14 5

Proje Grubu: MAG Sayfa Sayısı: 103 Proje No: 214M130 Proje Bitiş Tarihi: 15.04.2017 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 02-12-2019

Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi

Öz:
Bu proje kapsamında süper gözenekli, değişik fonksiyonel gruplara ve iyonlaşabilme kapasitesine sahip poli(Akrilamit) (p(AAm)), p(2-hidroksietilmetakrilat) (p(HEMA)), p(2- akrilamido-2-metil-1-propan sülfonik asit) (p(AMPS)), p(3-akrilamidopropiltrimetil amonyum klorür) (p(APTMACl)), p(4-vinil piridin) (p(4-VP)) ve p(Akrilik asit) (p(AAc)) kriyojelleri sentezlenmiş ve bunlar iletken p(Anilin) (p(An)), p(Pirol) (p(Py)) ve p(Tiyofen) (p(Th)) polimerlerinin sentezi için destek materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca p(AAm), p(HEMA) ve p(4-VP) kriyojellerinin grafen oksit (GO) ile kompozitler sentezlenmiş ve hidroiyodik asit (HI), sodyum borhidrür (NaBH4), hidrazin (N2H4), tannik asit (TA), askorbik asit (Vit C) ve polietilenimin (PEI) gibi indirgeyici ajanlar ile muamele edilerek GO yapılarının indirgenmesi (r-GO) sağlanarak iletkenliklerinin artması sağlanmıştır. Daha sonra hazırlanan p(AAm)-r-GO ve p(HEMA)-r-GO kriyojel kompozitlerinin içinde p(An), p(4-VP)-r-GO kriyojel kompozitinin için de p(An), p(Py) ve p(Th) iletken polimerleri sentezlenmiştir. Hazırlanan kriyojel iletken polimer kompozitleri Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektrometresi (FT-IR), termogravimetrik analizör (TGA) ve taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) cihazları ile karakterize edilmiştir. Daha sonra elektrometre cihazı ile elde edilen I-V grafiklerinden iletkenlikleri karşılaştırılmış ve içlerinde iletken polimer sentezlenen süper gözenekli kriyojelerin iletkenliklerinde 10 milyon kata kadar ulaşan artmalar gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca sentezlenen kriyojel/iletken polimer kompozitlerinin hidroklorik asit (HCl) ve amonyak buharı (NH3), karbon dioksit (CO2) gazı, metilen metil oranj (MO) ve mavisi (MB) gibi boyalar, parakuat ve glifosfat gibi herbisitler ile 4-nitrofenol (4-NP) gibi nitro bileşiklere karşı sensör uygulamaları iletkenliklerinde meydana gelen değişimler ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmalar sonucunda sentezlenen kriyojel/iletken polimer kompozitlerinin değişik moleküllerin algılanmasında sensör uygulama potansiyellerinin olabileceği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: kompozite sensör iletken polimer Kriyojel

Konular: Polimer Bilimi Malzeme Bilimleri, Kompozitler
Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Alizadeh, T. and Ahmadian, F. 2015. "Thiourea-treated graphene aerogel as a highly selective gas sensor for sensing of trace level of ammonia." Anal. Chim. Acta. 897: 87-95.
  • In situ preparation of polyaniline within neutral, anionic, and cationicsuperporous cryogel networks as conductive, semi-interpenetratingpolymer network cryogel composite systems (Makale - İndeskli Makale)
  • Alzari, V.; Nuvoli, D.; Sanna, R.; Scognamillo, S.; Piccinini, M.; Kenny, J. M.; Malucelli, G.; Mariani, A. J., 2011: Mater. Chem., Vol. 21, pp. 16544.
  • Conductivity of p(AAc) Cryogel and Its Li+, Na+, and K+ Salts for NH3 Sensing (Makale - İndeskli Makale)
  • Andac, M., Galaev, Y.I., Denizli, A. 2013. "Molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxylethyl methacrylate) based cryogel for albumin depletion from human serum", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 109, 259-265.
  • Conducting semi-interpenetrating polymeric composites via the preparation of poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), and poly(pyrrole) polymers within superporous poly(acrylic acid) cryogels (Makale - İndeskli Makale)
  • Arvidsson, P., Plieva, F.M., Savina, I.N., Lozinsky, V.I., Fexby, S., Bulow, L., Galaev, I.Y., Mattiasson, B. 2002. "Chromatography of microbial cells using continuous supermacroporous affinity and ion-exchange columns", Journal of Chromatography A, 977, 27-38.
  • Bloch,K.; Vanichkin, A.; Damshkaln, L.G.; Lozinsky, V.I.; Vardi, P., 2010. "Vascularization of wide pore agarose-gelatin cryogel scaffolds implanted subcutaneously in diabetic and non-diabetic nice.", Acta Biomat. 6, pp. 1200.
  • Bond, S.F., Friend, R.H., Howie, A. 1993. "Scanning-Tunneling microscopy of conjugated polymers", Journal of Microcopy-Oxford, 171, 199-204.
  • Brodie, B. C., 1859: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Vol. 149, pp. 249.
  • Cai, D.; Song, M., 2010. "Recent advance in functionalized graphene /polymer nanocomposites.", J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 20, pp. 7906.
  • Cao, Y., Feng, J., Wu, P., 2010. "Preparation of organically dispersible graphene nanosheet powders through a lyophilization method and their poly(lactic acid) composites.", Carbon Vol. 48, pp. 3834-3839.
  • Chang Y, Yang ST, Liu JH, Dong E, Wang Y, Cao A, Liu Y, Wang H., 2011: "In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells." Toxicol Lett., pp. 201-210.
  • Chang, K.H., Liao, H.T., Chen, J.P. 2013. "Preparation and characterization of gelatin/hyaluronic acid cryogels for adipose tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies", Acta Biomaterialia, 9, 9012-9026.
  • Chougule, M.A., Pawar, S.G., Patil, S.L., Raut, B.T., Godse, P.R., Sen, S. Patil, V.B. 2011. "Polypyrrole thin film: Room temperature ammonia gas sensor." IEEE Sensors J. 11: 2137-2141.
  • Çimen, D., Denizli, A. 2012. "Immobilized metal affinity monolithic cryogels for cytochrome c purification", Colloids and Surfaces B: Bİointerfaces, 93, 29-35.
  • Dainiak, M. B, Allan, I. U., I. Savina, N., Cornelio, L., James, E. S., James, S. L., Mikhalovsky, S. V., Jungvid, H., Galaev, I. Y. 2010. "Gelatin- fibrinogen cryogel dermal matrices for wound repair: Preparation, optimisation and in vitro study", Biomaterials, 31, 67-76.
  • Dainiak, M.B., Plieva, F.M., Galaev, I.Y., Kaul, R.H., Mattiasson, B. 2005. "Cell Chromatography: Seperation of different microbial cells using IMAc supermacroporous monolithic columns", Biotechnology Progress, 21, 644-649.
  • Daisey, J.M., Angell, W.J., Apte, M.G. 2003. "Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: an analysis of existing information." Indoor Air., 13, 53.
  • Das, TK., Prusty, S., 2013a. "Recent advances in applications of graphene.", International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications, Vol. 4, pp. 39-55.
  • Das, TK., Prusty, S., 2013b. "Graphene-Based Polymer Composites and Their Applications, Polymer-Plastics Technol and Engineering.", Vol. 52, pp. 319–331. 72
  • Dreyer, D. R., 2010. "The chemistry of graphene oxide." Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 39, pp. 228–240.
  • Esteves, C.H.A.; Iglesias, B.A.; Li, R.W.C.; Ogawa, T.; Araki, K.; Gruber, J., 2014. "New composite porphyrin-conductive polymer gas sensors for application in electronic noses." Sensor. Act. B-Chem., 193, pp. 136.
  • Etheridge, D.M., Steele, L.P., Langenfelds, R.J., Barnola, J.M., Morgan, V.I. 1996. "Historical CO2 records from the law dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS ice cores." J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 101, 4115.
  • Fatoni, A., Numnuam, A., Kanatharana, P., Limbut, W., Thammakhet, C., Thavarungkul, P. 2013. "A highly stable oxygen-independent glucose biosensor based on a chitosan-albumin cryogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes and ferrocene", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 185, 725-734.
  • Ferenets, M., Harlin A. 2007. "Chemical İn-situ Polymerization of Polypyrrole on Poly(methyl metacrylate) Substrate.", Science Direct, Thin Solid Films 515, pp. 5324.
  • Flexer, V., Durand, F., Tsujimura, S., Mano, N. 2011. "Efficient direct electron transfer of PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase on carbon cryogel electrodes at neutral pH", Analytical Chemistry, 83, 5721–5727.
  • Gambert J. ve Gazard M., 1986. "Attenuation Characteristics Of A Planar Dielectric Coated Metallic Wave-Guide For10.6 Mu-M Radiation", Optics Communications, 58, 307-310.
  • Gerard M., Chaubey A. ve Malhotra B.D., 2002. "Application Of Conducting Polymers To Biosensors." Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 17 (5): 345- 359.
  • Gunkoa, V.M., Turov, V.V., Zarko, V.I., Pakhlov, E.M., Prykhodko, G.P., Remeza, O.S., Leboda, R., Skubiszewska-Ziebab, J., Blitz, J.P. 2013. "High-pressure cryogelation of nanosilica and surface properties of cryosilicas", Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 436, 618-632.
  • Guo, P.; Song, H.; Chen, X., 2010: Hollow graphene oxide spheres selfassembled by W/O emulsion, J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 20, pp. 4867.
  • Hedström, M., Plieva, F., Galaev, I., Mattiasson, B. 2008. “Monolithic macroporous albumin/chitosan cryogel structure: a new matrix for enzyme immobilization”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 390, 907–912.
  • Hummers, W. S.; Offeman, R. E., 1958. "Preparation of graphitic oxide.", J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 80, pp. 1339.
  • Hwang, Y., Zhang, C., Varghese, S. 2010. “Poly(ethylene glycol) cryogels as potential cell scaffolds: effect of polymerization conditions on cryogel microstructure and properties.” Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 345-351.
  • Jeon, H., Lee, J., Kim, M.H. and Yoon, J. 2012. "Polydiacetylene-based electrospun fibers for detection of HCl gas." Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 33: 972-976.
  • Kalbacova, M., Broz, A., Kong, J., Kalbac, M., 2010. "Graphene substrates promote adherence of human osteoblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells." Carbon, Vol. 48, pp. 4323-4329.
  • Karacan, P., Okay, O. 2013. "Ethidium bromide binding to DNA cryogels", Reactive and Functional Polymers, 73, 442-450.
  • Karadaǧ, E., Üzüm, Ö.B., Saraydin, D., 2002. "Swelling equilibria and dye adsorption studies of chemically crosslinked superabsorbent acrylamide/maleic acid hydrogels." Eur. Polym. J. 38, pp. 2133.
  • Karakutuk, I., Okay, O. 2010. “Macroporous rubber gels as reusable sorbents for the removal of oil from surface waters”, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 70, 585-595.
  • Koratkar, A.N., 2013. "Graphene in Composite Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications," pp. 164, Pennsylvania, DEStechPublication.
  • Koshy, S.T., Ferrante, T.C., Lewin, S.A., Mooney, D.J. 2014. "Injectable, porous, and cell-responsive gelatin cryogels", Biomaterials, 35, 2477- 2487.
  • Kostova, B., Momekova, D., Petrov, P., Momekov, G., Toncheva-Moncheva, N., Tsvetanov, C. B., Lambov,N. 2011. "Poly(ethoxytriethyleneglycol acrylate) cryogels as novel sustained drug release systems for oral application", Polymer, 52, 1217-1222.
  • Kueseng, P., Thammakhet, C., Thavarungkul, P., Kanatharana, P. 2010. "Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/cryogel composite, a new sorbent for determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons", Microchemical Journal, 96, 317–323.
  • Kumar D. ve Sharma RC., 1998. "Advances in Conductive Polymers", Europen Polymer Journal, 34, 1053-1060.
  • Lozinsky, V. I., Galaev, I. Y., Plieva, F. M., Savina, I. N., Jungvid, H., Mattiasson, B. 2003. "Polymeric cryogels as promising materials of biotechnological interest", Trends in Biotechnoloy, 21, 445-451.
  • Marcano, D. C.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Berlin, J. M.; Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L. B.; Lu, W.; Tour, J. M., 2010. "Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide." ACS Nano, Vol. 4, pp. 4806.
  • Mazaheri, M, Akhavan, O., Simchi, A., 2014. "Flexible bactericidal graphene oxide–chitosan layers for stem cell proliferation." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 301, pp. 456-462.
  • McEvoy, M.A.; Correll, N., 2015. "Materials that the couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication." Science. 347, pp. 1328.
  • Mikulski C.M., Macdiarmid A.G., Garıto A.F. ve Heeger A.J., 1976. "Stability of Polymeric Sulfur Nitride, (SN)X, to Air, Oxygen, and Water-Vapor." Inorganic Chemistry, 15 (11): 2943-2945.
  • Morio, M., Hyodo, T., Shimizu, Y., Egashira, M. 2009. "Effect of macrostructural control of an auxiliary layer on the CO2 sensing properties of NASICON-based gas sensors." Sensor. Actuat. B- Chem., 139, 563.
  • Nopwinyuwong, A., Trevanich, S., Suppakul, P. 2010. "Development of a novel colorimetric indicator label for monitoring freshness of intermediate-moisture dessert spoilage." Talanta., 81, 1126.
  • Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., Firsov, A. A., 2004. "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films" Science, Vol. 306, pp. 666–669.
  • Ozmen, M. M., Okay, O. 2005. "Superfast responsive ionic hydrogels with controllable pore size", Polymer, 46, 8119-8127.
  • Özcan, L., 2008, Polipirol İletken Polimerinin Biyosensör Olarak Kullanımı, Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi.
  • Pan, Y., Wu, T., Bao, H., Li, L., 2011. "Green fabrication of chitosan films reinforced with parallel aligned graphene oxide." Carbohydr. Polym. Vol. 83, pp. 1908-1915.
  • Park, S.; Ruoff, R. S., 2009. "Chemical methods for the production of graphenes." Nat. Nano., Vol. 4, pp. 217.
  • Petrov, P., Petrova, E., Tchorbanov, B., Tsvetanov, C. B. 2007. "Synthesis of biodegradable hydroxyethylcellulose cryogels by UV irradiation", Polymer, 48, 4943-4949.
  • Petrova, P., Utrata-Wesołek, A., Trzebicka, B., Tsvetanova, C. B., Dworak, A., Aniol, J., Sieron, A. 2011. "Biocompatible cryogels of thermosensitive polyglycidol derivatives with ultra-rapid swelling properties", European Polymer Journal, 47, 981-988.
  • Pinto, A.M., et. al., 2013. "Biocompatibility of poly(lactic acid with incorporated graphene-based materials." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 104, pp. 229-238.
  • Pinto, A.M., Martins, J., Moreira, J.A., Mendes, A.M., Magalhaes, F.D., 2013. "Dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets in PVAc latex and effect on adhesive bond strength." Polym. Int., Vol. 62, pp. 928-935.
  • Reichelt, S., Prager, A., Abe, C. Knolle, W. 2014. "Tailoring the structural properties of macroporous electron-beam polymerized cryogels by pore forming agents and the monomer selection", Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 94, 40-44.
  • Saçak, M., 2008. Polimer Kimyası, 4. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Sahiner, N., Demirci, S., Sahiner, M., Yilmaz, S., Al-Lohedan, H. 2015. "The use of superporous p(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride cryogels for removal of toxic arsenate anions", Journal of Environmental Management, 152, 66-74.
  • Sahiner, N., Demirci, S. 2017. "The use of graphene oxide-embedded superporous poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) cryogels for p(aniline) conductive polymer synthesis and their use in sensor applications." Mater. Des. 120: 47-55.
  • Sahiner, N., Demirci, S., 2016a. "In situ preparation of polyaniline within neutral, anionic, and cationic superporous cryogel networks as conductive, semi-interpenetrating polymer network cryogel composite systems." J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133, pp. 44137.
  • Sahiner, N., Demirci, S., 2016b. "Conducting semi-interpenetrating polymeric composites via the preparation of poly(aniline), poly(thiophene), and poly(pyrrole) polymers within superporous poly(acrylic acid) cryogels" React. Func. Polym. 105, pp. 60.
  • Sahiner, N., Seven, F. 2014a. " Energy and environmental usage of super porous poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propan sulfonic acid) cryogel support", RSC Advances, 4, 23886-23897.
  • Sahiner, N., Seven, F. 2014b. "The use of superporous p(AAc (acrylic acid)) cryogels as support for Co and Ni nanoparticle prepatation and as reactor in H 2 production from sodium borohydride hydrolysis", Energy, 71, 170-179.
  • Saraswathi R., Gerard M. ve Malhotra BD., 1999. "Characteristics of Aqueous Polycarbazole Batteries", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 74, 145-150.
  • Seven, F., Sahiner, N. 2014. "Enhanced catalytic performance in hydrogen generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis by super porous cryogel supported Co and Ni catalyts", Journal of Power Sources, 272, 128-136.
  • Shirakawa H, Louıs E.J., MacDiarmid A.G., Chıang C.K. ve Heeger A.J., 1977. "Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers - Halogen Derıvatives of 80 Polyacetylene (CH)X", Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical Communications, 16, 578-580.
  • Song, P., Cao, Z., Cai, Y., Zhao, L., Fang, Z., Fu, S., 2011. "Fabrication of exfoliated graphene-based polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties." Polymer, Vol. 52, pp. 4001-4010.
  • Staudenmaier, L. 1898: Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, pp. 1481.
  • Stoyneva, V., Momekova, D., Kostova, B., Petrov, P. 2014. "Stimuli sensitive super-macroporous cryogels based on photo-crosslinked 2-hydroxyethylcellulose and chitosan", Carbonhydrate Polymers, 99, 825-830.
  • Sudesh, N. Kumar, S. Das, C. Bernhard, G.D. Varma, 2013. "Effect of graphene oxide doping on superconducting properties of bulk MgB 2 " Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, pp. 1.
  • Sun X, Liu Z, Welsher K, Robinson JT, Goodwin A, Zaric S, Dai H., 2008. "Nano-Graphene Oxide for Cellular Imaging and Drug Delivery." Nano Res., Vol. 1, pp. 203-212.
  • Tai, H., Jiang, Y., Xie, G., Yu, J. and Zhao, M. 2007. "Self-assembly of TiO2/polypyrrole nanocomposite ultrathin films and application for an NH 3 gas sensor." Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 87: 539-551.
  • Thomas H.R., Salaneck W.R., Duke C.B., Plummer E.W., Heeger A.J. ve MacDiarmid A.G., 1980. "Photoelectron-Spectra of Conductıng Polymers-Molecularly Doped Polyacetylenes", Polymer, 21, 1238- 1246.
  • Tian S.J., Liu J.Y., Zhu T. ve Knoll W., 2004. "Polyaniline/Gold Nanoparticle Multilayer Films: Assembly, Properties, And Biological Applications", Chemistry of Materials, 16, 4103-4108.
  • Tretiak S., Saxena A., Martin R.L., Bishop A.R. 2003. "Photoexcited Breathers İn Conjugated Polyenes: An Excited-State Molecular Dynamics Study", Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 100, 2185-2190.
  • Tsai, Y.-C., Huang, J.-D., Chiu, C.-C. 2007. “Amperometric ethanol biosensor based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-multiwalled carbon nanotube–alcohol dehydrogenase biocomposite”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22, 3051–3056.
  • Tsujimura, S., Nishina, A., Hamano, Y., Kano, K., Shiraishi, S. 2010. “Electrochemical reaction of fructose dehydrogenase on carbon cryogel electrodes with controlled pore sizes”, Electrochemistry Communications, 12, 446–449.
  • Uzun, L., Armutcu, C., Biçen, Ö., Ersöz, A., Say, R., Denizli, A. 2013. “Simultaneous depletion of immunoglobulin G and albumin from human plasma using novel monolithic cryogel columns”, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 112, 1-8.
  • Vera, R.A., Romero, B.H., Ahumada, E. 2003. characterization of polyaniline and "Synthesis and poly-ortho-methoxyaniline. Behaviour against carbon steel corrosion", Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 48, n.1.
  • Waltmann R.J. ve Bargon J., 1986. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: A Review of The Electropolymerization Reaction, of The Effects of Chemical Structure on Polymer Film Properties, and of Applications Towards Technology." Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 64 (1): 76-95.
  • Wang, C., Bai, S., Tao, S.P., Sun, Y. 2014. "Evaluation of steric exclusion chromatography on cryogel column for the separation of serum proteins", Journal of Chromatography A, 1333, 54-59.
  • Wang, C., Dong, X.Y., Jiang, Z., Sun, Y. 2013. "Enhanced adsorption capacity of cryogel bed by incorporating polymeric resin particles", Journal of Chromatography A, 1272, 20-25.
  • Wang, L. and Kumar, R.V. 2004. "Thick film miniaturized HCl gas sensor." Sensor. Actuat. B. Chem. 98: 196-203.
  • Wang, L., Shen, S., He, X., Yun, J., Yao, K., Yao, S.J. 2008. "Adsorption and elution behaviours of bovine serum albumin in metal-chelated affinity cryogel beds", Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42, 237-242.
  • Wudl F., Kobayashi M. ve Heeger AJ., 1984. "Conducting Polymers of Thiophene and Its Benzolog." Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society, 188, (AUG): 140-poly.
  • Xiong, Y., Xue, Q., Ling, C., Lu, W., Ding, D., Zhu, L., Li, X. 2017. "Effective CO2 detection based on LaOCl-doped SnO 2 nanofibers: Insight into the role of oxygen in carrier gas." Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 31, 725.
  • Yang, H.; Li, F.; Shan, C.; Han, D.; Zhang, Q.; Niu, L.; Ivaska, A., 2009: "Covalent functionalization of chemically converted graphene sheets viasilane and its reinforcement." J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 19, pp. 4632.
  • Zheng, S., Wang, T., Liu, D., Liu, X., Wang, C., Tong, Z. 2013. "Fast deswelling hectorite and clay highly extensible nanocomposite poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)- cryogels prepared by freezing polymerization", Polymer, 54, 1846-1852.
  • Zinger B. ve Miller L.L., 1984. "Timed Release of Chemicals From Polypyrrole Films." Journal of American Chemical Society, 106 (22): 6861-6863.
APA ŞAHİNER N, SEL K, AKTAŞ N (2017). Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. , 1 - 103.
Chicago ŞAHİNER Nurettin,SEL Kıvanç,AKTAŞ Nahit Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. (2017): 1 - 103.
MLA ŞAHİNER Nurettin,SEL Kıvanç,AKTAŞ Nahit Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. , 2017, ss.1 - 103.
AMA ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. . 2017; 1 - 103.
Vancouver ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. . 2017; 1 - 103.
IEEE ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N "Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi." , ss.1 - 103, 2017.
ISNAD ŞAHİNER, Nurettin vd. "Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi". (2017), 1-103.
APA ŞAHİNER N, SEL K, AKTAŞ N (2017). Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. , 1 - 103.
Chicago ŞAHİNER Nurettin,SEL Kıvanç,AKTAŞ Nahit Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. (2017): 1 - 103.
MLA ŞAHİNER Nurettin,SEL Kıvanç,AKTAŞ Nahit Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. , 2017, ss.1 - 103.
AMA ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. . 2017; 1 - 103.
Vancouver ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. . 2017; 1 - 103.
IEEE ŞAHİNER N,SEL K,AKTAŞ N "Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi." , ss.1 - 103, 2017.
ISNAD ŞAHİNER, Nurettin vd. "Kriyojel/İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması Ve Sensör Olarak Uygulanabilirliğinin İncelenmesi". (2017), 1-103.