Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi

IŞIKLI, Sedat; AKER, A. Tamer; KARANCI, A. Nuray

Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi

Yürütücü

A. Nuray KARANCI (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye)

Araştırmacı(lar)

A. Tamer AKER, (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye)

Sedat IŞIKLI (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye)

68 41

Proje Grubu: SOBAG Sayfa Sayısı: 231 Proje No: 107K323 Proje Bitiş Tarihi: 15.08.2009 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi

Öz:

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Psikoloji Davranış Bilimleri

Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

AKER, A. T. 1999 Marmara depremleri: Epidemiyolojik bulgular ve toplum ruh sağlığı uygulamaları üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 204-212, (2006).
AKER, A., Önen, P., & Karakılıç, H. Psychological trauma: Research and practice in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health, 36(3), 38-57, (2007).
AKER, A. T., Sorgun, E., Aksoy, A., & Bay, A., Türkiye’de ruhsal travmanın 30 yılı. Yeniden Sağlık ve Eğitim Derneği Yayınları, (2004).
AMIR, M., & Sol, O., Psychological impact and prevalence of traumatic events in a student sample in Israel: the effect of multiple traumatic events and physical injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 139-154, (1999).
ANDREWS, B., Brewin, C. R., & Rose, S., Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 421-427, (2003).
BERNAT, J. A., Ronfeldt, H. M., Calhoun, K. S., & Arias, I., Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a noncliniical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 645-664, (1998).
BONANNO, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 671-682, (2007).
BRAMSEN, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & Van der Ploeg, H. M., Predeployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1115-1119, (2000).
BRESLAU, N., Davis, G. C., Andrski, P., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. R., Sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54, 1044-1048, (1997).
BRESLAU, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P., Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit area survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632, (1998).
BREWIN, C. R., Andrews, B. & Valentine, J. D. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766, (2000).
CALHOUN, H. E., Bosworth, H. B., Stechuchak, K. A., Strauss, J., & Butterfield, M. I., The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on quality of life and health service utilization among veterans who have schizophrenia. J Traum Stress, 19, 393-397, (2006).
CALHOUN, H. E., & Tedeschi, R. G., Faciliating post-traumatic growth: A clinical guide. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, (1999).
CHUNG, M. C., Easthope, Y., Chung, C., & Clark-Carter, D., The relationship between trauma and personality in victims of boeing 737-2D6C crash in 145tress145145. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 617-629, (1999).
CHUNG, M., Berger, Z., & Rudd, H., Comorbidity and personality traits in patients with different levels of posttraumatic stress disorder following myocardial infarction. Psychiatry Research, 152(2), 243-252, (2007).
CLAP, J. D., & Beck, J. G., Understanding the relationship between PTSD and social support: The role of negative network orientation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47(3), 237-244, (2009).
CONOR-SMITH, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080-1107, (2007).
DARVES-BORNOZ, J. M., Alonso, J., De Girolomo, G., De Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., Kavess-Masfety, V., Lepine, J. P., Nachbaur, G., Negre-Pages, L. Vilagut, G., & Gasquet, I., Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 455- 462, (2008).
DEROGATIS, L. R., The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual II. Clinical Psychometric Research Inc., (1992).
DĠNÇER, B., Özaslan, M., ve Kavasoğlu, T. Ġllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik GeliĢmiĢlik Sıralaması AraĢtırması, Bölgesel GeliĢme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No DPT: 2671 (sy. 55 ve 71), ( 2003).
DĠRĠK, G., Post-traumatic growth and psychological distress among rheumatoid arthritis patients: an evaluation within the conservation of resources theory, (Doctorial Dissertation), Middle East Technical University, (2006).
DOHRENWEND, B. P., Inventory stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 477-495, (2006).
DOHRENWEND, B. P., Turner, J. B., Turse, N. A., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Yager, T. J., War-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Black, Hispanic, and majority White Vietnam veterans: The roles of exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 133-141, (2008).
DSM IV, American Psychiatric Association Quick Reference to Criteria from DSM-IV-TR. Fourth ed. (2000)
DSM-IV-TR, Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı, Yeniden Gözden GeçirilmiĢ Dördüncü Baskı, Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Washington DC, 2000‟den çeviren Köroğlu E., Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, (2001). Pp: 288.
DÜRÜ, Ç. Travma Sonrası Stress Belirtileri ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi ve Bir Model Önerisi, (Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü, Ankara, (2006).
EHLERS, A., & Clark, D. M., A cognitive model of persistent posttraumatic stem disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319-345, (2000).
EHRING, T. Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E., Do cognitive models help in predicting the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and depression after motor vehicle accidents? A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 219-230, (2008).
FAUERBACH, J. A., Lawrence, J. W., Schmidt, C. W., Munster, A. M., & Costa, P. T. Personality predictors of injury-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 510-517, (2000).
FEDER, A., Southwick, S. M., Goetz, R. R., Wang, Y., Alonso, A., Smith, B. W., et al., Posttraumatic growth in former Vietnam prisoners of war. Psychiatry, 71, 359-370, (2008).
FIGLAY, C. R. Trauma and its wake: Traumatic stress theory, research and intervention. NY: Brunner/Mazel, (1985).
FLET, R. A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C., & Millar, M., Gender and ethnicity differences in prevalence of traumatic events: evidence from New Zealand community sample. Stress and Health, 20, 149-157, (2004).
FRANS, Ö., Rimmö, P. A., Aberg, P., & Fredrikson, M., Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 291-299, (2005).
FROMMBERGER, U. H., Stieglitz, R. D., Nyberg, E., Schlickewei, W., Kuner, E., & Berger, M. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder by immediate reactions to trauma: a prospective study in road traffic accident victims. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 248, 316–321, (1998).
GENÇÖZ, T., & Öncül, Ö., Development of basic personality traits inventory: Psychometric characteristic in Turkish sample, (in progress).
GIL, S., & CASPI, Y. Personality Traits, Coping Style, and Perceived Threat as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Exposure to a Terrorist Attack. A Prospective Study Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 904–909, (2006).
HADEN, S. C., Scarpa, A., Jones, R. T., & Ollendick, T. H., Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: The moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(7), 1187-1198, (2007).
HASHEMIAN, F., Khoshnood, K., & Desai, M. M., Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. JAMA, 296(5), 560- 566, (2006).
HEINRICHS, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U., Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. Amarican Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2276-2286, (2005).
HELGESON, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L., A metaanalytic review of benefit finding and growth. J Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 797-816, (2006).
HEPP, U., Gamma, A., Milos, G., Eich, D., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rössler, W., Angst, J., & Schnyder, U., Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD: the Zurich cohort study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurosci, 256, 151-158, (2006).
HOBFOLL, S. E., Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307-324, (2002).
ICKOVICS, J. R., Kersaw, T. S., Milan, S., Lewis, J. B., Meade, C. S., & Ether, K. A., Urban teens: Trauma, post-traumatic growth, and emotional distress among female adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 841-850, (2006).
IġIKLI, S. Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri Olan Bireylerde Olaya İlişikin Dikkat Yanlılığı, Ayrışma Düzeyi ve Çalışma Belleği Uzamı Arasındaki İlişki, (Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (2006).
IġIKLI, S., Karancı, A. N., Aker, A. T., BaĢbuğ, B. B., Önen, P., Gül, E., Yavuz, H. Epidemiology of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an adult sample from Turkey, 11th European Conference on Traumatic Stress, OsloNorway, (2009).
JOHANSEN, V. A., Wahl, A. K., Eilertsen, D. E., & Weisaeth, L., Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physically injured 149tress149 of non-domestic violence: A longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 42(3), 583-593, (2007).
JONG, J. T., Komproe, I. H., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., van De Put, W., & Somasundaram, D. Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. Jama, 286, 555–562, (2001).
KARANCI, A. N, Aker, A. T., IĢıklı, S., BaĢbuğ, B. B., Önen, P., Ġzmit-Gül, E. ve Yavuz, H. YetiĢkinlerde Travma Sonrası GeliĢim ve Yordayıcılarının Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Örneklemi, 15‟inci Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Ġstanbul, (2008)
KARANCI, A. N, Aker, A. T., IĢıklı, S., BaĢbuğ, B. B., Önen, P., Ġzmit-Gül, E. ve Yavuz, H. YetiĢkinlerde Travmatik YaĢam Olaylarının Yaygınlığı ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu‟nun Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Örneklemi, 15‟inci Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Ġstanbul, (2008).
KARANCI, A. N, Aker, A. T., IĢıklı, S., BaĢbuğ, B. B., Önen, P., Ġzmit-Gül, E. ve Yavuz, H. Traumatic event characteristics, personality and sociodemographic variables as predictors of post traumatic stress severity in a sample of Turkish adults, 11th European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Oslo-Norway, (2009).
KARANCI, A. N, Aker, A. T., IĢıklı, S., BaĢbuğ, B. B., Önen, P., Ġzmit-Gül, E. ve Yavuz, H. Personality, impact of traumatic event and post-traumatic growth in an adult sample from Turkey, 11th European Conference on Traumatic Stress, OsloNorway, (2009).
KARANCI, A. N., & Erkam, A., Variables related to stress-related growth among Turkish breast cancer patients. Stress and Health, 23, 315-322, (2007).
KASHDAN, T. B., Morina, N., & Priebe, S., Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of Kosova War: Experimental avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 23, 185-196, (2009).
KAYA, B., Travma sonrası 150tress bozukluğu ve “subsendrom” kavramı. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, 231-238, (2004).
KESSLER, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E., Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602, (2005).
KILIÇ, C., Post-traumatic growth and its predictors. Paper presented at The IV. International Psychological Trauma Meeting, Ġstanbul, Turkey, (2005).
KIMERLING, R., Clum, G. A., & Wolfe, J. Relationships among trauma exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and self-reported health in women: Replication and extension. J Traum Stress, 13, 115–28, (2000).
KISH, L., Survey Sampling. John Wiley & Sons, (1965).
LAUTERBACH, D. Personality Profiles of Trauma Survivors. Traumatology, 7(1), 5-18, (2001).
LAUTERBACH, D., & Vrana, S. The relationship among personality variables, exposure to traumatic events, and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 29–45, (2001).
LAWLER, C., Ouimette, P., & Dahlstedt, D., Posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping, and physical health status among university students seeking health care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 741-750, (2005).
LEE, D., & Young, K. I. Post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnostic issues and epidemiology in adult survivors of traumatic events. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 150–158, (2001).
LEVINE, S. Z., Laufer, A., Hamama-Raz, Y., Stein, E., & Solomon, S., Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: Examining its components and relationships with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress,21, 492-496, (2008).
LEWIS-FERNÁNDEZ, R., Turner, J. B., Marshall, R., Turse, N. A., Neria, Y., & Dohrenwend, B. P., Elevated rates of current PTSD among Hispanic veterans in the
NVVRS: True prevalence or methodological artifact? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 123-132, (2008)
MAYOU, R. A., Ehlers, A., & Bryant, B., Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(6), 665-675, (2002).
MEHLUM, L., & Weisæth, L., Predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian U. N. peacekeepers 7 years after service. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 894-867, (2002).
MIZUTA, I., Ikuno, T. Shimai, S., Hirotsune, H., Ogasawara, A., Honaga, E., & Inoue, Y., The prevalence of traumatic events in joung Japanese women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 33-37, (2005).
MORRILL, E. F., Brewer, N. T., O‟Neill, S. C., Lillie, S. E., Dees, C., Carey, L., & Rimer, B. K., The interaction of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 948- 953, (2008).
MORRIS, B. A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Rieck, M., & Newbery, J., Multidimensional nature of post-traumatic growth in Australian population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 575-585, (2005).
NEMETH, R., Respondent selection within the household – A modification of the Kish grid, (unpublished report).
NORRIS, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Backer, C. K., Perilla, J. L., Rodriguez, F. G., & Rodriguez, J. J. G., Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 646-656, (2003).
OQUENDO, M., Brent, D. A., Birmaher, B., et al., Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression: Factors mediating the association with suicidal behavior. Amarican Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 560-566, (2005).
ÖZER, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S., Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52- 73, (2003).
ÖZGÜLER, N. E., Maner, F., Çobanoğlu, S., Aker, A. T., & Karamustafalıoğlu, O. YaĢlılarda travma sonrası 153tress bozukluğunda eĢ tanı. Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi Düşünen Adam Dergisi. (2004).
PARKINSON, F. Post-Trauma Stress. Fisher Books: U.S.A., (2000).
PERKONIGG, A. Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H-U., Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in community: prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica, 101, 46-59, (2000).
PRIGERSON, H. G. Ve ark. Consensus criteria for traumatic grief. A preliminary empirical test.Br J Psychiatry, 174, 67-73, (1999).
QOUTA, S., Punamaki, R. L., Montgomery, E., & ElSarraj, E. Predictors of psychological distress and positive resources among Palestinian adolescents: Trauma, child, and mothering characteristics. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 699-717, (2007).
RAPHAEL, B., & Martinek, N. Assesing traumatic bereavement and posttraumatic stres disorder. In Wilson J. ve Keane T. (Eds.). Assesing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York, Guilford Yayınevi, (1997), pp. 373-395.
RAPHAEL, B., & Wooding, S. Early mental health intervention for traumatic loss in adults. Early intervention for trauma and traumatic loss. Ed: Litz B., New York:Guilford Press, (2004).
RICHMAN, H., & Frueh, B. C., Personality and PTSD II: Personality assessment of PTSD-diagnosed Vietnam veterans using the CloningerTridimensional Personality Questionaire (TPQ). Depression and Anxiety, 6(2), 70-77, (1997)
RONA, R. J., Jones, M., Iversen, A., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., Hotopf, M., & Wessely, S. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on impairment in the UK military at the time of the Iraq war (2009). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 649–655, (2009).
ROSNER, R., Powell, S., & Butollo, W., Post-traumatic stress disorder three years after the siege of Sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 41-55, (2003).
RYNEARSON, E. K. ve ark. Restorative retelling after violent dying. Ed: Rynearson E. K., Violent Death Resilience and Intervention Beyond the Crisis, Routledge Kitapevi, (2006). Pp: 6-7.
SCHNURR, P. P., Forf, D. J., Friedman, M. J., Gren, B. L., Dain, B. J., & Sengupta, A. Predictors and outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 258- 268 (2000).
SCHNURR, P. P., Friedman, M. J., & Rosenberg, S. D. Premilitary MMPI scores as predictors of combat-related PTSD symptoms. Am J Psychiatry, 150, 479-483, (1993).
SHAKESPEARE-FINCH, J. Personality, coping and posttraumatic growth in emergency ambulance personnel. Traumatology, 11(4), 325-334, (2005).
STEIN, M. B., Jang, K. L., Taylor, S., Vernon, P. A., & Livesley, J., Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A twin study. Am J Psychiatry, 159, 1675-1681, (2002).
SÜMBÜLOĞLU, K., & Sümbüloğlu, V., Bioistatistik, Çağ Matbaası, Ankara, (1987).
SÜMER, N., Karancı, A. N., Berument, S. K., & GüneĢ, H., Personal resources, copingefficacy, and quake exposure as predictors of psychological distress following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 331-342, (2005).
ġAHĠN, N., & Durak, Occupational stress and job satisfaction: The case of the banking personal. XXIII. International Congress of Applied Psychology, July 17-22, Madrid, (1994).
TAKU, K., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G., The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 158-164, (2008).
T.C. BaĢbakanlık Kadın Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye‟de kadına yönelik Aile Ġçi ġiddet AraĢtırması. Özet rapor: Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık. (2009).
TEDESCHI, G. R., Violence transformed: Post-traumatic growth in survivors and their societies. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 4, 319-341, (1999).
TEDESCHI, G. R., & Calhoun, L. G., The post-traumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471, (1996).
TEDESCHI, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Issues. In R. Tedeschi & L. Calhoun (Eds.) Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis (pp. 1-22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, (1998).
TOLIN, D. F., & Foa, E. B., Sex differences in trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 959- 992, (2006).
TURAL, Ü., CoĢkun, B., Önder, E., Çorapçıoğlu, A., Kesapara, C., Karakaya, I., Aydın, M., Erol, A., Torun, F., & Aybar, G., Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 451-459, (2004).
TÜRKSOY, N. Psikolojik travma ve tanım sorunları. Psikolojik travma ve sonuçları. Ed. T. Aker ve M. E. Önder. Ġstanbul: 5US Yayınları, (2003).
ULUMAN, S. E., & Siegel, J. M., Predictors of exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress sequel. Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 328-338, (1994).
URSANO, R. J., Fullerton , C. S. & Mccaughey, B. G. “Trauma and disaster” In Ursano R. J. (Ed). Individual and community responses trauma and disaster: The structure of human caos. GB: Cambrige University Press, (1994).
WIDOM, C. S., Dutton, M. A., Czaja, S. J., & DuMont, K. A., Development and validation of a new instrument to assess lifetime trauma and victimization history. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 519-531, (2005).
WILLIAMS, S., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S., Jackson, P. B., & Moomal, H. Multiple traumatic events and psychological distress: the South Africa stress and health study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 845-855, (2007).
WILSON, J. T., & Boden, J. M. The effects of personality, social support and religiosity on posttraumatic growth. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2008(1), (2008).
ZATLIN, M., Kaptanoğlu, C., & Aksaray, G. Motorlu Araç Kazalarından Sonra Görülen Akut Stres Bozukluğu ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15(1), 16-25, (2004).

APA	KARANCI A, AKER A, IŞIKLI S (2009). Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. , 1 - 231.
Chicago	KARANCI A. Nuray,AKER A. Tamer,IŞIKLI Sedat Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. (2009): 1 - 231.
MLA	KARANCI A. Nuray,AKER A. Tamer,IŞIKLI Sedat Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. , 2009, ss.1 - 231.
AMA	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. . 2009; 1 - 231.
Vancouver	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. . 2009; 1 - 231.
IEEE	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S "Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi." , ss.1 - 231, 2009.
ISNAD	KARANCI, A. Nuray vd. "Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi". (2009), 1-231.

APA	KARANCI A, AKER A, IŞIKLI S (2009). Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. , 1 - 231.
Chicago	KARANCI A. Nuray,AKER A. Tamer,IŞIKLI Sedat Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. (2009): 1 - 231.
MLA	KARANCI A. Nuray,AKER A. Tamer,IŞIKLI Sedat Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. , 2009, ss.1 - 231.
AMA	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. . 2009; 1 - 231.
Vancouver	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi. . 2009; 1 - 231.
IEEE	KARANCI A,AKER A,IŞIKLI S "Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi." , ss.1 - 231, 2009.
ISNAD	KARANCI, A. Nuray vd. "Yetişkinlerde travmatik olay yaşama yaygınlığı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve travma sonrası gelişim'in değerlendirilmesi". (2009), 1-231.