-report version of the social skills rating system in a sample of Australian adolescents. Plos One, 8(9), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073924
- Tuna Özcivanoğlu, M. E. (2010). Structured group counseling program: Assertiveness skills. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 10(1), 11-19.
- Tokur Kesgin, M. (2012). Protection of children from hazards of smoking: Community health nurse and primary responsibilities. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal, 19(1), 90-96.
- Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları.
- Szpalski, M., Gunzburg, R., & De Kleuver, M. (2003). Unethical research funding contracts: Just say no! European Spine Journal, 12(2), 107-107. doi:10.1007/ s00586-003-0551-x
- Smith, M. J. (1998). “Hayır” dediğimde kendimi suçlu hissediyorum (G. Güvenç, Çev.). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
- Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S. ve Çinko, M. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPPS’le veri analizi (3. baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
- Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., & Griffin, K. W. (1999). Social skills, competence, and drug refusal efficacy as predictors of adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Drug Educatıon, 29(3), 251-578. doi:10.2190/M3CT-WWJM-5JAQ-WP15
- Rees, S., & Graham, R. S. (1991). Assertion training: How to be who you reaaly are. London: Routledge.
- Potts, C., & Potts, S. (2013). Assertiveness: How to be strong in every situation. Cornwall: TJ International.
- Potter, J. V. (2007). Assertiveness, individuation & autonomy. Redding: Jubilee Enterprises AFS.
- Pfeiffer, R. (2010). Relationships: Assertiveness skills. Sedona, AZ: Growth.
- Paterson, R. J. (2000). How to express your ideas and stand up for yourself at work and in relationships. Oakland: New Harbinger.
- Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Berkshire: Open University.
- Moon, J. (2009). Achieving success through academic assertiveness: Real life strategies for today's higher education students. New York: Routledge.
- Mackenzie, A., & Nickerson, P. (2009). The time trap. New York: American Management Association
- Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Philips, A. P. (1990). College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational PSychology, 82(4), 760- 768. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760
- Leming, J. S. (1997). Whither goes character education? Objectives, pedagogy, and research in education programs. Journal of Education, 179(2), 11-34.
- Lecler, B., Wortley, R., & Smallbone, S. (2011). Victim resistance in child sexual abuse: A look into the efficacy of self-protection strategies based on the offender's experience. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1868-1883. doi:10.1177/ 0886260510372941
- Kılıç Çakmak, E., Çebi, A., & Kan, A. (2014). Developing a “Social Presence Scale” for e-learning environments. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(2), 755-768.
- Kersey, K. C., & Masterson, M. L. (2011). Learn to say yes! When you want to say no! To create cooperation instead of resistance. Young Children, 66(4), 40-44.
- İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2013). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of an online learning readiness scale. Educational Technology: Theory and Practice, 3(2), 72-101.
- Holland, S., & Ward, C. (1990). Assertiveness: A practical approach. Oxon: Speechmark
- Herrmann, D. S., & McWhirter, J. J. (1997). Refusal and resistance skills for children and adolescents: A selected review. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, 177-187. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1997.tb02331.x
- Güngör, D. (2016). A guide to scale development and adaptation in psychology. Turkish Psychological Articles, 19(38), 104-112.
- Gündoğdu, R. (2012). Effect of the creative drama-based assertiveness program on the assertiveness skill of psychological counsellor candidates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(2), 677-693.
- Gresham, F. M., & Elliot, S. N. (1990). Social skills rating system. MN: American Guidance.
- Garner, E. (2012). Assertiveness: Re-claim your assertive brightright, Retrieved from http://www.gesp.ipg.pt/files/assertiveness.pdf
- García-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., & Hinojosa, E. (2004). Assessing time management skills as an important aspect of student learning: The construction and evaluation of a time management scale with Spanish high school students. School Psychology International, 25(2), 167-183. doi:10.1177/0143034304043684
- Eslami, A. A., Mazaheri, M. A., Mostafavi, F., Abbasi, M. H., & Noroozi, E. (2014). Farsi version of social skills rating system-secondary student form: Cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 97-104.
- Elliott, M., Browne, K., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(5), 579-594. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00017-3
- Durualp, E., & Aral, N. (2010). A study on the effects of play-based social skills training on social skills of sixyear-old children. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39, 160-172.
- DeJong, W. (1986). Project DARE: Teaching kids to say "no" to drugs and alcohol. Washington, DC: National Inst. of Justice.
- Deering, C. G. (1996). Working with people: Learning to say no. American Journal of Nursing, 96(4), 62-64. doi:10.2307/3465096
- Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-197. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4
- Dalley, D. (2013). Developing your assertiveness skills. Lancashire: Universe of Learning.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Clark, C. C. (2003). Holistic assertiveness skills for nurses: Empower yourself and others. New York: Springer
- Caldarella, P., & Merrell, K. (1997). Common dimensions of social skills of children and adolescents: A taxonomy of positive behaviors. School Psychology Review, 26, 264-278.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Breitman, P., & Hatch, C. (2011). How to say no without feeling guilty. London: Vermilion
- Bragger, J. D. (1982). Responses to teacher commands: An effective teaching strategy. The Modern Language Journal, 66(1), 9-12. doi:10.2307/327809
- Bolton, R. (1979). How to assert yourself, listen to others, and resolve conflicts. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
- Blair, H. (2008). Politely say no to personal or professional requests. ONS Connect, 23(8), 23-23.
- Bishop, S. (2010). Develop your assertivneness. London: Kogan Page.
- Belgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., & Corneille, M. (2004). The impact of a culturally enhanced drug prevention program on drug and alcohol refusal efficacy among urban African American girls. Journal of Drug Education, 34(3), 267-279. doi:10.2190/H40Y-D098-GCFA-EL74
- Beagrie, S. (2007). How to say no. Occupational Health, 59(8), 3-3.
- Bayram, N. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Bal, P. N., & Kahraman, S. (2015). The effect of cyber bullying sensibility improvement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3(1), 48-57.
- Aslan, D. ve Özcebe, H. (2008). Eğitim kurumlarında sigarasızlık politikaları. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık.
- Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
| APA | Yılmaz F, SÖZER M (2018). The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. , 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| Chicago | Yılmaz Ferat,SÖZER M. Akif The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. (2018): 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| MLA | Yılmaz Ferat,SÖZER M. Akif The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. , 2018, ss.33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| AMA | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. . 2018; 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| Vancouver | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. . 2018; 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| IEEE | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M "The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis." , ss.33 - 48, 2018. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| ISNAD | Yılmaz, Ferat - SÖZER, M. Akif. "The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis". (2018), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.350631 |
| APA | Yılmaz F, SÖZER M (2018). The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(1), 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| Chicago | Yılmaz Ferat,SÖZER M. Akif The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi 9, no.1 (2018): 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| MLA | Yılmaz Ferat,SÖZER M. Akif The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, vol.9, no.1, 2018, ss.33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| AMA | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2018; 9(1): 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| Vancouver | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2018; 9(1): 33 - 48. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| IEEE | Yılmaz F,SÖZER M "The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis." Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9, ss.33 - 48, 2018. 10.21031/epod.350631 |
| ISNAD | Yılmaz, Ferat - SÖZER, M. Akif. "The Scale of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity and Reliability Analysis". Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi 9/1 (2018), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.350631 |
