Objective: The CYP2C19*1 has an entirely normal activity allele whose clopidogrel metabolism is normal. CYP2C19*2 called as non-functional alleles. In this study, we aimed to establish the CYP2C19*1 and CYP2C19*2 genotype frequencies both in Turkish patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), who used clopidogrel, and in healthy Turkish population as well as to present the differences in genotypes and alleles between both groups. Method: One hundred healthy individuals and 200 patients diagnosed with CAD were included in the study. DNA was isolated and CYP2C19gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction method in the genomic DNAs obtained, and the polymorphic foci in these regions were specified.Results: CYP2C19*1/1 genotype was identified in 132 patients (66%), CYP2C19*1/2 genotype in 62 patients (31%) and CYP2C19*2/2 genotype in 6 patients (3%) in the CAD group. In the control group, by contrast, 72 patients (72%) were identified with CYP2C19*1/1 genotype, 20 patients with CYP2C19*1/2 genotype and 8 patients with CYP2C19*2/2 genotype. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of genotypes (p=0.034). Conclusion: We found CYP2C19*1/2 and CYP2C19*2/2 genotype to be higher in the CAD patients than in the control group, highlighting the importance of checking CYP2C19 gene polymorphism prior to the initiation of antiplatelet therapy in CAD patients.
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GRP-78 proteininin bat koronavirüs, Mers-Cov, ebola virüs, deng virüsü, japon ensefalit virüsü, influenza virüs ve zika virüs gibi birçok virüsün hücreye girişinde rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada COVID-19 enfeksiyonu geçirmiş ve tedavi almış ve tamamen iyileşmiş olan hastalarda tedavi başlangıcından üç ay sonrasındaki Glucose Regulated Protein-78 (GRP-78) düzeylerini incelemeyi amaçladık. Daha öncesinde Sabırlı ve ark. tarafından yapılan çalışma grubunda yer alan, COVID-19 hastalığı tanısı almış ve hastalığı geçirip tamamen iyileşmiş olan 20 hasta prospektif kohorta dahil edildi. Hastaların acil servise ilk tanıda başvurusu ve 3 ay sonra kontrole çağrıldığında alınan kanlardan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) metodu ile GRP-78 düzeyi çalışıldı. Acil servise ilk başvuruda alınan kanda serum GRP-78 düzeyi 1393,31 ± 306,33 pg/ml; tedavi başlangıcından 90 gün sonra bakılan serum GRP-78 düzeyi ise 1451,73 ± 336,65 pg/ml olarak saptandı. İlk başvuru ve 3 ay sonraki kontrolde ölçülen GRP-78 düzeyleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (p=0,451). Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada COVID-19 infeksiyonunda tedavi başlangıcından 3 ay sonrasında dahi yüksek seyrettiğini ortaya koyduk. GRP-78 düzeyinin yüksek kalmasının kişinin Sars-CoV-2 virüsüne karşı immunitesi konusunda fikir verdirici olabilir fakat bu hususun gerek hücre kültürü çalışması ve gerekse daha uzun süreli kohort çalışması yapılarak incelenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
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Aim: This study aimed to measure the effects of Scilla autumnalis extracts which might act as potential plant based chemotherapeutic, on U87 glioblastoma cell line. Material and Method: Cytotoxicity assays were performed by determining the cell viability of the samples with MTT (3 – (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Gene expression levels of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), Hexokinase 1 (HK1) and Hexokinase 2 (HK2), multidrug resistance1 (MDR1), Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily E Member 1 (CYP2E1) and Pregnane X receptor (PXR) was analyzed in glioblastoma cells using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Results: According to the analysis, we observed a 10% increase in the expression of Glut1, however, we did not observe a difference in Glut3 expression. For Glut4, root ethanol extract decreased its expression by 13% but shoot extracts elevated the expression levels by only 5–6%. We determined the low expression levels of HK1 and HK2 in glioblastoma compared to the control group. S.autumnalis root extract led to a slight increase in MDR1 expression. We found that the expression level of CYP2E1 was 20% lower in glioblastoma cells treated with Scilla autumnalis root and shoots extracts compared to the control group. We determined downregulation in PXR expression. Conclusion: This study may contribute significantly to the understanding of the cytotoxic effect of Scilla autumnalis. This approach may allow the possibility of Scilla autumnalis plant extract as a candidate drug for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was declared a global pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets, progresses asymptomatically in 70% of the sufferers, while it may manifest itself in severe clinical conditions, ranging from viral upper respiratory tract infection to pneumonia, sepsis, septic shock, and even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in symptomatic patients. Studies on the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 have shown that these patients can develop symptoms of mild or severe acute respiratory infection. In cases with mild symptoms, upper respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and fatigue may develop, and abnormal chest CT findings may also be present. In cases with severe symptoms, dyspnea, diarrhea, severe pneumonia, ARDS or multiple organ failure develop, and mortality rates vary between 4.3% and 15% according to different study reports.
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Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı varfarin tedavisi almakta olup hastanemize başvuran hastalarda, CYP2C9 gen polimorfizmi durumu ile haftalık doz ihtiyacı ve INR düzeyleri arasında ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve yöntem: Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Acil Servisine başvuran, Varfarin tedavisi kullanan, toplam 100 hasta ve 100 kontrol grubu çalışma kapsamına alındı. Bulgular: Varfarin kullanan grupta CYP2C9*1 allel frekansı %74; CYP2C9*2 allel frekansı %8,5; CYP2C9*3 allel frekansı %17,5; CYP2C9*1/*1 genotip frekansı %54; CYP2C9*1/*2 genotip frekansı %11; CYP2C9*1/*3 genotip frekansı %29; CYP2C9*2/*3 genotip frekansı %6 olarak saptandı. Varfarin grubunun CYP2C9 genotiplerine ve allellere göre acil servis başvurusundaki INR düzeylerine bakıldığında genotipler veya alleller arasında INR düzeyi açısından istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (sırasıyla p=0,475 ve p=0,483). Varfarin kullanılmaya başlandıktan sonra ilk kontrolde yapılan INR ölçümlerinde wild tip genotipe veya allele sahip bireylerde INR düzeyi diğer genotip ve allellere sahip bireylere göre belirgin olarak daha düşük saptandı (sırasıyla p=0,038 ve p=0,032). Varfarin tedavisi sırasında ölçülen pik INR değeri de aynı şekilde wild tip bireylerde diğer genotip veya allellere sahip bireylere göre daha düşük saptandı (sırasıyla p=0,0001 ve p=0,008). Sonuç: CYP2C9 geninin mutant allel veya genotiplerini taşıyan hastaların ilk ve pik INR değerlerinin mutasyonsuz olan gruba göre yüksek saptanmış olması bu allellerin Varfarin metabolizmasına etkisini ortaya koymaktadır.
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Objective: Environmental impacts, history as well as established cultural regulations, and many more other factors hadshaped broadly diverse structure of human genetic patterns. A control region of human mtDNA has served as a good geneticdetermination marker in many fields such as evolutionary studies and forensic genetics. The allelic variations of mtDNA havebeen studied in many populations including Turkish populations. Previous studies in Turkish populations lacked large cohorts.In this study, non-coding hypervariable regions of human mitochondrial DNA with extended population of Turkish individualsfrom Aegean region have been investigated.Materials and Methods: To detect sequence variants in human mtDNA control region, 100 unrelated Turkish subjectswere examined.Results: The outcomes revealed 13 variable sites in hypervariable region I (HVRI) and 20 variable sites in hypervariableregion II (HVRII). Polymorphisms within HVRI were detected at the positions of 16173 (C>A) and 16175 (A>G) with the allelic variation frequencies of 53% and 60%, respectively. A novel nucleotide transversion from cytosine to adenine at 16173position was detected. Only 35% of subjects were aligned with the Cambridge Reference Sequence for the poly-cytosinetract that locates between 303 and 309 nucleotides, whereas 60% of individuals had 8 and 15% of them had 10 cytosinepolynucleotides. 263G and 73G polymorphisms were evaluated with higher frequencies for the HVSII region.Conclusion: Overall, results indicate that the determination of genotype distributions and allelic variations frequencies ofhuman mitochondrial genome are significant to characterize admixture populations from different ethnic origins.
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